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Blood, 1 February 2005, Vol. 105, No. 3, pp. 1303-1309.
Prepublished online as a Blood First Edition Paper on October 7, 2004; DOI 10.1182/blood-2004-06-2141.
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NEOPLASIA
Heparanase promotes the spontaneous metastasis of myeloma cells to bone
Yang Yang,
Veronica MacLeod,
Manali Bendre,
Yan Huang,
Allison M. Theus,
Hua-Quan Miao,
Paul Kussie,
Shmuel Yaccoby,
Joshua Epstein,
Larry J. Suva,
Thomas Kelly, and
Ralph D. Sanderson
From the Departments of Pathology and Orthopaedic Surgery, the Myeloma Institute for Research and Therapy, Center for Orthopaedic Research, Arkansas Cancer Research Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock; ImClone Systems Incorporated, New York, NY.
Although widespread skeletal dissemination is a critical step in the progression of myeloma, little is known regarding mechanisms that control metastasis of this cancer. Heparanase-1 (heparanase), an enzyme that cleaves heparan sulfate chains, is expressed at high levels in some patients with myeloma and promotes metastasis of some tumor types (eg, breast, lymphoma). Using a severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mouse model, we demonstrate that enhanced expression of heparanase by myeloma cells dramatically up-regulates their spontaneous metastasis to bone. This occurs from primary tumors growing subcutaneously and also from primary tumors established in bone. Interestingly, tumors formed by subcutaneous injection of cells metastasize not only to bone, but also to other sites including spleen, liver, and lung. In contrast, tumors formed by injection of cells directly into bone exhibit a restricted pattern of metastasis that includes dissemination of tumor to other bones but not to extramedullary sites. In addition, expression of heparanase by myeloma cells (1) accelerates the initial growth of the primary tumor, (2) increases whole-body tumor burden as compared with controls, and (3) enhances both the number and size of microvessels within the primary tumor. These studies describe a novel experimental animal model for examining the spontaneous metastasis of bone-homing tumors and indicate that heparanase is a critical determinant of myeloma dissemination and growth in vivo.
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