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Blood, 15 February 2005, Vol. 105, No. 4, pp. 1396-1404.
Prepublished online as a Blood First Edition Paper on October 14, 2004; DOI 10.1182/blood-2004-06-2364.
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REVIEWS IN TRANSLATIONAL HEMATOLOGY
Induction of tolerance using Fas ligand: a double-edged immunomodulator
Nadir Askenasy,
Esma S. Yolcu,
Isaac Yaniv, and
Haval Shirwan
From the Frankel Laboratory, Center for Stem Cell Research, Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel; and the Institute for Cellular Therapeutics and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY.
Abstract
Apoptosis mediated by Fas ligand (FasL) interaction with Fas receptor plays a pivotal regulatory role in immune homeostasis, immune privilege, and self-tolerance. FasL, therefore, has been extensively exploited as an immunomodulatory agent to induce tolerance to both autoimmune and foreign antigens with conflicting results. Difficulties associated with the use of FasL as a tolerogenic factor may arise from (1) its complex posttranslational regulation, (2) the opposing functions of different forms of FasL, (3) different modes of expression, systemic versus localized and transient versus continuous, (4) the level and duration of expression, (5) the sensitivity of target tissues to Fas/FasL-mediated apoptosis and the efficiency of antigen presentation in these tissues, and (6) the types and levels of cytokines, chemokines, and metalloproteinases in the extracellular milieu of the target tissues. Thus, the effective use of FasL as an immunomodulator to achieve durable antigen-specific immune tolerance requires careful consideration of all of these parameters and the design of treatment regimens that maximize tolerogenic efficacy, while minimizing the non-tolerogenic and toxic functions of this molecule. This review summarizes the current status of FasL as a tolerogenic agent, problems associated with its use as an immunomodulator, and new strategies to improve its therapeutic potential.
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