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Blood, 1 November 2006, Vol. 108, No. 9, pp. 3072-3078. Prepublished online as a Blood First Edition Paper on May 25, 2006; DOI 10.1182/blood-2006-04-016923. This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) All Versions of this Article: blood-2006-04-016923v1 108/9/3072    most recent Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Rights and Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via CrossRef Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Epple, H.-J. Articles by Schneider, T. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Epple, H.-J. Articles by Schneider, T. Related Collections Immunobiology Social Bookmarking                   What's this?  Previous Article  |  Table of Contents  |  Next Article  IMMUNOBIOLOGY Mucosal but not peripheral FOXP3+ regulatory T cells are highly increased in untreated HIV infection and normalize after suppressive HAART Hans-Jörg Epple, Christoph Loddenkemper, Desirée Kunkel, Hanno Tröger, Jochen Maul, Verena Moos, Erika Berg, Reiner Ullrich, Jörg-Dieter Schulzke, Harald Stein, Rainer Duchmann, Martin Zeitz, and Thomas Schneider From the Medical Clinic I, Gastroenterology, Rheumatology, Infectiology and the Consultation and Reference Center for Lymph Node Pathology and Haematopathology—Institute for Pathology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin—Germany. Recent evidence indicates that regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an important role in HIV infection. However, although the gastrointestinal mucosa is a key compartment in HIV disease, no data on mucosal Tregs in HIV infection are available. In this study, we compared the frequency of Tregs in duodenal mucosa and peripheral blood (PB) of 13 treatment-naive and 13 suppressively treated HIV-infected patients with that of 6 patients with norovirus infection and 12 healthy controls. Tregs were quantified by immunohistochemistry (CD3/FOXP3) and further characterized (CD25, CTLA-4, GITR) by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Both the frequency and the absolute count of mucosal Tregs were highly increased in untreated HIV patients but were normal in treated HIV patients. In contrast, in peripheral blood of HIV patients, the absolute number of Tregs was not increased, and their frequency was only slightly elevated. In norovirus infection, frequency of mucosal Tregs in the CD4+ T-cell subset was not elevated. The high increase in count and frequency of mucosal Tregs seems to be a characteristic feature of untreated HIV infection, suggesting a significant contribution of Tregs to the pathogenesis of HIV disease. Their role may be 2-edged: attenuating HIV-induced immune hyperactivation while suppressing the immune response to HIV and mucosal pathogens. CiteULike    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    What's this? This article has been cited by other articles: N. R. Patel, K. Swan, X. Li, S. D. Tachado, and H. Koziel Impaired M. tuberculosis-mediated apoptosis in alveolar macrophages from HIV+ persons: potential role of IL-10 and BCL-3 J. Leukoc. Biol., July 1, 2009; 86(1): 53 - 60. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] G. Koopman, D. Mortier, S. Hofman, M. Koutsoukos, W. M. J. M. Bogers, B. Wahren, G. Voss, and J. L. 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