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Blood, 15 June 2007, Vol. 109, No. 12, pp. 5276-5285.
Prepublished online as a Blood First Edition Paper on February 27, 2007; DOI 10.1182/blood-2006-10-053504.
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HEMOSTASIS, THROMBOSIS, AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY
Identification of proangiogenic TIE2-expressing monocytes (TEMs) in human peripheral blood and cancer
Mary Anna Venneri1,2,
Michele De Palma1,2,
Maurilio Ponzoni3,
Ferdinando Pucci1,2,4,
Cristina Scielzo5,
Erika Zonari1,2,
Roberta Mazzieri1,2,
Claudio Doglioni3, and
Luigi Naldini1,2,4
1 Angiogenesis and Tumour Targeting Research Unit,
2 San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy,
3 Department of Pathology,
4 Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, and
5 Department of Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
Tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells, including tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), have been implicated in tumor progression. We recently described a lineage of mouse monocytes characterized by expression of the Tie2 angiopoietin receptor and required for the vascularization and growth of several tumor models. Here, we report that TIE2 expression in human blood identifies a subset of monocytes distinct from classical inflammatory monocytes and comprised within the less abundant "resident" population. These TIE2-expressing monocytes (TEMs) accounted for 2% to 7% of blood mononuclear cells in healthy donors and were distinct from rare circulating endothelial cells and progenitors. In human cancer patients, TEMs were observed in the blood and, intriguingly, within the tumors, where they represented the main monocyte population distinct from TAMs. Conversely, TEMs were hardly detected in nonneoplastic tissues. In vitro, TEMs migrated toward angiopoietin-2, a TIE2 ligand released by activated endothelial cells and angiogenic vessels, suggesting a homing mechanism for TEMs to tumors. Purified human TEMs, but not TEM-depleted monocytes, markedly promoted angiogenesis in xenotransplanted human tumors, suggesting a potentially critical role of TEMs in human cancer progression. Human TEMs may provide a novel, biologically relevant marker of angiogenesis and represent a previously unrecognized target of cancer therapy.
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