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Blood, 1 July 2007, Vol. 110, No. 1, pp. 313-322.
Prepublished online as a Blood First Edition Paper on March 15, 2007; DOI 10.1182/blood-2006-10-050260.
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NEOPLASIA
Targeting autophagy augments the anticancer activity of the histone deacetylase inhibitor SAHA to overcome Bcr-Abl–mediated drug resistance
Jennifer S. Carew1,
Steffan T. Nawrocki2,
Charissa N. Kahue1,3,
Hui Zhang4,
Chunying Yang1,
Linda Chung1,
Janet A. Houghton2,
Peng Huang4,
Francis J. Giles5, and
John L. Cleveland1,6
1 Departments of Biochemistry and
2 Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN;
3 Chaminade University, Honolulu, HI;
4 Departments of Molecular Pathology and
5 Leukemia, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston;
6 Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute-Florida, Jupiter
Novel therapeutic strategies are needed to address the emerging problem of imatinib resistance. The histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) is being evaluated for imatinib-resistant chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and has multiple cellular effects, including the induction of autophagy and apoptosis. Considering that autophagy may promote cancer cell survival, we hypothesized that disrupting autophagy would augment the anticancer activity of SAHA. Here we report that drugs that disrupt the autophagy pathway dramatically augment the antineoplastic effects of SAHA in CML cell lines and primary CML cells expressing wild-type and imatinib-resistant mutant forms of Bcr-Abl, including T315I. This regimen has selectivity for malignant cells and its efficacy was not diminished by impairing p53 function, another contributing factor in imatinib resistance. Disrupting autophagy by chloroquine treatment enhances SAHA-induced superoxide generation, triggers relocalization and marked increases in the lysosomal protease cathepsin D, and reduces the expression of the cathepsin-D substrate thioredoxin. Finally, knockdown of cathepsin D diminishes the potency of this combination, demonstrating its role as a mediator of this therapeutic response. Our data suggest that, when combined with HDAC inhibitors, agents that disrupt autophagy are a promising new strategy to treat imatinib-refractory patients who fail conventional therapy.
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