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Blood, 1 September 2007, Vol. 110, No. 5, pp. 1578-1586.
Prepublished online as a Blood First Edition Paper on May 10, 2007; DOI 10.1182/blood-2007-01-071340.
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IMMUNOBIOLOGY
Eosinophils contribute to innate antiviral immunity and promote clearance of respiratory syncytial virus
Simon Phipps13,
Chuan En Lam13,
Suresh Mahalingam4,
Matthew Newhouse1,2,
Ruben Ramirez4,
Helene F. Rosenberg5,
Paul S. Foster13, and
Klaus I. Matthaei3
1 Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases (CARD), School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia;
2 Vaccines, Immunity, Viruses and Asthma Group, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia;
3 John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia;
4 Centre for Virus Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia;
5 National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
Eosinophils are recruited to the lungs in response to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection; however, their role in promoting antiviral host defense remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that eosinophils express TLRs that recognize viral nucleic acids, are activated and degranulate after single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) stimulation of the TLR-7–MyD88 pathway, and provide host defense against RSV that is MyD88 dependent. In contrast to wild-type mice, virus clearance from lung tissue was more rapid in hypereosinophilic (interleukin-5 transgenic) mice. Transfer of wild-type but not MyD88-deficient eosinophils to the lungs of RSV-infected wild-type mice accelerated virus clearance and inhibited the development of airways hyperreactivity. Similar responses were observed when infected recipient mice were MyD88 deficient. Eosinophils isolated from infected hypereosinophilic MyD88-sufficient but not MyD88-deficient mice expressed greater amounts of IFN regulatory factor (IRF)–7 and eosinophil-associated ribonucleases EAR-1 and EAR-2. Hypereosinophilia in the airways of infected mice also correlated with increased expression of IRF-7, IFN-β, and NOS-2, and inhibition of NO production with the NOS-2 inhibitor L-NMA partially reversed the accelerated virus clearance promoted by eosinophils. Collectively, our results demonstrate that eosinophils can protect against RSV in vivo, as they promote virus clearance and may thus limit virus-induced lung dysfunction.
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