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 Blood, 9 April 2009, Vol. 113, No. 15, pp. 3418-3427.
Prepublished online as a Blood First Edition Paper on January 27, 2009; DOI 10.1182/blood-2008-12-180646.

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REVIEW ARTICLE

Dendritic cell homeostasis

Miriam Merad1, and Markus G. Manz2,3

1 Department of Gene and Cell Medicine and Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; 2 Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland; and 3 Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland

Dendritic cells (DCs) are a heterogeneous fraction of rare hematopoietic cells that coevolved with the formation of the adaptive immune system. DCs efficiently process and present antigen, move from sites of antigen uptake to sites of cellular interactions, and are critical in the initiation of immune responses as well as in the maintenance of self-tolerance. DCs are distributed throughout the body and are enriched in lymphoid organs and environmental contact sites. Steady-state DC half-lives account for days to up to a few weeks, and they need to be replaced via proliferating hematopoietic progenitors, monocytes, or tissue resident cells. In this review, we integrate recent knowledge on DC progenitors, cytokines, and transcription factor usage to an emerging concept of in vivo DC homeostasis in steady-state and inflammatory conditions. We furthermore highlight how knowledge of these maintenance mechanisms might impact on understanding of DC malignancies as well as posttransplant immune reactions and their respective therapies.


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