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Blood, 30 July 2009, Vol. 114, No. 5, pp. 1123-1130. Prepublished online as a Blood First Edition Paper on May 1, 2009; DOI 10.1182/blood-2009-03-211391.
VASCULAR BIOLOGY Ets1 and Ets2 are required for endothelial cell survival during embryonic angiogenesis1 Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 2 The Comprehensive Cancer Center, 3 Division of Human Cancer Genetics, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, 4 Department of Molecular Genetics, and 5 Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus; and 6 Oncodevelopmental Biology Program, The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, CA
The ras/Raf/Mek/Erk pathway plays a central role in coordinating endothelial cell activities during angiogenesis. Transcription factors Ets1 and Ets2 are targets of ras/Erk signaling pathways that have been implicated in endothelial cell function in vitro, but their precise role in vascular formation and function in vivo remains ill-defined. In this work, mutation of both Ets1 and Ets2 resulted in embryonic lethality at midgestation, with striking defects in vascular branching having been observed. The action of these factors was endothelial cell autonomous as demonstrated using Cre/loxP technology. Analysis of Ets1/Ets2 target genes in isolated embryonic endothelial cells demonstrated down-regulation of Mmp9, Bcl-XL, and cIAP2 in double mutants versus controls, and chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that both Ets1 and Ets2 were loaded at target promoters. Consistent with these observations, endothelial cell apoptosis was significantly increased both in vivo and in vitro when both Ets1 and Ets2 were mutated. These results establish essential and overlapping functions for Ets1 and Ets2 in coordinating endothelial cell functions with survival during embryonic angiogenesis.
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