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Clinical staging of chronic lymphocytic leukemia

KR Rai, A Sawitsky, EP Cronkite, AD Chanana, RN Levy and BS Pasternack

A method of clinical staging of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has been proposed which is based on the concept that CLL is a disease of progressive accumulation of nonfunctioning lymphocytes: stage O, bone marrow and blood lymphocytosis only; stage 1, lymphocytosis with enlarged nodes; stage II, lymphocytosis with enlarged spleen or liver or both; stage III, lymphocytosis with anemia; and stage IV:lymphocytosis with thrombocytopenia. Analysis of 125 patients. in the present series showed the following median survival times (in months) from diagnosis: stage 0, is greater than 150; stage I 101; stage II, 71; stage III, 19; stage IV, 19, The median survival for the entire series was 71 mo. The prognostic significance of the stage remained even after adjustment was made for age and sex. However, both sex and age were shown to be poor predictors of survival after adjustment for stage. The method of staging proved to be a reliable predictor of survival whether used at diagnosis or during the course of the disease. The proposed staging system was an equally accurate indicator for survival when applied to two other previously published studies of large series of patients

Volume 46, Issue 2, pp. 219-234, 08/01/1975
Copyright © 1975 by The American Society of Hematology


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Hematology, January 1, 2006; 2006(1): 279 - 284.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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The OncologistHome page
B. L. Abbott
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Recent Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment
Oncologist, January 1, 2006; 11(1): 21 - 30.
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BloodHome page
A. Chanan-Khan, K. C. Miller, K. Takeshita, A. Koryzna, K. Donohue, Z. P. Bernstein, A. Mohr, D. Klippenstein, P. Wallace, J. B. Zeldis, et al.
Results of a phase 1 clinical trial of thalidomide in combination with fludarabine as initial therapy for patients with treatment-requiring chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
Blood, November 15, 2005; 106(10): 3348 - 3352.
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J. Mol. Diagn.Home page
R. Marasca, R. Maffei, M. Morselli, P. Zucchini, I. Castelli, S. Martinelli, M. Fontana, S. Ravanetti, M. Curotti, G. Leonardi, et al.
Immunoglobulin Mutational Status Detected through Single-Round Amplification of Partial VH Region Represents a Good Prognostic Marker for Clinical Outcome in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
J. Mol. Diagn., November 1, 2005; 7(5): 566 - 574.
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BloodHome page
P. Oppezzo, Y. Vasconcelos, C. Settegrana, D. Jeannel, F. Vuillier, M. Legarff-Tavernier, E. Y. Kimura, S. Bechet, G. Dumas, M. Brissard, et al.
The LPL/ADAM29 expression ratio is a novel prognosis indicator in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Blood, July 15, 2005; 106(2): 650 - 657.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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BloodHome page
K. J. Till, D. G. Spiller, R. J. Harris, H. Chen, M. Zuzel, and J. C. Cawley
CLL, but not normal, B cells are dependent on autocrine VEGF and {alpha}4{beta}1 integrin for chemokine-induced motility on and through endothelium
Blood, June 15, 2005; 105(12): 4813 - 4819.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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NEJMHome page
N. Chiorazzi, K. R. Rai, and M. Ferrarini
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
N. Engl. J. Med., February 24, 2005; 352(8): 804 - 815.
[Full Text] [PDF]


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BloodHome page
J. C. Byrd, G. Marcucci, M. R. Parthun, J. J. Xiao, R. B. Klisovic, M. Moran, T. S. Lin, S. Liu, A. R. Sklenar, M. E. Davis, et al.
A phase 1 and pharmacodynamic study of depsipeptide (FK228) in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia
Blood, February 1, 2005; 105(3): 959 - 967.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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BloodHome page
J. R. Mackey, C. M. Galmarini, K. A. Graham, A. A. Joy, A. Delmer, L. Dabbagh, D. Glubrecht, L. D. Jewell, R. Lai, T. Lang, et al.
Quantitative analysis of nucleoside transporter and metabolism gene expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): identification of fludarabine-sensitive and -insensitive populations
Blood, January 15, 2005; 105(2): 767 - 774.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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ASH Education BookHome page
M. Hallek and On Behalf Of The German CLL Study Group
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL): First-Line Treatment
Hematology, January 1, 2005; 2005(1): 285 - 291.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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BloodHome page
E. Montserrat
CLL therapy: progress at last!
Blood, January 1, 2005; 105(1): 2 - 3.
[Full Text] [PDF]


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BloodHome page
J. C. Byrd, K. Rai, B. L. Peterson, F. R. Appelbaum, V. A. Morrison, J. E. Kolitz, L. Shepherd, J. D. Hines, C. A. Schiffer, and R. A. Larson
Addition of rituximab to fludarabine may prolong progression-free survival and overall survival in patients with previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia: an updated retrospective comparative analysis of CALGB 9712 and CALGB 9011
Blood, January 1, 2005; 105(1): 49 - 53.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Ann OncolHome page
E. Montserrat
Assessing prognosis in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia a quarter of a century after Rai and Binet staging systems
Ann. Onc., October 1, 2004; 15(10): 1450 - 1451.
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Ann OncolHome page
A. Tchirkov, C. Chaleteix, C. Magnac, Y. Vasconcelos, F. Davi, A. Michel, F. Kwiatkowski, O. Tournilhac, G. Dighiero, and P. Travade
hTERT expression and prognosis in B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Ann. Onc., October 1, 2004; 15(10): 1476 - 1480.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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BloodHome page
L. Trentin, A. Cabrelle, M. Facco, D. Carollo, M. Miorin, A. Tosoni, P. Pizzo, G. Binotto, L. Nicolardi, R. Zambello, et al.
Homeostatic chemokines drive migration of malignant B cells in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphomas
Blood, July 15, 2004; 104(2): 502 - 508.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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JCOHome page
J.-F. Rossi, A. Van Hoof, K. De Boeck, S.A. Johnson, D. Bron, C. Foussard, T.A. Lister, C. Berthou, M.H.H. Kramer, T.J. Littlewood, et al.
Efficacy and Safety of Oral Fludarabine Phosphate in Previously Untreated Patients With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
J. Clin. Oncol., April 1, 2004; 22(7): 1260 - 1267.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Mayo Clin Proc.Home page
I. M. Ghobrial, N. D. Bone, M. J. Stenson, A. Novak, K. E. Hedin, N. E. Kay, and S. M. Ansell
Expression of the Chemokine Receptors CXCR4 and CCR7 and Disease Progression in B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia/Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma
Mayo Clin. Proc., March 1, 2004; 79(3): 318 - 325.
[Abstract] [PDF]


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Mayo Clin Proc.Home page
T. D. Shanafelt and T. G. Call
Current Approach to Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Mayo Clin. Proc., March 1, 2004; 79(3): 388 - 398.
[Abstract] [PDF]


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BloodHome page
A. P. Mone, P. Huang, H. Pelicano, C. M. Cheney, J. M. Green, J. Y. Tso, A. J. Johnson, S. Jefferson, T. S. Lin, and J. C. Byrd
Hu1D10 induces apoptosis concurrent with activation of the AKT survival pathway in human chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells
Blood, March 1, 2004; 103(5): 1846 - 1854.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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BloodHome page
T. D. Shanafelt, S. M. Geyer, and N. E. Kay
Prognosis at diagnosis: integrating molecular biologic insights into clinical practice for patients with CLL
Blood, February 15, 2004; 103(4): 1202 - 1210.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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ASH Education BookHome page
J. C. Byrd, S. Stilgenbauer, and I. W. Flinn
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Hematology, January 1, 2004; 2004(1): 163 - 183.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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JCOHome page
Y. Vasconcelos, F. Davi, V. Levy, P. Oppezzo, C. Magnac, A. Michel, M. Yamamoto, O. Pritsch, H. Merle-Beral, K. Maloum, et al.
Binet's Staging System and VH Genes Are Independent but Complementary Prognostic Indicators in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
J. Clin. Oncol., November 1, 2003; 21(21): 3928 - 3932.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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BloodHome page
A. Guarini, G. Gaidano, F. R. Mauro, D. Capello, F. Mancini, M. S. De Propris, M. Mancini, E. Orsini, M. Gentile, M. Breccia, et al.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients with highly stable and indolent disease show distinctive phenotypic and genotypic features
Blood, August 1, 2003; 102(3): 1035 - 1041.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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BloodHome page
W. J. M. Mackus, F. N. J. Frakking, A. Grummels, L. E. Gamadia, G. J. de Bree, D. Hamann, R. A. W. van Lier, and M. H. J. van Oers
Expansion of CMV-specific CD8+CD45RA+CD27- T cells in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Blood, August 1, 2003; 102(3): 1057 - 1063.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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BloodHome page
J. L. Aron, M. R. Parthun, G. Marcucci, S. Kitada, A. P. Mone, M. E. Davis, T. Shen, T. Murphy, J. Wickham, C. Kanakry, et al.
Depsipeptide (FR901228) induces histone acetylation and inhibition of histone deacetylase in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells concurrent with activation of caspase 8-mediated apoptosis and down-regulation of c-FLIP protein
Blood, July 15, 2003; 102(2): 652 - 658.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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NEJMHome page
M. Crespo, F. Bosch, N. Villamor, B. Bellosillo, D. Colomer, M. Rozman, S. Marce, A. Lopez-Guillermo, E. Campo, and E. Montserrat
ZAP-70 Expression as a Surrogate for Immunoglobulin-Variable-Region Mutations in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
N. Engl. J. Med., May 1, 2003; 348(18): 1764 - 1775.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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NEJMHome page
K. R. Rai and N. Chiorazzi
Determining the Clinical Course and Outcome in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
N. Engl. J. Med., May 1, 2003; 348(18): 1797 - 1799.
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BloodHome page
J. Durig, H. Nuckel, A. Huttmann, E. Kruse, T. Holter, K. Halfmeyer, A. Fuhrer, R. Rudolph, N. Kalhori, A. Nusch, et al.
Expression of ribosomal and translation-associated genes is correlated with a favorable clinical course in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Blood, April 1, 2003; 101(7): 2748 - 2755.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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BloodHome page
L. Granziero, P. Circosta, C. Scielzo, E. Frisaldi, S. Stella, M. Geuna, S. Giordano, P. Ghia, and F. Caligaris-Cappio
CD100/Plexin-B1 interactions sustain proliferation and survival of normal and leukemic CD5+ B lymphocytes
Blood, March 1, 2003; 101(5): 1962 - 1969.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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BloodHome page
P. Ghia, G. Guida, S. Stella, D. Gottardi, M. Geuna, G. Strola, C. Scielzo, and F. Caligaris-Cappio
The pattern of CD38 expression defines a distinct subset of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients at risk of disease progression
Blood, February 15, 2003; 101(4): 1262 - 1269.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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BloodHome page
M.-R. Rezvany, M. Jeddi-Tehrani, H. Wigzell, A. Osterborg, and H. Mellstedt
Leukemia-associated monoclonal and oligoclonal TCR-BV use in patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Blood, February 1, 2003; 101(3): 1063 - 1070.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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ASH Education BookHome page
M. J. Keating, N. Chiorazzi, B. Messmer, R. N. Damle, S. L. Allen, K. R. Rai, M. Ferrarini, and T. J. Kipps
Biology and Treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Hematology, January 1, 2003; 2003(1): 153 - 175.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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BloodHome page
J. C. Byrd, B. L. Peterson, V. A. Morrison, K. Park, R. Jacobson, E. Hoke, J. W. Vardiman, K. Rai, C. A. Schiffer, and R. A. Larson
Randomized phase 2 study of fludarabine with concurrent versus sequential treatment with rituximab in symptomatic, untreated patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: results from Cancer and Leukemia Group B 9712 (CALGB 9712)
Blood, January 1, 2003; 101(1): 6 - 14.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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BloodHome page
C.-C. Chang, J. Lorek, D. E. Sabath, Y. Li, C. R. Chitambar, B. Logan, B. Kampalath, and R. P. Cleveland
Expression of MUM1/IRF4 correlates with clinical outcome in patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Blood, December 15, 2002; 100(13): 4671 - 4675.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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BloodHome page
G. Munzert, D. Kirchner, H. Stobbe, L. Bergmann, R. M. Schmid, H. Dohner, and H. Heimpel
Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 1 gene overexpression in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: analysis of NF-kappa B/Rel-regulated inhibitors of apoptosis
Blood, November 15, 2002; 100(10): 3749 - 3756.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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BloodHome page
S. Molica, A. Vacca, D. Ribatti, A. Cuneo, F. Cavazzini, D. Levato, G. Vitelli, L. Tucci, A. M. Roccaro, and F. Dammacco
Prognostic value of enhanced bone marrow angiogenesis in early B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Blood, October 16, 2002; 100(9): 3344 - 3351.
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Am. J. Pathol.Home page
S. Bea, A. Lopez-Guillermo, M. Ribas, X. Puig, M. Pinyol, A. Carrio, L. Zamora, F. Soler, F. Bosch, S. Stilgenbauer, et al.
Genetic Imbalances in Progressed B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Transformed Large-Cell Lymphoma (Richter's Syndrome)
Am. J. Pathol., September 1, 2002; 161(3): 957 - 968.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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BloodHome page
A. Krober, T. Seiler, A. Benner, L. Bullinger, E. Bruckle, P. Lichter, H. Dohner, and S. Stilgenbauer
VH mutation status, CD38 expression level, genomic aberrations, and survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Blood, July 30, 2002; 100(4): 1410 - 1416.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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BloodHome page
J. Lundin, E. Kimby, M. Bjorkholm, P.-A. Broliden, F. Celsing, V. Hjalmar, L. Mollgard, P. Rebello, G. Hale, H. Waldmann, et al.
Phase II trial of subcutaneous anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody alemtuzumab (Campath-1H) as first-line treatment for patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL)
Blood, July 18, 2002; 100(3): 768 - 773.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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JCOHome page
A. Osterborg, Y. Brandberg, V. Molostova, G. Iosava, K. Abdulkadyrov, M. Hedenus, and D. Messinger
Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Recombinant Human Erythropoietin, Epoetin Beta, in Hematologic Malignancies
J. Clin. Oncol., May 15, 2002; 20(10): 2486 - 2494.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Leukoc. Biol.Home page
M. T. de la Fuente, B. Casanova, J. V. Moyano, M. Garcia-Gila, L. Sanz, J. Garcia-Marco, A. Silva, and A. Garcia-Pardo
Engagement of {alpha}4{beta}1 integrin by fibronectin induces in vitro resistance of B chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells to fludarabine
J. Leukoc. Biol., March 1, 2002; 71(3): 495 - 502.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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BloodHome page
T. J. Hamblin, J. A. Orchard, R. E. Ibbotson, Z. Davis, P. W. Thomas, F. K. Stevenson, and D. G. Oscier
CD38 expression and immunoglobulin variable region mutations are independent prognostic variables in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, but CD38 expression may vary during the course of the disease
Blood, February 1, 2002; 99(3): 1023 - 1029.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]



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