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Characterization of the continuous, differentiating myeloid cell line
(HL-60) from a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia
R Gallagher, S Collins, J Trujillo, K McCredie, M Ahearn, S Tsai, R Metzgar, G Aulakh, R Ting, F Ruscetti and R Gallo
In a prelminary communication, we described the establishment of a
continuous human myeloid cell line (HL-60). Here we report the detailed
properties of this cell line and document its derivation from the
peripheral blood leukocytes of a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia.
As characterized by light and electron microscopy, the predominant cell
type in both the fresh and cultured sources is a neutrophilic promyelocyte
with prominent nuclear/cytoplasmic asynchrony. Up to 10% of the cultured
cells spontaneously differentiate beyond the promyelocyte stage, and the
proportion of terminally differentiated cells is markedly enhanced by
compounds known to stimulate differentiation of mouse (Friend)
erythroleukemia cells. The HL-60 cells lack specific markers for lymphoid
cells, but express surface receptors for Fc fragment and complement (C3),
which have been associated with differentiated granulocytes. They exhibit
phagocytic activity and responsiveness to a chemotactic stimulus
commensurate with the proportion of mature cells. As characteristic of
transformed cells, the HL-60 cells form colonies in semisolid medium and
produce subcutaneous myeloid tumors (chloromas) in nude mice. A source of
colony-stimulating activity stimulated the cloning efficiency in soft agar
5--30-fold. Despite adaptations to culture, the morphological phenotype and
responsiveness to chemical induction of differentiation is essentially
unchanged through at least 85 passages. Cytogenetic studies reveal
aneuploidy. Metaphases with 44 chromosomes predominated in vivo and in
early culture passages; however, clones with 45 or 46 chromosomes became
predominant with continued passaging. The most consistent karyotypic
abnormalities were the deletion of chromosomes 5, 8, and X and the addition
of a marker resembling a D-group acrocentric and of a submetacentric
marker, most likely an abnormal E-group chromosome. No DNA herpesvirus or
RNA retrovirus was isolated in the fresh or cultured cells. The HL-60
cultured cell line provides a continuous source of human cells for studying
the molecular events of myeloid differentiation and the effects of
physiologic, pharmacologic, and virologic elements on this process.
Volume 54,
Issue 3,
pp. 713-733,
09/01/1979
Copyright © 1979 by The American Society of Hematology
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