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Passive material behavior of granulocytes based on large deformation and
recovery after deformation tests
E Evans and B Kukan
In order to better understand the in vivo rheologic behavior of white
cells, we have studied the time-dependent deformability, recovery, and
mechanical activation of blood granulocytes. We have used micropipette
aspiration methods to measure the large deformation response and recovery
after deformation characteristics of neutrophils as functions of time,
temperature, and collecting media. The cell response in the pipette
experiment was characterized by three time domains: the first phase was the
passive deformation response to the fixed suction pressure; the second
phase was an obvious transition from the passive to active motile cellular
state where the cell exhibited erratic length changes in the pipette; and
the third phase was the steady recovery after the suction pressure had been
zeroed. Tests on white cells were carried out with three different
anticoagulants to evaluate the effect of calcium on deformation and
recovery behavior; also, cells were separated by centrifugation in high
molecular weight dextran to determine whether or not collection and
separation procedures affected the cell properties. Our results have shown
that the passive deformation of granulocytes into the pipette was a
continuous flow process with no approach to a static deformation limit. In
addition, there was an obvious threshold pressure below which the cell
would not deform and enter the micropipette. For suction pressures
significantly above the threshold, granulocytes were continuously deformed
with a similar functional dependence on time. The coefficient of
proportionality between aspiration length and time, as well as the
exponent, depended on suction pressure, pipette dimension, and temperature.
It was observed that the granulocytes always recovered to the spherical
state after deformation, independent of the extent of deformation or
location where the cell was aspirated. Based on the recovery behavior, plus
the dependence of the pressure threshold on pipette size, we propose the
concept that the granulocyte membrane and cortical shell behave like a
"contractile surface carpet" under tension, where the cell interior
responds passively like a highly viscous liquid. The membrane cortex
appears to be subject to a persistent stress (tension) of about 10(-2)
dyne/cm. Our observations of passive to active transition in the pipette
suction experiment indicated that granulocytes may be stimulated by
deformation at room temperature. This study represents the first detailed
investigation of the large deformation behavior of granulocytes, and the
results indicate a simple structural model to represent the passive
rheologic behavior of the granulocyte.
Volume 64,
Issue 5,
pp. 1028-1035,
11/01/1984
Copyright © 1984 by The American Society of Hematology
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