|
|
 Previous Article | Table of Contents | Next Article 
Oral contraceptives and gender affect protein S status
LM Boerger, PC Morris, GR Thurnau, CT Esmon and PC Comp
Protein S is a plasma protein that serves as a cofactor for the
anticoagulant effects of activated protein C. Congenital protein S
deficiency is often associated with thromboembolic disease. During
pregnancy a decrease in the functional and antigenic levels of protein S
occurs; this change in protein S status may contribute to the
thromboembolic complications that sometimes occur during pregnancy. In
certain patients, oral contraceptive use has also been associated with
thrombotic complications. In this study, protein S status was determined in
21 women taking oral contraceptives and compared with that of 21 women not
taking oral contraceptives and that of 21 men. The results show that women
taking oral contraceptives have significantly lower total protein S (24.3
+/- 3.6 micrograms/mL; mean +/- SD) than women not taking oral
contraceptives (28.6 +/- 3.9 micrograms/mL) (P less than .005). Men had
significantly higher protein S levels (30.9 +/- 3.9 micrograms/mL, P less
than .01) than age-matched women not taking oral contraceptives. In plasma,
an equilibrium exists between free (functionally active) protein S and
protein S complexed to C4b-binding protein, which is functionally inactive.
The mean levels of C4b-binding protein were essentially the same among the
three groups, but the levels of free protein S were significantly different
and reflected different total protein S antigen levels. Additionally, we
found that inflammation significantly elevated C4b-binding protein levels
and could result in a further significant decrease in free protein S
levels. These data indicate that plasma protein S levels are significantly
affected by hormonal status and inflammation.
Volume 69,
Issue 2,
pp. 692-694,
02/01/1987
Copyright © 1987 by The American Society of Hematology
 CiteULike  Connotea  Del.icio.us  Digg  Reddit  Technorati What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
|
|
 
S. M. Rezende, R. E. Simmonds, and D. A. Lane
Coagulation, inflammation, and apoptosis: different roles for protein S and the protein S-C4b binding protein complex
Blood,
February 15, 2004;
103(4):
1192 - 1201.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Kemmeren, A. Algra, J. C. M. Meijers, G. Tans, B. N. Bouma, J. Curvers, J. Rosing, and D. E. Grobbee
Effect of second- and third-generation oral contraceptives on the protein C system in the absence or presence of the factor VLeiden mutation: a randomized trial
Blood,
February 1, 2004;
103(3):
927 - 933.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. D. McBane II
Genetically Determined Procoagulant States and Heparin Use
Seminars in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia,
December 1, 2003;
7(4):
427 - 442.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
W.-H. Chen, M.-Y. Lan, Y.-Y. Chang, S.-S. Chen, and J.-S. Liu
The Prevalence of Protein C, Protein S, and Antithrombin III Deficiency in non-APS/SLE Chinese Adults with Noncardiac Cerebral Ischemia
Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis,
April 1, 2003;
9(2):
155 - 162.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Borgel, J.-L. Reny, D. Fischelis, S. Gandrille, J. Emmerich, J.-N. Fiessinger, and M. Aiach
Cleaved Protein S (PS), Total PS, Free PS, and Activated Protein C Cofactor Activity as Risk Factors for Venous Thromboembolism
Clin. Chem.,
April 1, 2003;
49(4):
575 - 580.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J T Merrill and R G Lahita
Sex hormone binding globulins and atherosclerotic risk in systemic lupus
Lupus,
March 1, 2000;
9(3):
217 - 222.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. D. Douketis, J. S. Ginsberg, A. Holbrook, M. Crowther, E. K. Duku, and R. F. Burrows
A Reevaluation of the Risk for Venous Thromboembolism With the Use of Oral Contraceptives and Hormone Replacement Therapy
Arch Intern Med,
July 28, 1997;
157(14):
1522 - 1530.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. E. Simmonds, B. Zoller, H. Ireland, E. Thompson, P. Garcia de Frutos, B. Dahlback, and D. A. Lane
Genetic and Phenotypic Analysis of a Large (122-Member) Protein S-Deficient Kindred Provides an Explanation for the Familial Coexistence of Type I and Type III Plasma Phenotypes
Blood,
June 15, 1997;
89(12):
4364 - 4370.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. F. Macko, S. F. Ameriso, A. Gruber, J. H. Griffin, J. A. Fernandez, R. Barndt, F. P. Quismorio, J. M. Weiner, and M. Fisher
Impairments of the Protein C System and Fibrinolysis in Infection-Associated Stroke
Stroke,
November 1, 1996;
27(11):
2005 - 2011.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Chamorro, N. Vila, C. Ascaso, A. Saiz, J. Montalvo, P. Alonso, and E. Tolosa
Early Prediction of Stroke Severity : Role of the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
Stroke,
April 1, 1995;
26(4):
573 - 576.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Esmon
The regulation of natural anticoagulant pathways
Science,
March 13, 1987;
235(4794):
1348 - 1352.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
