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The mechanisms involved in the regulation of vasculogenesis still remain unclear in mammals. Totipotent embryonic stem (ES) cells may represent a suitable in vitro model to study molecular events involved in vascular development. In this study, we followed the expression kinetics of a relatively large set of endothelial-specific markers in ES-derived embryoid bodies (EBs). Results of both reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction and/or immunofluorescence analysis show that a spontaneous endothelial differentiation occurs during EBs development. ES-derived endothelial cells express a full range of cell lineage-specific markers: platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM), Flk-1, tie-1, tie-2, vascular endothelial (VE) cadherin, MECA- 32, and MEC-14.7. Analysis of the kinetics of endothelial marker expression allows the distinction of successive maturation steps. Flk-1 was the first to be detected; its mRNA is apparent from day 3 of differentiation. PECAM and tie-2 mRNAs were found to be expressed only from day 4, whereas VE-cadherin and tie-1 mRNAs cannot be detected before day 5. Immunofluorescence stainings of EBs with antibodies directed against Flk-1, PECAM, VE-cadherin, MECA-32, and MEC-14.7 confirmed that the expression of these antigens occurs at different steps of endothelial cell differentiation. The addition of an angiogenic growth factor mixture including erythropoietin, interleukin- 6, fibroblast growth factor 2, and vascular endothelial growth factor in the EB culture medium significantly increased the development of primitive vascular-like structures within EBs. These results indicate that this in vitro system contains a large part of the endothelial cell differentiation program and constitutes a suitable model to study the molecular mechanisms involved in vasculogenesis. Volume 88, Issue 9, pp. 3424-3431, 11/01/1996 Copyright © 1996 by The American Society of Hematology CiteULike    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    What's this? This article has been cited by other articles: R. E. Chapin and D. B. Stedman Endless Possibilities: Stem Cells and the Vision for Toxicology Testing in the 21st Century Toxicol. Sci., November 1, 2009; 112(1): 17 - 22. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] C. S. Bonder, W. Y. Sun, T. Matthews, C. Cassano, X. Li, H. S. Ramshaw, S. M. Pitson, A. F. Lopez, P. T. Coates, R. L. Proia, et al. Sphingosine kinase regulates the rate of endothelial progenitor cell differentiation Blood, February 26, 2009; 113(9): 2108 - 2117. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] D. Mariappan, J. Winkler, S. Chen, H. Schulz, J. Hescheler, and A. Sachinidis Transcriptional profiling of CD31(+) cells isolated from murine embryonic stem cells. Genes Cells, February 1, 2009; 14(2): 243 - 260. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] D. Xu, Z. Alipio, L. M. 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