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Blood, Vol. 93 No. 4 (February 15), 1999: pp. 1338-1345

GCKR Links the Bcr-Abl Oncogene and Ras to the Stress-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway

Chong-Shan Shi, Joseph M. Tuscano, Owen N. Witte, and John H. Kehrl

From the B-Cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD; UC Davis Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Sacramento, CA; University of California Los Angeles, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Los Angeles, CA.

The Bcr-Abl oncogene, found in Philadelphia chromosome-positive myelogenous leukemia (CML), activates Ras and triggers the stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK or Jun NH2-terminal kinase [JNK]) pathway. Interruption of Ras or SAPK activation dramatically reduces Bcr-Abl-mediated transformation. Here, we report that Bcr-Abl through a Ras-dependent pathway signals the serine/threonine protein kinase GCKR (Germinal Center Kinase Related) leading to SAPK activation. Either an oncogenic form of Ras or Bcr-Abl enhances GCKR catalytic activity and its activation of SAPK, whereas inhibition of GCKR impairs Bcr-Abl-induced SAPK activation. Bcr-Abl mutants that are impaired for GCKR activation are also unable to activate SAPK. Consistent with GCKR being a functional target in CML, GCKR is constitutively active in CML cell lines and found in association with Bcr-Abl. Our results indicate that GCKR is a downstream target of Bcr-Abl and strongly implicate GCKR as a mediator of Bcr-Abl in its transformation of cells.


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