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Blood, Vol. 93 No. 8 (April 15), 1999:
pp. 2653-2659
Immunization With Recombinant Human Granulocyte-Macrophage
Colony-Stimulating Factor as a Vaccine Adjuvant Elicits Both a
Cellular and Humoral Response to Recombinant Human
Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor
Douglas G. McNeel,
Kathy Schiffman, and
Mary L. Disis
From the Division of Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is an
important cytokine for the generation and propagation of
antigen-presenting cells and for priming a cellular immune response. We
report here that use of recombinant human GM-CSF (rhGM-CSF),
administered as an adjuvant in a peptide-based vaccine trial given
monthly by intradermal injection, led to the development of a T-cell
and antibody response to rhGM-CSF. An antibody response occurred in the
majority of patients (72%). This antibody response was not found to be
neutralizing. In addition, by 48-hour delayed type hypersensitivity
(DTH) skin testing, 17% of patients were shown to have a cellular
immune response to the adjuvant rhGM-CSF alone. Thymidine incorporation
assays also showed a peripheral blood T-cell response to rhGM-CSF in at
least 17% of the patients. The generation of rhGM-CSF-specific T-cell
immune responses, elicited in this fashion, is an important observation
because rhGM-CSF is being used as a vaccine adjuvant in various vaccine
strategies. rhGM-CSF-specific immune responses may be incorrectly
interpreted as antigen-specific immunity, particularly when local DTH
responses to vaccination are the primary means of immunologic
evaluation. We found no evidence of hematologic or infectious
complications as a result of the development of rhGM-CSF-specific
immune responses.
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