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Blood, Vol. 96 No. 2 (July 15), 2000:
pp. 429-436
Myelodysplasia syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia in patients
with congenital neutropenia receiving G-CSF therapy
Melvin H. Freedman,
Mary Ann Bonilla,
Carol Fier,
Audrey Anna Bolyard,
Debra Scarlata,
Laurence A. Boxer,
Sherri Brown,
Bonnie Cham,
George Kannourakis,
Sally E. Kinsey,
Pier Georgio Mori,
Tammy Cottle,
Karl Welte, and
David C. Dale
From the Severe Chronic Neutropenia International
Registry, University of Washington, and the University of Washington
Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA; the University of Michigan Medical
Center, Ann Arbor, MI; St Barnabas Medical Center, West Orange, NJ; the
Clinical Safety Department, Amgen, Inc, Boulder, CO, and Thousand Oaks,
CA; The Hospital for Sick Children and the University of Toronto
Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; the Manitoba Cancer
Treatment and Research Foundation, Winnipeg, Manitoba,
Canada; the Cancer Research Center, University of Ballarat; St James's
University Hospital, Leeds, England; the Istituto Giannina Gaslini,
Genova, Italy; and the Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover, Germany.
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has had a
major impact on management of "severe chronic neutropenia," a
collective term referring to congenital, idiopathic, or cyclic
neutropenia. Almost all patients respond to G-CSF with increased
neutrophils, reduced infections, and improved survival. Some responders
with congenital neutropenia have developed myelodysplastic syndrome and
acute myeloblastic leukemia (MDS/AML), which raises the question of the
role of G-CSF in pathogenesis. The Severe Chronic Neutropenia International Registry (SCNIR), Seattle, WA, has data on 696 neutropenic patients, including 352 patients with congenital
neutropenia, treated with G-CSF from 1987 to present. Treatment and
patient demographic data were analyzed. The 352 congenital patients
were observed for a mean of 6 years (range, 0.1-11 years) while being treated. Of these patients, 31 developed MDS/AML, for a crude rate of
malignant transformation of nearly 9%. None of the 344 patients with
idiopathic or cyclic neutropenia developed MDS/AML. Transformation was
associated with acquired marrow cytogenetic clonal changes: 18 patients
developed a partial or complete loss of chromosome 7, and 9 patients
manifested abnormalities of chromosome 21 (usually trisomy 21).
For each yearly treatment interval, the annual rate of
MDS/AML development was less than 2%. No significant relationships
between age at onset of MDS/AML and patient gender, G-CSF dose, or
treatment duration were found (P > .15). In addition to the
31 patients who developed MDS/AML, the SCNIR also has data on 9 additional neutropenic patients whose bone marrow studies show
cytogenetic clonal changes but the patients are without transformation to MDS/AML. Although our data does not support a cause-and-effect relationship between development of MDS/AML and G-CSF therapy or other
patient demographics, we cannot exclude a direct contribution of G-CSF
in the pathogenesis of MDS/AML. This issue is unclear because MDS/AML
was not seen in cyclic or idiopathic neutropenia. Improved survival of
congenital neutropenia patients receiving G-CSF therapy may allow time
for the expression of the leukemic predisposition that characterizes
the natural history of these disorders. However, other factors related
to G-CSF may also be operative in the setting of congenital neutropenia.

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