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Blood, 1 September 2000, Vol. 96, No. 5, pp. 1674-1680
Cleavage by CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase IV converts the chemokine
LD78 into a most efficient monocyte attractant and
CCR1 agonist
Paul Proost,
Patricia Menten,
Sofie Struyf,
Evemie Schutyser,
Ingrid De Meester, and
Jo Van
Damme
From the Laboratory of Molecular Immunology,
Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven,
Belgium, and the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of
Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.
Chemokines are proinflammatory cytokines that play a role in
leukocyte migration and activation. Recent reports showed that RANTES
(regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted chemokine), eotaxin, macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), and stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) are NH2-terminally
truncated by the lymphocyte surface glycoprotein and protease
CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase IV (CD26/DPP IV). Removal of the
NH2-terminal dipeptide resulted in impaired inflammatory
properties of RANTES, eotaxin, MDC, and SDF-1. The potential CD26/DPP
IV substrate macrophage inflammatory protein-1 (MIP-1 ) and the
related chemokine, LD78 (ie, one of the MIP-1 isoforms), were
not affected by this protease. However, CD26/DPP IV cleaved LD78 , a
most potent CCR5 binding chemokine and inhibitor of macrophage
tropic human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection, into
LD78 (3-70). Naturally truncated LD78 (3-70), but not
truncated MIP-1 , was recovered as an abundant chemokine form from
peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In contrast to all other chemokines
processed by CD26/DPP IV, LD78 (3-70) had increased chemotactic
activity in comparison to intact LD78 . With a minimal effective
concentration of 30 pmol/L, LD78 (3-70) became the most
efficient monocyte chemoattractant. LD78 (3-70) retained its high
capacity to induce an intracellular calcium increase in
CCR5-transfected cells. Moreover, on CCR1 transfectants, truncated
LD78 (3-70) was 30-fold more potent than intact LD78 . Thus,
CD26/DPP IV can exert not only a negative but also a positive feedback
during inflammation by increasing the specific activity of LD78 .
CD26/DPP IV-cleaved LD78 (3-70) is the most potent CCR1 and CCR5
agonist that retains strong anti-HIV-1 activity, indicating the
importance of the chemokine-protease interaction in normal and
pathologic conditions.

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