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Blood, 1 October 2000, Vol. 96, No. 7, pp. 2451-2459
HEMOSTASIS, THROMBOSIS, AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY
Activated monocytes in sickle cell disease: potential role in the
activation of vascular endothelium and vaso-occlusion
John D. Belcher,
Paul H. Marker,
Jill P. Weber,
Robert P. Hebbel, and
Gregory
M. Vercellotti
From the Division of Hematology, Oncology and
Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, MN.
Sickle cell anemia is characterized by painful vaso-occlusive
crises. It is hypothesized that monocytes are activated in sickle cell
disease and can enhance vaso-occlusion by activating endothelium. To
test this hypothesis, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC)
and human microvascular endothelial cells (MVEC) with sickle and normal
mononuclear leukocytes were incubated, and endothelial activation was
measured. Endothelial cells incubated with sickle mononuclear
leukocytes were more activated than those incubated with normal
mononuclear leukocytes, as judged by the increased endothelial
expression of adhesion molecules and tissue factor and the adhesion of
polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL). Monocytes, not lymphocytes or
platelets, were the mononuclear cells responsible for activating
endothelial cells. Sickle monocytes triggered endothelial nuclear
factor-kappa B (NF- B) nuclear translocation. Cell-to-cell contact of
monocytes and endothelium enhanced, but was not required for,
activation. Antibodies to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- ) and
interleukin-1-beta (IL-1 ) blocked activation of the endothelium by
monocytes. Peripheral blood monocytes from patients with sickle cell
disease had 34% more IL-1 (P = .002) and 139% more
TNF- (P = .002) per cell than normal monocytes. Sixty
percent of sickle monocytes expressed the adhesion molecule ligand
CD11b on their surfaces compared with only 20% of normal monocytes
(P = .002). Serum C-reactive protein, a marker of
systemic inflammation, was increased 12-fold in sickle serum than in
normal serum (P = .003). These results demonstrate that
sickle monocytes are activated and can, in turn, activate endothelial
cells. It is speculated that vascular inflammation, marked by activated
monocytes and endothelium, plays a significant role in the
pathophysiology of vaso-occlusion in sickle cell anemia.

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