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Blood, 15 May 2001, Vol. 97, No. 10, pp. 3109-3116
HEMOSTASIS, THROMBOSIS, AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY
Gene induction by coagulation factor Xa is
mediated by activation of protease-activated receptor 1
Matthias Riewald,
Vladimir
V. Kravchenko,
Ramona J. Petrovan,
Peter J. O'Brien,
Lawrence F. Brass,
Richard J. Ulevitch, and
Wolfram Ruf
From the Department of Immunology and Vascular Biology,
The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; and the Department of
Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,
PA.
Cell signaling by coagulation factor Xa (Xa) contributes to
pro-inflammatory responses in vivo. This study characterizes the signaling mechanism of Xa in a HeLa cell line that expresses
protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1) but not PAR-2, -3, or -4. Xa
induced NF- B in HeLa cells efficiently but with delayed kinetics
compared to thrombin. This delay caused no difference in gene
expression patterns, as determined by high-density microarray analysis.
Both proteases prominently induced the angiogenesis-promoting gene
Cyr61 and connective tissue growth factor. Inhibition of
PAR-1 cleavage abolished MAP kinase phosphorylation and gene
induction by Xa, demonstrating that Xa signals through PAR-1 and not
through a novel member of the PAR family. Activation of cell surface
prothrombin with the snake venom enzyme Ecarin also produced
PAR-1-dependent signaling. However, though the response to Ecarin was
completely blocked by the thrombin inhibitor hirudin, the response to
Xa was not. This suggests that the Xa response is not mediated by locally generated thrombin. The concentration dependence of Xa for
PAR-1 activation is consistent with previously characterized Xa-mediated PAR-2 signaling, suggesting that local concentration of Xa
on the cell surface, rather than sequence-specific recognition of the
PAR scissile bond, determines receptor cleavage. This study demonstrates that PAR-1 cleavage by Xa can elicit the same cellular response as thrombin, but mechanistic differences in receptor recognition may be crucial for specific roles for Xa in signaling during spatial or temporal separation from thrombin generation.

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