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Blood, 1 July 2001, Vol. 98, No. 1, pp. 217-223
NEOPLASIA
Cyclin D3 at 6p21 is dysregulated by recurrent
chromosomal translocations to immunoglobulin loci in
multiple myeloma
John Shaughnessy Jr,
Ana Gabrea,
Ying Qi,
Leslie Brents,
Fenghaung Zhan,
Erming Tian,
Jeffrey Sawyer,
Bart Barlogie,
P. Leif Bergsagel, and
Michael Kuehl
From the Donna D. and Donald M. Lambert Laboratory of
Myeloma Genetics and Myeloma and the Transplantation Research Center,
Arkansas Cancer Research Center, University of Arkansas for Medical
Sciences, Little Rock; the Genetics Department, Medicine Branch,
National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; the Department of Medicine,
Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cornell University Medical
College, New York, NY.
Reciprocal chromosomal translocations, which are mediated by errors
in immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) switch recombination or somatic
hypermutation as plasma cells are generated in germinal centers, are
present in most multiple myeloma (MM) tumors. These translocations
dysregulate an oncogene that is repositioned in proximity to a strong
IgH enhancer. There is a promiscuous array of nonrandom chromosomal
partners (and oncogenes), with the 3 most frequent partners (11q13
[cyclin D1]; 4p16 [FGFR3 and MMSET]; 16q23 [c-maf])
involved in nearly half of MM tumors. It is now shown that a novel
t(6;14)(p21;q32) translocation is present in 1 of 30 MM cell lines and
that this cell line uniquely overexpresses cyclin D3. The cloned
breakpoint juxtaposes gamma 4 switch sequences with 6p21
sequences that are located about 65 kb centromeric to the cyclin
D3 gene. By metaphase chromosome analysis, the
t(6;14) (p21;q32) translocation was identified in 6 of 150 (4%)
primary MM tumors. Overexpression of cyclin D3 messenger RNA
(mRNA) was identified by microarray RNA expression analysis in
3 of 53 additional primary MM tumors, each of which was found to have a
t(6;14) translocation breakpoint by interphase fluorescence in
situ hybridization analysis. One tumor has a t(6;22)(p21;q11)
translocation, so that cyclin D3 is bracketed by the IgL and IgH
breakpoints. These results provide the first clear evidence for primary
dysregulation of cyclin D3 during tumorigenesis. It is suggested that
the initial oncogenic event for most MM tumors is a primary
immunoglobulin translocation that dysregulates cyclin D1, cyclin D3,
and other oncogenes to provide a proliferative stimulus to postgerminal center plasma cells.

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