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Blood, 1 February 2002, Vol. 99, No. 3, pp. 1053-1059
PHAGOCYTES
Roles for thrombin and fibrin(ogen) in cytokine/chemokine
production and macrophage adhesion in vivo
Frank M. Szaba and
Stephen
T. Smiley
From the Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, NY.
Extravascular coagulation leading to fibrin deposition accompanies
many immune and inflammatory responses. Although recognized by
pathologists for decades, and probably pathologic under certain conditions, the physiologic functions of extravascular coagulation remain to be fully defined. This study demonstrates that
thrombin can activate macrophage adhesion and prompt interleukin-6
(IL-6) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)
production in vivo. Peritoneal macrophages were elicited with
thioglycollate (TG) and then activated in situ, either by
intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or by injection
of antigen into mice bearing antigen-primed T cells. Others previously
established that such treatments stimulate macrophage adhesion to the
mesothelial lining of the peritoneal cavity. The present study
demonstrates that thrombin functions in this process, as macrophage
adhesion was suppressed by Refludan, a highly specific thrombin
antagonist, and induced by direct peritoneal administration of purified
thrombin. Although recent studies established that protease activated
receptor 1 (PAR-1) mediates some of thrombin's proinflammatory
activities macrophage adhesion occurred normally in PAR-1-deficient
mice. However, adhesion was suppressed in fibrin(ogen)-deficient mice, suggesting that fibrin formation stimulates macrophage adhesion in
vivo. This study also suggests that fibrin regulates chemokine/cytokine production in vivo, as direct injection of thrombin stimulated peritoneal accumulation of IL-6 and MCP-1 in a fibrin(ogen)-dependent manner. Given that prior studies have clearly established inflammatory roles for PAR-1, thrombin probably has pleiotropic functions during inflammation, stimulating vasodilation and mast cell degranulation via
PAR-1, and activating cytokine/chemokine production and macrophage adhesion via fibrin(ogen).

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