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Prepublished online as a Blood First Edition Paper on August 8, 2002; DOI 10.1182/blood-2001-12-0269.
CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS, INTERVENTIONS, AND THERAPEUTIC TRIALS
From the Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, University
of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston.
Treatment for patients with stage IV indolent lymphoma ranges from
watchful waiting to intensive chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation. In this trial we compared 2 induction regimens followed by 1 year of interferon maintenance therapy. Fludarabine, mitoxantrone (Novantrone), and dexamethasone (FND) were compared with
an alternating triple therapy (ATT) regimen (CHOD-Bleo, ESHAP, and
NOPP). Maintenance interferon/dexamethasone was given for 1 year in
both treatment arms. Endpoints were comparisons of remission rates,
survival, failure-free survival (FFS), molecular response rates, and
toxicities. One hundred forty-two patients with previously untreated stage IV indolent lymphoma were evaluable (73 on FND; 69 on
ATT). The overall response rates were 97% for FND and 97% for ATT
(P = .9). The median follow-up is 5.9 years. The 5-year survival rates were 84% with FND and 82% with ATT
(P = .9); the 5-year FFS rates were 41% with FND and
50% with ATT (P = .02). In a multivariate analysis,
factors predicting for longer FFS were The management of patients with advanced stage
indolent lymphomas includes many options, ranging from watchful
waiting to intensive chemotherapy. Controversy about treatment
alternatives derives in part from the observation that these are
incurable patients when treated with conventional regimens. An apparent therapeutic impasse for indolent lymphoma patients using alkylating agent-based regimens is reflected in the observation that no headway has been made in the outcome for patients with advanced stage indolent
lymphoma over the past 30 years.1
In the management of relapsed lymphoma, it is common to use agents that
are non-cross resistant with standard front-line chemotherapy such as
the CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and
prednisone) regimen. In 1985, we first investigated the
combination of cisplatin, cytosine arabinoside, and dexamethasone
(DHAP) in 90 patients with relapsing or refractory lymphoma. This
regimen was effective, with an overall response rate of 60%, including complete remission (CR) in 34% and partial remission (PR) in
26%.2 A later variant of DHAP, with the inclusion of
etoposide (ESHAP), was also effective in the salvage setting; for
patients with relapsed indolent lymphoma, ESHAP induced CR in 37% and
PR in 27%.3 In 1988, we elected to incorporate ESHAP with
CHOP in the front-line management of patients with stage IV indolent
lymphoma. We also incorporated a third regimen, NOPP
(mitoxantrone, vincristine, prednisone, and procarbazine), to
include the active new agent, mitoxantrone,4 and to build
on the observation by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group
(ECOG) that a procarbazine-containing regimen could induce durable
remissions.5
Our prior experience with this alternating triple therapy (ATT) in
previously untreated stage IV indolent lymphomas was encouraging. In
138 patients, 65% achieved CR and 30% PR, resulting in 93% 4-year
survival and 57% failure-free survival (FFS).6 For a subset of patients on that trial whose peripheral blood was monitored by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for bcl-2, 68% reverted to negative; hitherto, such "molecular remission" appeared to be attainable only with stem cell transplantation
approaches.7,8
In parallel with that ATT experience for previously untreated patients,
in 1990 we started a phase 1 study of fludarabine, mitoxantrone (Novantrone), and dexamethasone (FND) in 21 patients with
recurrent indolent lymphoma. The overall response rate was 71% and the
CR rate 43%.9 A phase 2 study of FND in 51 patients with
relapsed indolent lymphoma produced an overall response rate of 94%
(47% CR and 47% PR).10
Following these experiences, in 1992 we initiated a randomized trial
for patients with stage IV indolent lymphoma, in which we compared FND
with ATT. Responding patients in both treatment arms received
maintenance interferon/dexamethasone, based on our prior favorable
experience with maintenance interferon.11 The current
report summarizes the results of that trial, with 5.9- year
follow-up.
Patients
The staging evaluation included a complete physical examination,
bilateral iliac crest bone marrow aspirates and biopsies, chest
radiograph, computerized tomography (CT) of the abdomen and pelvis, and
lymphangiography as clinically indicated. The Ann Arbor stage was
determined after review of all clinical, laboratory, pathologic, and
radiographic data in a weekly multidisciplinary conference with
participating oncologists, radiotherapists, hematopathologists, and
radiologists. The histologic criteria of the Working
Formulation12 were used for classification of these
malignancies at the time the study was active; these
classifications included diffuse small lymphocytic (SL),
follicular small cleaved (FSC), and follicular mixed (FM) lymphoma.
Patients with follicular large cell lymphoma (2 in the FND and 3 in the
ATT arm, including one case with follicular and diffuse large cell
lymphoma in both treatment arms) were also registered on this study.
Some patients with variant SL histologies were also registered,
including mantle cell lymphoma (n = 2; 1 patient in each treatment
arm), and lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT; n = 3;
FND = 2 and ATT = 1).13 The equivalent current World
Health Organization (WHO) categories for the indolent lymphoma types
that were included in this trial are as follows: FSC, follicular grade
1; FM, follicular grade 2; follicular large cell lymphoma, follicular
grade 3; SL, small lymphocytic lymphoma.14 The SL variants
(mantle cell lymphoma, MALT) were not described in the Working
Formulation but are now well-defined entities.14
Treatment plan
Patients achieving CR or PR received 3 MU/m2 interferon (IFN) alfa 2b subcutaneously daily on days 2 to 14 and dexamethasone 40 mg orally on days 1 to 3 of each maintenance cycle, with repeat cycles monthly for 1 year. Patient monitoring during therapy Restaging evaluations, including bone marrow biopsy and CT scan of the abdomen or follow-up of the lymphangiogram, were done at least every 3 months during the first year, and at least every 3 to 6 months during and after maintenance.Monitoring of bcl-2 rearrangement by PCR was performed on peripheral blood nucleated cells, as previously described.16 Briefly, oligonucleotide primers flanking the crossover sites in most cases of t(14;18) were used to amplify hybrid DNA sequences and to detect subclinical residual disease. PCR tests were done at diagnosis and approximately every 3 months in patients carrying this rearrangement. Endpoints and statistical methods Complete remission was defined as complete disappearance of all detectable clinical and radiographic evidence of disease and disappearance of all disease-related symptoms, and normalization of biochemical abnormalities definitely assignable to lymphoma. Unconfirmed CR (CRu) included cases with minimal stable radiographic changes or with persistent lymphoid aggregates in the bone marrow without atypia.17 Partial remission (PR) was defined as a reduction by 50% or more of the sum of the products of the greatest diameters of bidimensionally measurable disease.18 Any other response was considered a failure. The response and endpoint assessments conformed to the published International Workshop response criteria.18 Survival was measured from the time of entry onto the trial until death from any cause, or last follow-up. FFS was defined as the time from entry onto the trial until progression, relapse, or toxic death.19 Deaths from unrelated causes (n = 1 in this study) are censored in the FFS analysis by using this methodology.Molecular response during the first year was defined as the achievement
of PCR-negativity at any point during this period of
treatment.20 To avoid selection bias issues, a 12-month
landmark method was used for the correlation of FFS and overall
survival with molecular response status.20,21 By this
method of evaluating outcome by treatment response, patients who fail
early do not prejudicially influence the analysis of a postdiagnosis
(treatment response) endpoint.20,21 The chi-square test
was used to investigate the independence between 2 categorical
variables. Survival curves were estimated by using the Kaplan-Meier
method.22 The 2-sided log-rank test was used to test the
association between variables and survival or FFS. Multivariate
analysis was performed by using the Cox proportional hazards regression
model to determine which variables affected the duration of FFS and the
association of treatment with FFS after adjusting for the role of other
factors.23 P values were derived from 2-sided
tests, and P
Demographics Of 159 patients, 142 were evaluable. Seventeen patients were excluded for the following reasons: (a) for ATT: withdrawal of consent, 8; refusal of follow-up evaluation, 2; and (b) for FND: incorrect histology, 3; withdrawal of consent, 1; lost to follow-up evaluation, 1; ineligibility (age, 76 years), 1; financial issues, 1.The 2 treatment groups were similar with respect to established
prognostic factors (Table 2). The median
age of the patients treated with FND was 50 years (range, 26-71 years)
and for ATT it was 52 (range, 17-70 years). Forty-two men and 31 women
were treated with FND, and 32 men and 37 women received ATT.
Eighty percent of the patients treated with FND and 75% of the patients treated with ATT completed more than 75% of the assigned treatment courses. Of the 142 patients, 121 (85%) patients started maintenance therapy with IFN/dexamethasone. Among the 121 patients, 85 (70%) completed 1 year of interferon/dexamethasone. The reasons for discontinuation of maintenance therapy were IFN intolerance (mainly, flulike syndrome and fatigue), 23; heart failure, 1; chest pain, 1; hypothyroidism, 1; hyperlipidemia, 1; secondary myelodysplastic syndrome, 1; progressive disease, 3; pregnancy, 1; financial, 1; and unknown, 3. Response to therapy Overall, 79% achieved complete remission with FND and 87% with ATT (P = .23). An additional 18% achieved PR with FND, and 10% achieved PR with ATT. The overall response rate (CR + PR) was 97% (Table 3).
Complete response (CR plus CRu) occurred more frequently in patients 60 years or younger, with 1 or fewer extranodal sites, low (< 3 mg/L)
CHOD-Bleo/ESHAP/NOPP chemotherapy The CR rate with ATT was 87%. According to histologic subtype, the CR rate was FSC, 88% (30 of 34 patients); FM, 86% (18 of 21); FLCL, 100% (3 of 3); and SL variants, 82% (9 of 11). ATT induced PR in 4 patients with FSC, in 2 with FM, and in 1 patient with SL.Fludarabine/novantrone/dexamethasone The CR rate with FND was 79%. The CR rate by cell type was FSC, 87% (28 of 32 patients); FM, 80% (16 of 20); FLCL, 0% (0 of 2); and SL variants, 74% (14 of 19). Three patients with FSC achieved PR, 4 with FM, 1 with FLCL, and 5 with SL variants.Overall survival The median follow-up of surviving patients was 5.9 years. The 5-year survival rate was 83%; the median survival has not been reached. There was no survival difference between the 2 treatment arms (82% with ATT and 84% with FND at 5 years, P = .86; Figure 1). When the analysis was limited to follicular lymphomas only, the 5-year survival was 82% with ATT compared with 83% for those receiving FND.
Twenty-five patients have died, 13 following FND and 12 following ATT. On the FND treatment arm, 11 died from progressive disease, 1 from sepsis, and 1 patient died in CR from subsequent small cell lung carcinoma; this was the only patient who was censored in the FFS analysis. On the ATT treatment arm, 8 patients have died from progressive lymphoma, 2 from toxic deaths, 1 from secondary acute myelogenous leukemia (failure in the FFS analysis), and 1 from subsequent hepatoma (failure in the FFS analysis because the lymphoma was not in remission). In univariate analysis, pretreatment factors that correlated with shorter survival were age 60 years or older, IPI score of 2 or greater, and absence of bcl-2 rearrangement; other clinical features were not substantial (Table 4). Failure-free survival Treatment failure occurred in 82 patients; most of these patients received salvage therapy with several regimens, including 1 patient with high-dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (ATT arm), and 10 patients with allogeneic stem cell transplantation (6 in the FND and 4 in the ATT arm).The 5-year FFS was 50% for patients treated with ATT and 41% for
those receiving FND (P = .02; Figure
2). When the analysis was limited to
patients with follicular lymphoma alone, the 5-year FFS rates were
still significantly different (52% and 39% for ATT and FND,
respectively; P = .027). Among patients with follicular lymphoma who had a bcl-2 rearrangement, the 5-year FFS was
significantly longer in patients treated with ATT compared with those
treated with FND (58% and 43%, respectively; P = .046;
Figure 3). Despite the small number of
follicular lymphoma patients without bcl-2 rearrangement ("germ
line" patients), there was a nonsignificant trend for longer FFS in
patients who received ATT, with a 5-year FFS of 49% compared with 20%
for those treated with FND (Figure 4;
P = .09).
In univariate analysis, factors predicting for shorter FFS were age 60 years or older, elevated ( By multivariate analysis in all 142 patients, factors that
independently correlated with prolonged FFS were low
Molecular monitoring Response. Pretreatment bcl-2 gene rearrangement status in the peripheral blood was available in 103 of the 112 follicular lymphoma patients (50 in the FND arm and 53 in the ATT arm). Thirty-three patients (66%) in the FND arm and 39 patients (74%) in the ATT arm had bcl-2 rearrangement in peripheral blood (P = .40). Thirty-two patients had follow-up PCR tests for bcl-2 in the FND arm and 36 patients in the ATT arm. PCR negativity for bcl-2 was achieved at least once in 26 (81%) of the 32 patients in the FND arm and 24 (67%) of the 36 patients in the ATT arm (P = .17). Among the 26 molecular responders in the FND arm, 21 patients were in clinical CR, 3 in CRu, and 2 in PR. Among the 24 molecular responders in the ATT arm, 17 patients were in clinical CR, 6 in CRu, and 1 in PR. If PCR negativity were defined more stringently, requiring at least 2 sequential negative PCR tests during the first year, then 18 patients (56%) and 17 patients (47%) achieved molecular response with FND and ATT, respectively (P = .46).Failure-free survival.
Among 68 patients with follow-up PCR tests for bcl-2, 3 patients had
treatment failure during the first year, 2 patients on the ATT arm and
1 on the FND arm. By using the 12-month landmark analysis (see
"Patients and methods"), these 3 patients were excluded from the
analyses of FFS and survival in relation to the molecular response
status (Figure 5 and
6). FFS results based on the molecular response status during the first year of treatment are shown in Figure 5.
Survival. At 5 years, 95% of molecular responders were alive compared with 76% of molecular nonresponders (Figure 6; P = .1). The median survival has not been reached in either group. Toxicity The toxicity from these chemotherapy regimens was mainly hematologic (Table 5). ATT caused grade 3-4 neutropenia and thrombocytopenia in a substantially higher number of patients than FND. More patients also developed infections on the ATT arm compared with the FND arm. There were 2 cases of Pneumonocystis carinii pneumonia on the FND arm and 2 cases of disseminated fungal infection on the ATT arm. There was one toxic death on the FND arm compared with 2 on the ATT arm. One patient who received ATT died at 2.9 years from secondary acute myelogenous leukemia. Nonhematologic toxicity was less severe on the FND arm, including less grade 3-4 nausea and vomiting, fatigue, electrolyte abnormalities (potassium and magnesium), motor and sensory toxicity, thrombosis, and stomatitis.
The optimal therapy for patients with advanced stage indolent lymphomas has not been defined. Numerous treatment strategies can induce response, but patients inevitably relapse, with a median duration of response of only 2 to 3 years. With standard alkylating agent-based therapy, little if any therapeutic progress has been made in the past 30 years.1 In this randomized trial for patients with stage IV indolent lymphoma, 2 innovative chemotherapeutic regimens, FND and ATT, were compared. Maintenance IFN was administered to all responding patients. The rationale for comparing 2 nonstandard regimens in this
investigational program was our favorable prior experience with both
regimens.6,10 Comparably high rates of CR, molecular response, and survival were observed in this trial with both FND and
ATT. ATT resulted in substantially longer FFS than FND (50% versus
41% at 5 years), but even the FFS attained with FND (median, 3.5 years) compares favorably with the typical 2- to 3-year median FFS that
is achieved with many regimens. In a multivariate analysis, factors
that correlated with prolonged FFS were ATT therapy and a low
The superior FFS results attainable with ATT compared with FND have to be placed in perspective with the complexity and toxicity of this regimen. ATT in particular may be difficult to administer in community practice, where the simplicity of single-agent chlorambucil or a standard combination such as COP (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone) or CHOP still has considerable appeal. Others' experience with nucleoside analog therapy has, like ours, been promising. Single-agent fludarabine is effective, inducing remission in 65% (CR, 37%) of 42 previously untreated patients,26 although it may be inferior to a combination chemotherapy regimen, such as CHVP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, teniposide, prednisone).27 Many investigators have used fludarabine in combination regimens, most often with mitoxantrone (with or without steroids) or cyclophosphamide. With FND and variants, response rates of 69% to 84% have been reported, mostly in the setting of relapse, but also in the front-line setting.28-32 Fludarabine and cyclophosphamide (FC) combinations have been highly effective in both indolent lymphoma33 and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).34 Consistent with our experience with FND, most others have also reported good tolerance with fludarabine combination regimens.33-36 Some caution is warranted: In an ECOG trial that was designed to build on their favorable phase 1 experience with FC,33 the FC arm was closed early because of excess toxicity.37 Others have used different doses and schedules of FC, with substantially less toxicity than the ECOG experience, including Flinn et al35 who incorporated filgrastim with FC and reported tolerable hematologic and infectious toxicity. Combination regimens such as FND or FC have not been compared in randomized trials with single-agent fludarabine. The bcl-2 gene is rearranged in 80% to 90% of patients with follicular lymphomas. Eradication of detectable bcl-2 rearranged cells, so called "molecular remission," correlates with prolonged FFS following either stem cell transplantation8 or some nonmyeloablative chemotherapy regimens.6,20,38-40 In the current trial, both FND and ATT induced molecular remission, but only nonsignificant trends (Figure 5 and 6) for better outcome for molecular responders were noted. Ongoing clinical trials are testing the importance of this surrogate marker. Standardization and consensus about "molecular response" criteria would be useful, as has been done for clinical response criteria.18 We have previously reported that bcl-2 germ line cases have a worse outcome than the bcl-2 rearranged cases.41 Other investigators have found no prognostic significance of bcl-2 rearrangement in relation to the CR rate, survival, or time to progression in a nonhomogeneously treated group of follicular lymphoma patients.42 In the current trial, bcl-2 germ line patients fared worse than patients with detectable bcl-2 gene rearrangement, in keeping with our prior observation. Until curative treatment strategies are developed, no single trial, not even a randomized one, can resolve all controversies about the therapy of advanced stage indolent lymphoma. The design of our trial does not address whether either ATT or FND are better than standard treatment, such as COP or CHOP. Both FND and ATT induced high rates of CR and molecular response, and patients had long survival with both regimens. The ATT regimen was superior to FND in terms of FFS in this group of patients with stage IV indolent lymphoma, but ATT was considerably more complex and arduous. Longer follow-up will be needed to assess the long-term survival patterns of these patients.
Submitted December 19, 2001; accepted July 17, 2002.
Prepublished online as Blood First Edition Paper, August 8, 2002; DOI 10.1182/blood-2001-12-0269.
Supported in part by National Cancer Institute Core Grant CA16672 awarded to the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center and by a clinical grant from Integrated Therapeutics Group, Inc.
The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. Therefore, and solely to indicate this fact, this article is hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. section 1734.
Reprints: Peter McLaughlin, Department of Lymphoma-Myeloma, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Holcombe Blvd, Box 429, Houston, TX 77030; e-mail: pmclaugh{at}mail.mdanderson.org.
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M.S. Czuczman, A. Koryzna, A. Mohr, C. Stewart, K. Donohue, L. Blumenson, Z.P. Bernstein, P. McCarthy, A. Alam, F. Hernandez-Ilizaliturri, et al. Rituximab in Combination With Fludarabine Chemotherapy in Low-Grade or Follicular Lymphoma J. Clin. Oncol., February 1, 2005; 23(4): 694 - 704. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Baran-Marszak, J. Feuillard, I. Najjar, C. Le Clorennec, J.-M. Bechet, I. Dusanter-Fourt, G. W. Bornkamm, M. Raphael, and R. Fagard Differential roles of STAT1{alpha} and STAT1{beta} in fludarabine-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human B cells Blood, October 15, 2004; 104(8): 2475 - 2483. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. S. Velasquez, D. Lew, T. M. Grogan, C. H. Spiridonidis, S. P. Balcerzak, S. R. Dakhil, T. P. Miller, K. S. Lanier, R. A. Chapman, and R. I. Fisher Combination of Fludarabine and Mitoxantrone in Untreated Stages III and IV Low-Grade Lymphoma: S9501 J. Clin. Oncol., May 15, 2003; 21(10): 1996 - 2003. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Top
Abstract
Introduction
2-microglobulin
less than 3 mg/L (P = .01) and ATT treatment (P = .03). ATT was associated with a
substantially higher rate of grade 3-4 toxicities than FND. In
conclusion, both regimens were associated with high rates of response
and survival. ATT was associated with substantially longer FFS, but it
was more toxic than FND.
(Blood. 2002;100:4351-4357)
.05 was considered to be statistically
significant. Statistical analyses were carried out using SAS 8.0 and
Splus 2000.
3 mg/L) 
an effective chemotherapy regimen in refractory and relapsing lymphoma: a 4-year follow-up study.
J Clin Oncol.
1994;12:1169-1176