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Prepublished online as a Blood First Edition Paper on August 22, 2002; DOI 10.1182/blood-2002-06-1930.
IMMUNOBIOLOGY
From the Division of Hematology and Oncology, Texas
Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo; and Biotherapy and
Stem Cell Transplant Program, Don and Sybil Harrington Cancer Center,
Amarillo, TX.
Recent studies in tumor immunology indicate that malignant cells
frequently express normal testicular-specific proteins. Because these
proteins show restricted normal tissue distribution, they are usually
highly immunogenic and may be potential targets for immunotherapy. In
the present study, we have used a pair of sequence-specific primers in
reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sequence
analysis to demonstrate that the X-linked gene encoding SPAN-Xb is
expressed in multiple myeloma and other hematologic malignancies such
as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML),
and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). RT-PCR analysis demonstrates
that SPAN-Xb is a cancer/testis antigen and shows a restricted normal
tissue expression. It is not expressed in any normal tissue except
testis. SPAN-Xb recombinant protein was produced and used in
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot analysis.
High-titer immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies, of IgG3 or IgG2 subclass,
against SPAN-Xb were detectable in the sera of these patients. In
contrast, SPAN-Xb mRNA or antibodies could not be detected in any of
the healthy donors. There was a good correlation between
SPAN-Xb gene expression and B-cell immune
responses. These results suggest the in vivo immunogenicity of the
SPAN-Xb protein. The presence of high-titer IgG responses suggests that
the B-cell responses are likely to have been generated with CD4 T-cell
cognitive help. Based on these data, we conclude that SPAN-Xb is a
novel member of the family of cancer/testis antigens aberrantly
expressed by, and capable of inducing, immune responses in patients
with multiple myeloma and other hematologic malignancies.
(Blood. 2003;101:955-960) Recent advances in tumor immunology suggest
the potential immunogenicity of various tumors in the autologous
setting. In addition, an array of antigenic targets on tumor cells has
been defined using cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) clones against tumor
cells, either through screening target cells transfected with
recombinant tumor complementary DNA (cDNA) libraries1 or
biochemical purification of peptides eluted from the major
histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules.2 More
recently, our group3 and others4,5 have shown
that it is also possible to identify these novel tumor proteins without
the need to establish tumor-reactive CTL clones using serologic
screening of expression tumor cDNA library (SEREX). Unfortunately,
all these methods are extremely labor intensive.
Through the technologies described above, it is apparent that
neoplastic cells often aberrantly express normal testicular proteins.
These proteins collectively form the new class of tumor antigens called
cancer/testis antigens (CTAs). Because of the blood-testis barrier
that limits contact between testicular and immune cells and the lack of
human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class 1 expression on the surfaces of
germ cells, the testis is an immune-privileged site. The restricted
normal tissue distribution of CTAs to only the testis suggests that
only tumor cells will be targeted during CTA immunotherapy; thus, these
proteins are ideal candidates for tumor vaccines. We previously found
that normal testicular proteins were often expressed at the mRNA level
in hematologic malignancies.6,7 In addition,
we3 and others8 also found that patients with hematologic malignancies produced high-titer immunoglobulin G (IgG)
responses against tumor-derived proteins, supporting their in vivo
immunogenicity and their potential use as targets for immunotherapy of
hematologic malignancies.
Through the use of bio-informatics that involved an extensive search in
the GenBank database for testicular-specific genes, followed by
computer software prediction of the immunogenicity of the gene
products, we have identified Sperm protein 17 (Sp17) as a novel CTA in
multiple myeloma (MM)7 and ovarian cancer.9 We have also successfully generated, from healthy volunteers and patients with cancer, HLA-class 1-restricted Sp17-specific CTLs that
could lyse Sp17-positive MM10-12 and ovarian cancer
cells.9 In the present study, we describe the successful
identification of another testicular-specific protein, SPAN-Xb,
aberrantly expressed in MM and other hematologic malignancies. We
demonstrated that SPAN-Xb,13 a spermatid-specific protein,
was frequently expressed and elicited immune responses in vivo in these
patients. Our findings represent the first demonstration of SPAN-Xb
expression and in vivo immune responses to the protein in patients with
MM and other hematologic malignancies.
Materials
Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
Cloning and sequence analysis of SPAN-Xb PCR products were cloned by the TA cloning system (Invitrogen, La Jolla, CA). Briefly, the PCR products were ligated into the pCR II TA cloning site that is flanked by 2 EcoRI restriction sites. Competent Escherichia coli (INV F' cells) were
transformed by heat-shock method and plated for ampicillin and
blue-white color selection on agar plates containing
5-bromo-6-chloro-3-indolyl- -D-galactopyranoside. Recombinant plasmid DNA was extracted and purified for nucleotide sequence analysis by an automated DNA sequencer.
Generation and purification of SPAN-Xb recombinant protein Full-length SPAN-Xb cDNA was isolated and amplified from normal testicular RNA by RT-PCR. Following gel purification of the PCR products, the cDNA was cloned into pQE30 vector (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) between the BamHI and HindIII sites to produce a recombinant fusion protein of SPAN-Xb that contained a 6-histidine (6-His) peptide at the N-terminal of the protein. This strategy allowed affinity purification of the recombinant protein in a nickel Sephadex column. In addition, the 6-His tag was chosen instead of other N-terminal tag because 6-His tag is generally poorly immunogenic; therefore, it would not be expected to contribute to the immunogenicity of the fusion protein. The recombinant plasmid was transformed into E coli and selected on agar plates for ampicillin resistance. The correct reading frame of SPAN-Xb cDNA in pQE30 was confirmed by DNA sequencing. To generate the recombinant protein, a recombinant clone was expanded in liquid culture and induced by 1 mM isopropyl-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) for 4 hours.
Recombinant SPAN-Xb protein was harvested from E coli lysate
by sonication. Following passage through the Ni-NTA affinity column and
numerous rounds of washing, the protein was eluted. Successful
generation of recombinant SPAN-Xb protein was confirmed on sodium
dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) by
Coomassie blue staining and Western blot analysis using an antibody
directed at the N-terminal 6-His tag (Qiagen).
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay Antibodies directed at SPAN-Xb protein were detected in patient sera using an in-house (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) ELISA system. Briefly, 96-well flat-bottom microtiter plates were coated with the purified recombinant SPAN-Xb protein at a concentration of 5 µg/mL. After 4-hour adherence of the antigen to the plate at 37°C, the wells were washed and then blocked with 3% bovine serum albumin in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 37°C for 2 hours. Patient sera were diluted 1:1000 with the blocking buffer and dispensed into the wells in triplicate and allowed to bind overnight at 4°C. Alkaline phosphatase-conjugated goat antihuman IgG (Sigma, St Louis, MO) was then added to each well (1:1000 dilution in the blocking buffer). After 2 hours of incubation at room temperature, p-nitrophenylphosphate solution was added to each well and incubated at room temperature for color development. Twenty-five microliters 2 N NaOH was added to stop the reaction. Color intensity was measured on a microplate reader (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA) and was analyzed using the Softmax data analysis program. In each experiment, 2 different controls were set up: one consisted of wells coated with a control E coli-derived recombinant 6-His fusion protein, and another consisted of wells coated with PBS before the addition of the blocking buffer. All results were confirmed in 2 independent experiments.Western blot analysis Purified SPAN-Xb protein was fractionated in a 12% SDS-polyacrylamide gel and was transferred onto a nitrocellulose membrane. Successful generation of SPAN-Xb protein was confirmed using an antibody directed at the histidine tag. SPAN-Xb antibodies in the patient sera (1:1000 dilution) were detected by a goat antihuman IgG alkaline phosphatase conjugate. Antibody binding was visualized by reaction with the Western Blue-stabilized substrate (Promega, Madison, MI). An equal amount of another recombinant fusion protein derived from E coli was used as the negative control.
SPAN-Xb gene expression in MM and other hematologic malignancies Using a pair of sequence-specific primers in RT-PCR, we first determined SPAN-Xb gene expression in tumor cells from patients with hematologic malignancies. SPAN-Xb transcripts could be detected in 6 (20%) of 30 patients with MM, 3 (33%) of 9 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), 2 (29%) of 7 patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and 1 (50%) of 2 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In contrast, transcripts encoding SPAN-Xb could not be detected in any of the 20 peripheral blood samples or 14 bone marrow samples from healthy donors (P = .001) (Figure 1). SPAN-Xb gene expression was observed regardless of the sex of the patients. One PCR product from each disease type was randomly picked for sequence analysis. In all 4 disease types, nucleotide analysis confirmed SPAN-Xb sequence with no evidence of nucleotide or sequence mutation. Because there was a BglI internal restriction site within the SPAN-Xb cDNA but not within SPAN-Xa or CTp11, we also used restriction digest with BglI to determine whether the PCR products in all the positive specimens were in fact SPAN-Xb and not the closely related genes of SPAN-Xa and CTp11. Unlike testicular PCR products in which there was only partial digest of the DNA, suggesting the possible coamplification of SPAN-Xa or CTp11, all positive specimens completely digested with BglI enzymes (Figure 2). These results therefore indicate the aberrant expression of SPAN-Xb in MM and other hematologic malignancies. In this sample of limited size, the expression of the SPAN-Xb gene did not appear to correlate with the stage of the disease because positive results were equally distributed between specimens obtained from patients in early- and late-stage disease. In addition, the SPAN-Xb gene was also equally distributed between patients with newly diagnosed disease and patients who experienced disease relapse following therapy.
We previously reported the expression of Sp177 and the
lack of coexpression of Sp17 with another CTA,
MAGE-C1,14 in MM. Hence, we next determined
whether SPAN-Xb was coexpressed with Sp17 in MM because CTA
coexpression may provide the opportunity for the design of a polyvalent
CTA vaccine for this disease. Using an RT-PCR method described
previously,7 we found that Sp17 was in fact coexpressed in
6 of 6 SPAN-Xb+ samples from patients with MM. The expression of
SPAN-Xb was, however, not solely linked to Sp17 because Sp17
transcripts were also detected in 3 of 20 SPAN-Xb SPAN-Xb Is a CT antigen Because tissue specificity is a vital consideration in the choice of an antigen for immunotherapy, we proceeded to determine the expression of SPAN-Xb transcripts in total RNA derived from a panel of normal tissues. By RT-PCR, we demonstrated that SPAN-Xb mRNA showed restricted normal tissue expression and that the transcripts were detected only in normal testis (Figure 3). These results confirm that SPAN-Xb is a CT antigen.
Antibodies against SPAN-Xb can be detected in patients with MM and other hematologic malignancies Although SPAN-Xb mRNA is frequently detected in patients with MM and other hematologic malignancies, it remained to be determined whether the mRNA was translated into SPAN-Xb protein that could be targeted by a tumor vaccine. An indirect method to support the in vivo translation of SPAN-Xb mRNA to protein is to determine whether antibodies against SPAN-Xb can be detected in these patients because immune responses against a protein only occur after antigenic stimulation by the protein. To determine whether SPAN-Xb gene expression was associated with the development of immune responses against SPAN-Xb protein, we first generated a recombinant SPAN-Xb protein that would be suitable for use in ELISA and Western blot analysis. We isolated and amplified the full-length coding cDNA sequence of SPAN-Xb from normal testicular RNA and expressed the recombinant protein in E coli as a fusion protein of SPAN-Xb with an N-terminal 6-His tag. After protein induction with isopropylthioglucose (IPTG), the recombinant protein was confirmed by SDS-PAGE followed by Coomassie blue staining and Western blotting. The recombinant protein was highly insoluble and was, therefore, dissolved in urea solution. Recombinant SPAN-Xb protein displayed a molecular size of approximately 20 kDa and was visualized in Western blot analysis by anti-His tag antibody (Figure 4). Coomassie blue staining of the gel indicated that the purified recombinant protein was more than 95% pure (Figure 4).
The purified SPAN-Xb protein was then used in an ELISA system to detect circulating antibodies against SPAN-Xb in the sera of patients with MM and other hematologic malignancies. We first established the basal signals in the ELISA system using sera from 24 healthy donors (mean ± SD at OD490nm = 0.1325 ± 0.059). Using the mean ± 2 SD from these 24 sera as the cutoff signal intensity at OD490nm, we found that high-titer IgG antibodies against SPAN-Xb protein were frequently detectable by ELISA in patients with MM and hematologic malignancies (Figure 5A-B). IgG antibodies against SPAN-Xb protein were detected by ELISA at a serum dilution of 1:1000 in 9 (20%) of 42 MM, 12 (60%) of 20 CML, 3 (33%) of 9 CLL, and 1 of 2 AML serum samples. These sera were tested in high dilution of 1:1000 to improve the specificity of the antibodies. In contrast, none of the sera from the 24 healthy donors were positive for SPAN-Xb antibodies. Binding of the antibodies from these sera to SPAN-Xb protein was specific because no signal was observed in any of the samples in the 2 sets of control wells in the ELISA system (all showed signal intensities at OD490nm of less than 0.010). To further confirm the presence of SPAN-Xb antibodies, we carried out
Western blot analysis applying these sera to the recombinant SPAN-Xb
protein or to a control recombinant 6-His fusion protein also derived
from E coli. Not surprisingly, because Western blot analysis
is less sensitive than ELISA, not all
ELISA-positive samples produced positive
signals in Western blot analysis (Table 1) (Figure
6). However, all ELISA-negative samples
produced negative signals in Western blot analysis. Based on the
results of ELISA, the proportions of patients with detectable IgG
antibodies against SPAN-Xb in these diseases correlated with the
proportions of PCR-positive samples.
Given that the results of restriction digest with BglI indicated the selective expression of SPAN-Xb and not SPAN-Xa or CTp11, our results support the in vivo immunogenicity of SPAN-Xb protein in patients with MM and other hematologic malignancies. Because SPAN-Xb mRNA was detected in these patients, the presence of IgG antibodies suggests the in vivo translation of SPAN-Xb mRNA into SPAN-Xb protein that was capable of eliciting B-cell responses in patients with cancer. To determine the nature of the B-cell responses, we determined the IgG
subclass of the SPAN-Xb antibodies from 22 patients (7 MM, 12 CML, 2 CLL, and 1 AML) using subclass-specific antihuman globulins in the
ELISA system. We found that SPAN-Xb antibodies were either of IgG2 or
IgG3 subclass (Table 2). No IgG1 or IgG4 was detected.
Correlation between gene expression and immune response In 19 patients (2 AML, 9 CLL, 7 CML, and 1 MM), paired tumor samples and sera were available to determine the correlation between SPAN-Xb gene expression (GE) and B-cell immune response (IR) within individual patients. There was a close correlation between GE and IR, except in 2 patients with CML one was GE+ without IR and the
other was IR+ without GE (Table 3).
As a result of the molecular events often associated with the malignant transformation of normal cells, neoantigens are produced from gene amplification, mutation, or the formation of fusion genes that arise from chromosomal translocation. These gene products are potentially immunogenic and may serve as targets of tumor vaccines. In addition to neoantigens, normal proteins that are aberrantly expressed in tumor cells are also candidates for immunotherapy. In particular, normal testicular proteins aberrantly expressed on tumor cells are excellent targets. As a result of their being from an immune-privileged site, these proteins are normally highly immunogenic because the immune effector cells reactive against them are not subjected to thymic selection. Furthermore, because of the restricted normal tissue distribution, immunotherapy targeting testicular proteins is expected to be safe and without any nonspecific side effects. To isolate CTAs, various strategies have been investigated. They include applying patient sera to screen expression cDNA libraries constructed from either tumor RNA4 or normal testicular RNA.15 Identification and characterization of these proteins and immune responses against the proteins are appropriate. Because of the extreme labor intensity of plaque screening in SEREX, we have recently adopted an approach that relies on screening the GenBank database for testicular-specific proteins and then using the available bio-informatics to predict the immunogenicity of these proteins in vivo. Through this approach, another CTA, SPAN-Xb, has been identified for MM and other hematologic malignancies. The gene encoding SPAN-Xb is localized to Xq27.1 by fluorescence in situ hybridization,13 and the gene product is a spermatid-specific nuclear protein. It shows high degrees of homology at the nucleotide level (93%) and the protein level (86%) to CTp11, which is 98% and 97% homologous to the SPAN-Xa nucleotide and peptide sequences, respectively.16 CTp11 is aberrantly expressed by cancer cells from patients with melanoma and with kidney, prostate, and bladder cancer.17 However, the expression of CTp11, SPAN-Xa, or SPAN-Xb in hematologic malignancies had never been investigated. Our results indicate that SPAN-Xb transcripts are frequently aberrantly expressed in MM and other hematologic malignancies. The specificity of our findings was confirmed by nucleotide sequence analysis and restriction enzyme digest of the PCR products. Although the mechanisms leading to the aberrant expression of CTAs, such as SPAN-Xb, are unclear, it is likely a result of promoter demethylation that so often occurs in association with malignant cell transformation.18 SPAN-Xb expectedly demonstrates a restricted normal tissue expression, as determined by RT-PCR analysis. Therefore, provided the transcripts encoding SPAN-Xb are translated to an immunogenic protein, SPAN-Xb could be a potential target for immunotherapy of these diseases. Our work with Sp177,9-12 illustrates the immunogenicity and translational potential of aberrantly expressed normal testicular proteins in these diseases. Given that previous works by us3 and others8 demonstrated the ability of tumor-derived proteins to elicit B-cell immune responses in the autologous hosts in hematologic malignancies, we proceeded to determine whether high-titer IgG against SPAN-Xb could be detected in these patients. To do this, we first generated a SPAN-Xb recombinant protein from E coli. This was achieved through the cloning of the SPAN-Xb cDNA as a fusion gene to produce a recombinant SPAN-X protein that contained a 6-His tag at the N-terminal of the fusion protein. This strategy facilitated the purification of the recombinant protein by affinity column. We successfully generated the recombinant fusion protein from E coli. Surprisingly, the recombinant protein displayed on SDS-PAGE a molecular weight of approximately 20 kDa. This is identical to that obtained by an expression system using eukaryotic cells,16 although the open reading frame (ORF) predicts the protein to be approximately 11 kDa. The discrepancy in the molecular weight of recombinant SPAN-Xb protein was previously attributed to a possible posttranslational glycosylation of the protein.16 However, the recombinant protein we produced from a prokaryotic expression system was still larger than the predicted molecular weight, even though prokaryote-derived proteins are usually not glycosylated. Therefore, we suggest that the apparently higher molecular weight of the protein on SDS-PAGE may be attributed to the poorly insoluble nature of the protein. SPAN-Xb recombinant protein is bacteria derived. To exclude immune responses caused by contaminating bacterial antigens that might have been present in the recombinant protein preparation, we included in all experiments a control recombinant 6-His fusion protein that was also prepared from the E coli lysate. Using the recombinant protein in ELISA and Western blot analysis, B-cell responses, in the form of high-titer IgG, against SPAN-Xb protein occur frequently in patients with MM and other hematologic malignancies and not in healthy donors. Sequence analysis of the PCR products from these malignant cells did not show any mutation within the SPAN-Xb cDNA. Therefore, the immune responses were directed at the wild-type SPAN-Xb protein. Because immune responses against a protein only occur after exposure to the protein, we infer that SPAN-Xb transcripts expressed in tumor cells were likely translated to SPAN-X protein. Interestingly, the proportions of patients expressing the SPAN-Xb gene were nearly the same as the proportions of patients with detectable antibodies against SPAN-Xb. These results further support the notion that SPAN-Xb is not only expressed at the mRNA level but is also translated to its protein in vivo. In addition, they also support the in vivo immunogenicity of the protein in patients with cancer. Most important, because B-cell immune responses to an antigen, including tumor antigens such as NY-ESO-1, are usually generated only if the antigen is also immunogenic to T cells, the presence of high-titer IgG responses in these patients suggests that SPAN-Xa is potentially a target for T-cell-based immunotherapy of these malignant diseases. The presence of in vivo immune responses against SPAN-Xb protein does not necessarily suggest antitumor effects. To further characterize the nature of the immune responses, we determined the SPAN-Xb IgG subclasses in these patients. Surprisingly, 2 distinct types of immune responses were observed: IgG2 antibodies suggestive of a Th2-type immune response and IgG3 antibodies suggestive of a Th1-type immune response. The distribution of the IgG subclass did not appear to be disease related because it was equally divided among patients of different disease types. Although mRNA level generally correlates with protein level, exceptions frequently occur, ranging from total lack of translation, despite an abundance of mRNA, to high levels of protein without significant up-regulation of mRNA.19 Such discrepancies may explain the results we obtained in one CML patient in whom the SPAN-Xb transcript was not detected by RT-PCR but in whom antibodies against SPAN-Xb protein were present. The close correlation observed between SPAN-Xb gene expression and immune responses suggests the in vivo translation of the SPAN-Xb gene in these diseases. Three of 4 patients with gene expression mounted antibody responses against SPAN-Xb protein. The ability to mount immune responses to an antigen depends on numerous factors, including the patient's age, HLA-type, and concurrent medications such as immunosuppressive agents. Therefore, any one of these factors could have led to the lack of immune responses observed in the one CML patient despite SPAN-Xb gene expression. In contrast, neither gene expression nor immune response was detected in any of the healthy donors. In conclusion, SPAN-Xb is another novel CTA in MM and other hematologic malignancies. Its gene expression in these diseases is associated with the frequent development of antibody responses against SPAN-Xb protein. Although SPAN-Xb is a nuclear-associated protein and will not be amenable to targeting by monoclonal antibodies, SPAN-Xb could be a target for T cells because most high-titer IgG B-cell responses occur with cognitive help from T cells. Interestingly, despite the frequent presence of circulating high-titer IgG against SPAN-Xb, it has not been previously isolated using conventional SEREX approaches in CML3,8 or MM (S.H.L. et al, unpublished data, 2001), suggesting that careful use of bio-informatics could complement the other antigen isolation methods currently used.
We thank Bart Barlogie (University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock) for providing some of the samples from patients with multiple myeloma used in the present study.
Submitted July 1, 2002; accepted August 13, 2002.
Prepublished online as Blood First Edition Paper, August 22, 2002; DOI 10.1182/blood-2002-06-1930.
Supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health/National Cancer Institute (RO1 CA88434), the Cancer Treatment Research Foundation, and the Mary Kay Ash Charitable Foundation.
Z.W. and Y.Z. contributed equally to this work.
The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. Therefore, and solely to indicate this fact, this article is hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. section 1734.
Reprints: Seah H. Lim, Biotherapy and Stem Cell Transplant Program, Don and Sybil Harrington Cancer Center, 1500 Wallace Blvd, Amarillo, TX 79106; e-mail: slim{at}harringtoncc.org.
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Z. Wang, Y. Zhang, A. Mandal, J. Zhang, F. J. Giles, J. C. Herr, and S. H. Lim The Spermatozoa Protein, SLLP1, Is a Novel Cancer-Testis Antigen in Hematologic Malignancies Clin. Cancer Res., October 1, 2004; 10(19): 6544 - 6550. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 N. Kouprina, M. Mullokandov, I. B. Rogozin, N. K. Collins, G. Solomon, J. Otstot, J. I. Risinger, E. V. Koonin, J. C. Barrett, and V. Larionov The SPANX gene family of cancer/testis-specific antigens: Rapid evolution and amplification in African great apes and hominids PNAS, March 2, 2004; 101(9): 3077 - 3082. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 K. T. Hogan, M. A. Coppola, C. L. Gatlin, L. W. Thompson, J. Shabanowitz, D. F. Hunt, V. H. Engelhard, M. M. Ross, and C. L. Slingluff Jr. Identification of Novel and Widely Expressed Cancer/Testis Gene Isoforms That Elicit Spontaneous Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Reactivity to Melanoma Cancer Res., February 1, 2004; 64(3): 1157 - 1163. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Abstract
Introduction
80°C until they were used in experiments.
