|
|||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Prepublished online as a Blood First Edition Paper on October 10, 2002; DOI 10.1182/blood-2002-04-1261.
TRANSPLANTATION
From the Division of Cancer Epidemiology and
Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; University of
Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Autologous Blood and Bone Marrow
Transplant Registry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI; City
of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA; Baylor University Medical
Center, Dallas, TX; University of Texas, Health Science Center at San
Antonio, San Antonio, TX; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL;
University of Louisville Hospital, Louisville, KY; the Princess
Margaret Hospital/Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, ON,
Canada; Johns Hopkins Oncology Center, Baltimore, MD;
British Columbia Cancer Agency and Vancouver General Hospital,
Vancouver, BC, Canada; the Cancer Center at Hackensack
University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ; University of Chicago
Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and University
of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN.
Although numerous reports indicate that patients receiving
autotransplants for lymphoma are at increased risk for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)/acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the separate contributions of pretransplantation- and transplantation-related therapy are not well characterized. We conducted a case-control study of 56 patients with MDS/AML and 168 matched controls within a cohort of
2 739 patients receiving autotransplants for Hodgkin disease or
non-Hodgkin lymphoma at 12 institutions (1989-1995). Detailed abstraction of medical records was undertaken to determine all pre- and
posttransplantation therapy, and transplantation-related procedures. In
multivariate analyses, risks of MDS/AML significantly increased with
the intensity of pretransplantation chemotherapy with
mechlorethamine (relative risks [RRs] = 2.0 and 4.3 for cumulative doses < 50 mg/m2 and A large number of reports indicate that lymphoma
patients who receive autologous transplantation with high-dose
conditioning regimens are at increased risks for myelodysplastic
syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML).1-13 This
late complication has important clinical implications since
autotransplantations are a successful and increasingly used treatment
for patients with recurrent and relapsed lymphoma.14-17
Studies investigating the relative contribution of pretransplantation
and transplantation therapies in the development of MDS/AML report
inconsistent findings, in part because of incomplete data on type,
duration, and dose of chemotherapy and radiotherapy received before
transplantation.3,6-11,18 Quantification of the risk
associated with prior therapy is critical in the evaluation of
transplantation-related factors, since conventional therapy may include
alkylating agents known to induce leukemia (eg,
mechlorethamine),19-22 and other potentially leukemogenic regimens, such as high-dose, extended-field
radiotherapy.23,24 Most studies of MDS/AML following
autotransplantation are limited by small numbers of
cases,3,5,7,9,11,13,25 and little variation in
transplantation conditioning regimens.6,8,9,13 We present
a case-control study of 56 lymphoma patients with secondary MDS/AML
treated in 12 transplantation centers that participate in the
Autologous Blood and Marrow Transplant Registry (ABMTR). Our objective
is to evaluate leukemia risks associated with pre- and
posttransplantation factors and transplantation-related procedures.
Study patients
There were 57 patients reported as developing MDS/AML.
Independent review of all available pathology reports and bone marrow specimens (n = 55 including 46 with centralized review [CYL] and 9 with expert review at the institution), and/or cytogenetic reports (n = 37) confirmed the diagnosis in 56; some of them were reported previously.1-3,5,11 Statistical analyses with and without 2 MDS cases for which a re-review of bone marrow slides was not possible led to similar results.
For each subject with confirmed MDS/AML, 3 matched controls were
randomly selected from the entire cohort. Matching criteria were
primary disease (HD/NHL), sex, race, age at transplantation (± 5 years), and survival without a secondary neoplasm at least as
long as the interval between the date of transplantation and the
diagnoses of MDS/AML for the corresponding case.
Treatment and risk factors
We obtained information on chemotherapy protocols, duration of administration of all cytotoxic agents, and cumulative doses for selected drugs, including mechlorethamine, procarbazine, and the DNA topoisomerase II inhibitors (primarily etoposide). Data on radiotherapy fields and doses were collected and classified by a radiation dosimetrist according to estimated level of radiation dose to total active bone marrow (ABM) using previously described methods.26 Each patient was placed into one of 3 broad categories of radiation exposure (low, medium, high), based on approximate measures of total ABM exposure derived from previous work on radiation dosimetry. Generally, patients classified in the "low" exposure group received radiotherapy limited to a limb, head, neck, or other minor field; "medium" exposure group corresponded to low to moderate irradiation doses to mantle/mediastinal fields (mean, 2 980 cGy) or subdiaphragmatic fields (mean, 3 140 cGy; eg, inverted Y, para-aortic, and pelvic); and "high" exposure included high-dose irradiation to mantle/mediastinal fields (mean, 3 900 cGy) or subdiaphragmatic fields (mean, 4 200 cGy), or sub- or total lymphoid irradiation. Statistical analysis Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted using conditional logistic regression27,28; multivariate relative risks (RRs) are presented in the text and tables. The RRs of secondary MDS/AML were estimated for HD and NHL patients combined, and separately for each primary disease. Log-likelihood ratio tests were conducted and 2-sided 95% confidence intervals (CIs) computed. We present the cumulative incidence of secondary MDS/AML, the most appropriate measure to be used in the presence of competing risks.29 We also computed the cumulative probabilities (Kaplan-Meier),30 an alternate method often used in previous publications.In the present study, all but one patient (a case) had received one or more alkylating agents prior to transplantation. We grouped patients into mutually exclusive categories based on total chemotherapy history, utilizing a priori evidence about the leukemogenicity of the administered alkylating agent(s).19-21,31-35 Because low-dose cyclophosphamide is associated with generally low leukemia risks,19,20,34 we selected as the reference group those patients who received only cyclophosphamide-based regimens (ie, CHOP, CVP, MACOP-B, PROMACE) without exposure to other alkylating agents (except ifosfamide); about 44% of patients in this group also received etoposide. The remaining patients were categorized in the following treatment groups: (1) MOPP (mechlorethamine, vincristine, procarbazine, prednisone) or MOPP-like regimens (referred to as MOPP), including mechlorethamine and/or procarbazine with or without other alkylating agents; (2) chlorambucil-based regimens with or without other alkylating agents (no MOPP); and (3) other alkylating agents (no MOPP, no chlorambucil), a category which included cisplatin (n = 46), procarbazine (n = 14), carmustine (n = 10), and melphalan (n = 10). Additional analyses considered cumulative dose of mechlorethamine, procarbazine, and the epipodophyllotoxins, and duration of chlorambucil use. Information on dose was available for 75% of patients with mechlorethamine/procarbazine and 83% of those with etoposide. Missing doses were estimated by multiplying the number of months of therapy by the mean monthly dose for the specific drug among controls. For dose-response analyses, patients were categorized into 2 groups based on the median value of cumulative dose (mg/m2) of selected drugs or total duration (months) for chlorambucil. Tests for trend were conducted using categoric variables.
Secondary MDS/AML occurred in 19 patients who underwent autotransplantation for HD and in 37 who underwent transplantation for NHL. The cumulative incidence rate for developing MDS/AML at 7 years was 3.7% (95% CI, 2.7-4.6) in the entire cohort (N = 2 739). It was 3.9% (95% CI, 2.6-5.2) in the 1 784 patients who underwent transplantation for NHL and 3.3% (95% CI, 1.8-4.7) in the 955 patients who underwent transplantation for HD. The 7-year cumulative probabilities using the Kaplan-Meier method were 8.1% (95% CI, 5.1-11.0) in the entire cohort, 8.9% (95% CI, 4.8-12.9) for patients with NHL, and 7.1% (95% CI, 2.8-11.3) for those with HD. However, it should be noted that, in contrast to cumulative incidence rates, the Kaplan-Meier approach does not adjust for competing risks, and therefore may overestimate risks in the presence of substantial censoring due to death from causes other than second cancers. Clinical and morphologic characteristics of MDS/AML cases Secondary MDS/AML occurred on average 2.5 years after transplantation (median, 2.5 years; range, 3 months-7 years). In the first year afer transplantation, 11 case patients, including 4 within 6 months of transplantation, were diagnosed. By the end of study, 43 of the 56 patients died. Mean survival was 6 months (median, 2 months; range, < 1 month-2 years) after diagnoses of AML and 12 months (median, 8 months; range, < 1 month-6 years) after diagnoses of MDS.Histologic types of secondary MDS (n = 46) included 1 RA, 9 RAEB, 4 RAEB-T, 1 RARS, and 4 CMML, according to the French-American-British (FAB) criteria36; 9 refractory cytopenia with multilineage dysplasia according to the World Health Organization classification system37; 6 atypical MDSs with myelofibrosis; and 12 unclassified MDSs (including 8 cases with bone marrow specimens reviewed at the institution). Acute myeloid leukemias (n = 10) included the following FAB subtypes:38 M1 (n = 1), M2 (n = 3), M4 (n = 2), M5 (n = 1), and M7 (n = 1), and unclassified type (n = 2). Clonal abnormalities were present in 33 of 37 patients with cytogenetic reports, including 25 with deletions of chromosomes 5 and/or 7 and 6 with abnormalities involving chromosomes 1, 6, 8, 10, or 11. Only 2 patients had balanced translocations 11q23, including one who received etoposide therapy before transplantation. Pretransplantation risk factors Characteristics of MDS/AML cases and matched controls are presented in Table 1. All but one of the 224 study patients received alkylating based regimens prior to transplantation. MOPP or MOPP-like therapy was given in about one third of cases and controls, mostly for patients with HD. Case patients, especially those with NHL, were more frequently treated with chlorambucil-based regimens than controls (16.1% versus 4.2%). About 48% of both cases and controls received etoposide before transplantation. Slightly less than 50% of all patients received radiotherapy in addition to chemotherapy. A larger proportion of MDS/AML cases than controls had multiple remissions/relapses before undergoing transplantation (Table 1).
The relative risks of MDS/AML associated with specific
pretransplantation chemotherapy regimens for NHL and HD patients
combined were first computed with no adjustment for
transplantation-related factors (Table
2). Compared with the reference group of
patients given only cyclophosphamide-based regimens, significantly
higher risks of MDS/AML were observed in patients receiving MOPP
(RR = 4.8; P = .02), chlorambucil (RR = 10.8;
P = .0002), or other alkylating agents, including
procarbazine, cisplatin, melphalan, or carmustine (RR = 2.8;
P = .02; Model 1, Table 2). Risk rose with increasing
cumulative dose of mechlorethamine (RR = 3.1 and 6.6 for doses < 50
mg/m2 and
We also evaluated pretransplantation risk factors of MDS/AML separately
in NHL and HD. Among NHL patients, the magnitude of the risks
associated with chlorambucil (RR = 10.5; 95% CI, 3.0-42.52) or other
alkylating agents (RR = 2.9; 95% CI, 1.22-7.32) was similar to that
reported for all patients. Histologic type of NHL did not appear to
affect MDS/AML risk after adjustment for pretransplantation therapy
(RR = 1.2 for low versus intermediate or high grade NHL; P = .74). Separate analysis of HD patients was limited by
lack of variation in pretransplantation regimens; 17 of 19 cases and 48 of 57 controls received at least one course of MOPP. However, there was
a suggestion for a higher MDS/AML risk with high cumulative doses
( Transplantation-related factors Case patients received more frequently PBSC alone or in combination with BM than a BM graft alone compared with controls (66% versus 46%, Table 1). Most patients with PBSC graft received growth factors to mobilize stem cells and 15% were given mobilization (priming) chemotherapy. Conditioning regimens with TBI were used mainly for NHL patients, with a larger proportion of cases than controls receiving TBI at dose 13.2 Gy (Table 1).Table 4, Model 1, presents MDS/AML risks
associated with transplantation-related factors without adjustment for
pretransplantation chemotherapy. We found a statistically significant
increase in risk with peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) versus bone
marrow grafts (RR = 2.3; P = .01). Overall, there was a
nonsignificant excess risk of MDS/AML with use of conditioning regimens
with TBI, compared with no TBI (RR = 2.0; 95% CI,
0.95-4.18; P = .07). The dose-response analysis revealed
that the excess risk was limited to patients receiving TBI doses of
13.2 Gy (RR = 6.6; P = .003; Table 4, Model 1), a
regimen used at one transplantation center in our series. Those with
lower TBI doses (5-12 Gy) had no evidence of elevated risk of MDS/AML.
After adjustment for pretransplantation chemotherapy (Table 4, Model
2), the magnitude of the associations observed with
transplantation-related factors and MDS/AML risk was slightly lower,
and the association with PBSC was no longer statistically significant
(RR = 1.8; P = .12). The intensity of pretransplantation
therapy with MOPP or chlorambucil remained a significant predictor of
MDS/AML in the fully adjusted model (Ptrend
= .04 and .009, respectively; Table 4, Model 2).
Conditioning TBI.
We identified several factors correlated with use of TBI dose 13.2 Gy,
which may have influenced leukemia risks reported in these patients.
All 8 cases given high-dose (13.2 Gy) TBI were NHL patients who
received transplants with PBSC grafts. Among them, 4 received
chlorambucil prior to transplantation, which was associated with an
elevated risk of MDS/AML in this study. Additionally, 3 cases were
diagnosed with MDS within the first 8 months (5, 7, and 8 months)
following transplantation, suggesting that pretransplantation therapy
played an important role in the development of the preleukemic
condition. We further explored the risk associated with TBI by
excluding early-onset ( Source of stem cells. Because the association with PBSC may partly reflect the clinical characteristics of patients selected to receive this type of graft, we separately evaluated leukemia risk among those who received PBSC because of poor bone marrow cellularity (and thus unsuitable for BM harvest). These patients (7 cases, 6 controls) had an increased risk of developing MDS/AML (RR = 4.3; 95% CI, 1.19-16.44; P = .03), compared with BM recipients in multivariate analyses. Risks for PBSC did not vary by primary disease in models adjusting for pretransplantation chemotherapy (data not shown). Data on number of reinfused cells for BM and PBSC grafts were incomplete and therefore not evaluated. Other transplantation-related factors. Nonsignificant associations were found between MDS/AML and graft purging (RR = 1.6; 95% CI, 0.47-5.42; P = .43) or mobilization chemotherapy (RR = 1.7; 95% CI, 0.54-5.47; P = .35); no increase in risk was detected with use of etoposide for priming (RR = 0.7; 95% CI, 0.10-3.06; P = .65; 2 case patients, 9 controls). Posttransplantation risk factors About 34% of MDS/AML cases did not achieve complete remission or relapsed after transplantation, compared with 24% of controls (Table 1). Overall, there was a nonsignificant 1.7-fold risk of MDS/AML in patients with persistent or recurrent disease after transplantation compared with those in complete remission (95% CI, 0.81-3.56; P = .17). Chemotherapy or radiotherapy given after transplantation did not appear to substantially modify MDS/AML risks in analyses of all lymphoma patients combined. However, in separate multivariate analyses for NHL and HD patients, risks associated with posttransplantation factors differed by primary disease. A significantly elevated leukemia risk was associated with persistent or recurrent disease (RR = 5.28; 95% CI, 1.46-25.28) among patients who underwent transplantation for HD, but not NHL patients (RR = 1.0; 95% CI, 0.37-2.75). MDS/AML cases were more likely to have received posttransplantation radiotherapy to treat relapsed or recurrent HD (37%) than controls (18%). There was no significant association with the use of posttransplantation growth factors (RR = 1.3; 95% CI, 0.58-2.83; P = .57).Finally in univariate analyses, we observed 3- and 5-fold increased risks of MDS/AML among patients who failed to achieve platelet counts higher than 100 × 109/L (P = .0008) or granulocyte counts higher than 1.0 × 109/L (P = .07) after transplantation, respectively. Because these factors may be surrogate clinical markers of developing MDS/AML, we did not include them in multivariate analyses.
This multi-institutional study is one of the largest investigations of secondary MDS/AML in autotransplant recipients. It is unique in providing extensive information on all pre- and posttransplantation therapies, including cumulative doses of selected leukemogenic drugs and estimates of radiation dose to bone marrow. Moreover, the participation of 12 transplantation centers allowed quantification of leukemia risk associated with various conditioning regimens and other transplantation-related factors. Our findings indicate that types and intensity of pretransplantation chemotherapy with alkylating agents are important risk factors of MDS/AML following autotransplantation for lymphoma. Transplantation-related factors such as conditioning regimens with TBI and source of stem cells may also influence the risk, although the weight of evidence for these findings is less strong. Studies of lymphoma patients treated with conventional chemotherapy consistently report large increases in leukemia risk associated with alkylator-based therapies including mechlorethamine and chlorambucil.19-22,39 Among patients with other cancers, high risks of secondary leukemia are reported for those treated with melphalan,34,40 nitrosoureas,41 cisplatin,40,42 and high-dose etoposide.43-46 As expected, our data demonstrate that pretransplantation therapies with MOPP, chlorambucil, and other high-risk alkylating agents are significant risk factors for MDS/AML developing after autotransplantation. These findings are further supported by the observation of significant dose-response relationships for mechlorethamine and chlorambucil. We found no evidence for an association between MDS/AML and pretransplantation etoposide, possibly explained by low average cumulative doses in our study. At least 5 investigations of transplant recipients have failed to detect an association between secondary MDS/AML and pretransplantation chemotherapy,3,7,8,10,11 likely due to either incomplete pretransplantation data, inability to conduct separate analyses for high-risk drugs, or low statistical power. Other series have reported significantly increased risks with pretransplantation alkylating agents6,9,18 and fludarabine.13 The contribution of prior therapies in MDS/AML risk following autotransplantation is supported by laboratory studies showing pretransplantation clonal abnormalities predictive of subsequent MDS/AML, including loss of material from chromosomes 5 and 7 typically associated with exposure to alkylating agents.47-49 The critical issue of pre-existing cytogenetic changes observed before transplantation could not be addressed in our study, as pretransplantation cytogenetic analyses were not routinely performed in several participating centers. Whether radiotherapy adds to already high risks associated with alkylating-based regimens remains uncertain in nontransplantation settings.19,20,23,24 Significant associations between MDS/AML and prior radiotherapy are reported in some,8,11 but not all7,13 series of transplant recipients. No overall association was found in our data with pretransplantation radiotherapy, except possibly among the subgroup of patients with HD. Complete information on other leukemia risk factors (eg, smoking history, occupational or environmental factors) was not available in our study. It is unlikely, however, that such factors are associated with pretransplantation alkylating agents and high-dose TBI regimens, and would have a confounding effect. Consensus on the possible leukemogenicity of conditioning regimens and harvesting procedures used for autotransplantation is lacking, in part because of a small numbers of cases3,5,7,9,11,13,25 or use of uniform preparative regimens6,8,9,13 in most transplantation studies. Although a large registry-based series is published,10 this cohort study was limited by possible incomplete ascertainment of MDS/AML and only partial information on pretransplantation therapies. Some investigators report significant (or borderline significant) associations between risk of MDS/AML and conditioning with TBI,3,10,25 PBSC graft,5,7 VP16 for priming PBSC,11 low count of infused cells,8,11 and older age at transplantation.3-5,10,25 Other series, however, show no excess risk with TBI11 or PBSC.10,11 In contrast to most transplantation studies, we were able to analyze risk of MDS/AML associated with TBI dose. Overall, our investigation found no significant association with TBI, mostly used in NHL patients. Subgroup analyses, however, suggested that TBI dose 13.2 Gy was associated with an elevated risk, while there was no evidence of an increased risk of MDS/AML at TBI doses ranging from 5 to 12 Gy. The finding for high-dose TBI should be interpreted cautiously since this regimen was used at only one transplantation center that also implemented intensive follow-up after transplantation, including frequent bone marrow biopsies within the first year of transplantation. Several of the MDS/AML cases in this subgroup occurred shortly after transplantation, which provides additional evidence that leukemic cells may have existed prior to transplantation. In contrast, a previous study from Dana-Farber8 reported a nonsignificant lower risk of MDS/AML for TBI at dose 14 Gy, compared with TBI 12 Gy or less, although follow-up for the high-dose TBI group was significantly shorter. The observation that host hematopoietic progenitor cells outlive the transplantation procedure raises the possibility that TBI conditioning may cause DNA damages to these surviving cells. Other mechanisms have been postulated to explain the potential leukemogenic effect of TBI, including modification of the microenvironment or alteration of immune surveillance.50 Whether or not the impact of TBI on host cells is dose dependent remains unknown. Some evidence in our data indicated that that increased risk of MDS/AML associated with TBI was limited to patients who underwent transplantation at older ages (> 45 years). This observation paralleled the findings from the University of Nebraska, a participant in the current study.3 Moreover, the age difference in leukemia risk persisted after excluding this transplantation center from our analyses. It is possible that the ability to repair DNA induced by TBI is most impaired among older patients.51 We estimated that risk of MDS/AML was approximately 80% higher in patients receiving PBSC graft than those with BM graft, although this result was not statistically different from no increase in risk (P = .12) after adjustment for the confounding effect of prior chemotherapy. Most importantly, PBSC grafts were not used routinely during the study period and a significant number of patients receiving these grafts did so because of poor cellularity of their marrow, a possible marker of preleukemic disturbed hematopoiesis. Our analyses support the fact that the association between MDS/AML and PBSC may reflect the clinical background of patients receiving this type of graft. Our finding that PBSC graft is not a strong independent risk factor of MDS/AML is consistent with the large series from the EBMT registry10 and a recent study at the City of Hope11 showing no association with PBSC grafts. Other investigators have reported approximately 4- to 6-fold increased risks of MDS/AML with PBSC grafts based on 10 or fewer MDS/AML case patients.5,7 Priming with etoposide for PBSC collection has been linked to an elevated risk of MDS/AML.11 Our data did not confirm this finding; few subjects, however, were given this treatment. Because growth factors are generally used to mobilize PBSC, it was not possible to evaluate their independent contribution to leukemia risk. Development of abnormal cells after engraftment with PBSC could be related to changes in the marrow milieu and immune function, as well as selection of aberrant progenitors by growth-factor therapy.7,50 A characteristic inherent to studies of secondary MDS/AML is the heterogeneity of conventional chemotherapy resulting in a large number of drugs to be evaluated. Correlations between prior treatment regimens and transplantation-related factors further limit the ability to fully adjust in multivariate models for these carcinogenic pretransplantation therapies. Because follow-up of transplant recipients in our base cohort was relatively short, risk patterns for long-term survivors may differ from those observed in our study. Autotransplantation successfully increases survival of patients with relapsed or recurrent lymphoma.14-17 We found in our study that type and intensity of pretransplantation chemotherapy contribute substantially to secondary MDS/AML in these transplant recipients. We cannot rule out, however, that transplantation-related factors also add to this risk. Our finding of an apparent association between MDS/AML and high-dose TBI (13.2 Gy), regimens that were infrequently used, needs to be confirmed. Our results reflect the experience of patients who underwent transplantation and were treated with earlier intense conventional therapies when mechlorethamine and chlorambucil were more widely used as first-line therapies for HD and NHL, respectively. Therefore, assessment of the risk-benefit of serial chemotherapy regimens should be evaluated with current treatment practices. Further investigations are needed to determine whether lymphoma patients unlikely to be cured with conventional therapy should be considered early for autotransplantation, in an attempt to control the disease while reducing the risk of secondary MDS/AML. Also, pretransplantation screening for abnormal karyotypes that are compatible with alkylator-induced MDS/AML should be performed to evaluate the hazards of autotransplantation or alternate allogeneic transplantation therapy.
We are indebted to all investigators and staff at the participating transplantation centers who contributed data to this study; Philip A. Rowlings, Department of Haematology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Australia and Hemant Patani from Unity Health Systems for assistance in identifying eligible cases; Diane Knutson at the ABMTR for support in collecting data; Marilyn Stovall and Cathy Kasper at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center for review of radiotherapy data; Diane Fuchs and Julia Krasner from Westat for coordination of field studies; Sara Brackett at the Mayo Clinic for technical coordination of histopathologic review; and Laura Capece from Information Management Services for computing support.
Submitted April 29, 2002; accepted September 20, 2002.
Prepublished online as Blood First Edition Paper, October 10, 2002; DOI 10.1182/blood-2002-04-1261.
Supported by contract no. CP-21161 from the National Cancer Institute of the US Department of Health and Human Services. The Autologous Bone and Marrow Transplant Registry was supported by Public Health Service Grants P01-CA-40053 and U24-CA76518 from the National Cancer Institute, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Also supported by grant no. DAMD17-95-I-5002 from the Department of the US Army Medical Research and Development Command; and grants from Amgen; Anonymous; Baxter Fenwal; Berlex Laboratories; Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association; Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation; Bristol-Myers Squibb Oncology; Cell Therapeutics; Center for Advanced Studies in Leukemia; Chimeric Therapies; Chiron Therapeutics; COBE BCT; Eleanor Naylor Dana Charitable Trust; Deborah J. Dearholt Memorial Fund; Empire Blue Cross Blue Shield; Eppley Foundation for Research; Fromstein Foundation; Fujisawa Healthcare; Genentech; Hoechst Marion Roussel; Horizon Medical Products; Human Genome Sciences; IDEC Pharmaceuticals; Immunex Corporation; IMPATH/BIS; IntraBiotics Pharmaceuticals; Kaiser Permanente; Kettering Family Foundation; Kirin Brewery Company; Robert J. Kleberg Jr and Helen C. Kleberg Foundation; Herbert H. Kohl Charities; LifeTrac/Allianz; The Liposome Company; Nada and Herbert P. Mahler Charities; Market Certitude; Mayer Ventures; MDS Nordian; MedImmune; Merck; Milliman & Robertson; Milstein Family Foundation; Miltenyi Biotech; Milwaukee Foundation/Elsa Schoeneich Research Fund; Mutual of Omaha; Nexell Therapeutics; NeXstar Pharmaceuticals; Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation; Novartis Pharmaceuticals; Orphan Medical; Ortho Biotech; John Oster Family Foundation; Jane and Lloyd Pettit Foundation; Pfizer; Pharmacia and Upjohn; Principal Life Insurance Company; Protide Pharmaceuticals; RGK Foundation; Rhône-Poulenc Rorer Pharmaceuticals; Roche Laboratories; SangStat Medical Corporation; Schering AG; Schering-Plough Oncology; Searle; SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceutical; Stackner Family Foundation; The Starr Foundation; StemCell Technologies; SyStemix; Therakos; TheraTechnologies; United Resource Networks; US Oncology; and Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories.
The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. Therefore, and solely to indicate this fact, this article is hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. section 1734.
Reprints: Rochelle E. Curtis, Executive Plaza South, Rm 7042, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892; e-mail: curtisr{at}epndce.nci.nih.gov.
1.
Miller JS, Arthur DC, Litz CE, et al.
Myelodysplastic syndrome after autologous bone marrow transplantation: an additional late complication of curative cancer therapy [see comments].
Blood.
1994;83:3780-3786
2.
Traweek ST, Slovak ML, Nademanee AP, Brynes RK, Niland JC, Forman SJ.
Clonal karyotypic hematopoietic cell abnormalities occurring after autologous bone marrow transplantation for Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Blood.
1994;84:957-963
3.
Darrington DL, Vose JM, Anderson JR, et al.
Incidence and characterization of secondary myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myelogenous leukemia following high-dose chemoradiotherapy and autologous stem-cell transplantation for lymphoid malignancies.
J Clin Oncol.
1994;12:2527-2534
4.
Stone RM, Neuberg D, Soiffer R, et al.
Myelodysplastic syndrome as a late complication following autologous bone marrow transplantation for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
J Clin Oncol.
1994;12:2535-2542
5.
Bhatia S, Ramsay NK, Steinbuch M, et al.
Malignant neoplasms following bone marrow transplantation.
Blood.
1996;87:3633-3639 6. Pedersen-Bjergaard J, Pedersen M, Myhre J, Geisler C. High risk of therapy-related leukemia after BEAM chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation for previously treated lymphomas is mainly related to primary chemotherapy and not to the BEAM-transplantation procedure. Leukemia. 1997;11:1654-1660[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve].
7.
André M, Henry-Amar M, Blaise D, et al.
Treatment-related deaths and second cancer risk after autologous stem-cell transplantation for Hodgkin's disease.
Blood.
1998;92:1933-1940
8.
Friedberg JW, Neuberg D, Stone RM, et al.
Outcome in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome after autologous bone marrow transplantation for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
J Clin Oncol.
1999;17:3128-3135 9. Harrison CN, Gregory W, Hudson GV, et al. High-dose BEAM chemotherapy with autologous haemopoietic stem cell transplantation for Hodgkin's disease is unlikely to be associated with a major increased risk of secondary MDS/AML. Br J Cancer. 1999;81:476-483[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 10. Milligan DW, Ruiz De Elvira MC, Kolb HJ, et al. Secondary leukaemia and myelodysplasia after autografting for lymphoma: results from the EBMT. EBMT Lymphoma and Late Effects Working Parties. European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Br J Haematol. 1999;106:1020-1026[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve].
11.
Krishnan A, Bhatia S, Slovak ML, et al.
Predictors of therapy-related leukemia and myelodysplasia following autologous transplantation for lymphoma: an assessment of risk factors.
Blood.
2000;95:1588-1593
12.
Pedersen-Bjergaard J, Andersen MK, Christiansen DH.
Therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplasia after high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation.
Blood.
2000;95:3273-3279
13.
Micallef INM, Lillington DM, Apostolidis J, et al.
Therapy-related myelodysplasia and secondary acute myelogenous leukemia after high-dose therapy with autologous hematopoietic progenitor-cell support for lymphoid malignancies.
J Clin Oncol.
2000;18:947-955 14. Longo DL, Duffey PL, Young RC, et al. Conventional dose salvage combination chemotherapy in patients relapsing with Hodgkin's disease after combination chemotherapy: the low probability for cure. J Clin Oncol. 1992;10:210-218[Abstract]. 15. Linch DC, Winfield D, Goldstone AH, et al. Dose intensification with autologous bone marrow transplantation in relapsed and resistant Hodgkin's disease: results of a BNLI randomized trial. Lancet. 1993;341:1051-1054[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve].
16.
Rohatiner AZ, Johnson PWM, Price CGA, et al.
Myeloablative therapy with autologous bone marrow transplantation as consolidation therapy for recurrent follicular lymphoma.
J Clin Oncol.
1994;12:1177-1184
17.
Philip T, Guglielmi C, Hagenbeek A, et al.
Autologous bone marrow transplantation as compared to salvage chemotherapy in relapses of chemotherapy-sensitive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
N Engl J Med.
1995;333:1540-1545 18. Del Canizo C, Amigo L, Hernandez J, et al. Incidence and characterization of secondary myelodysplastic syndromes following autologous transplantation. Haematologica. 2000;85:403-409. 19. Kaldor JM, Day NE, Clarke EA, et al. Leukemia following Hodgkin's disease [see comments]. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:7-13[Abstract].
20.
Travis LB, Curtis RE, Stovall M, et al.
Risk of leukemia following treatment for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
J Natl Cancer Inst.
1994;86:1450-1457
21.
van Leeuwen FE, Chorus AM, van den Belt-Dusebout AW, et al.
Leukemia risk following Hodgkin's disease: relation to cumulative dose of alkylating agents, treatment with teniposide combinations, number of episodes of chemotherapy, and bone marrow damage.
J Clin Oncol.
1994;12:1063-1073 22. van Leeuwen FE, Travis LB. Second cancers. In: DeVita VT Jr,Hellman S,Rosenberg SA, eds. Cancer: Principles and Practices of Oncology. Vol 2. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven; 2001:76-80. 23. van der Velden JW, van Putten WL, Guinee VF, et al. Subsequent development of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia in patients treated for Hodgkin's disease. Int J Cancer. 1988;42:252-255[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 24. Andrieu JM, Ifrah N, Payen C, Fermanian J, Coscas Y, Flandrin G. Increased risk of secondary acute nonlymphocytic leukemia after extended-field radiation therapy combined with MOPP chemotherapy for Hodgkin's disease [see comments]. J Clin Oncol. 1990;8:1148-1154[Abstract].
25.
Sureda A, Arranz R, Iriondo A, et al.
Autologous stem-cell transplantation for Hodgkin's disease: results and prognostic factors in 494 patients from the Grupo Español de Linfomas/ Transplante Autólogo de Médula Ósea Spanish Cooperative Group.
J Clin Oncol.
2001;19:1395-1404 26. Stovall M, Smith SA, Rosenstein M. Tissue doses from radiotherapy of cancer of the uterine cervix. Med Phys. 1989;16:726-733[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 27. Breslow NE, Day NE. Statistical methods in cancer research. The analysis of case-control studies. Vol 1. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1980. IARC scientific publication no. 32. 28. SAS Institute. SAS user's guide: Statistics (8.0). Cary, NC: SAS Institute; 1999. 29. Gooley TA, Leisenring W, Crowley J, Storer BE. Estimation of failure probabilities in the presence of competing risks: new representations of old estimators. Stat Med. 1999;18:695-706[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 30. Kaplan EL, Meier P. Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations. J Am Stat Assoc. 1958;53:457-481[CrossRef]. 31. Kaldor JM, Day NE, Pettersson F, et al. Leukemia following chemotherapy for ovarian cancer [see comments]. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:1-6[Abstract].
32.
Greene MH, Young RC, Merrill JM, DeVita VT.
Evidence of a treatment dose response in acute nonlymphocytic leukemias which occur after therapy of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Cancer Res.
1983;43:1891-1898
33.
Greene MH, Harris EL, Gershenson DM, et al.
Melphalan may be a more potent leukemogen than cyclophosphamide.
Ann Intern Med.
1986;105:360-367 34. Curtis RE, Boice JD Jr, Stovall M, et al. Risk of leukemia after chemotherapy and radiation treatment for breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 1992;326:1745-1751[Abstract]. 35. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, pharmaceutical drugs. Vol 50. Lyon, France: IARC; 1989. 36. Bennett JM, Catovsky D, Daniel MT, et al. Proposal for the classification of myelodysplastic syndromes. Br J Hematol. 1982;51:189-199[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve].
37.
Harris N, Jaffe E, Diebold J, et al.
World Health Organization classification of neoplastic diseases of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues: report of the Clinical Advisory Committee meeting 38. Bennett JM, Catovsky D, Daniel MT, et al. Proposed revised criteria for the classification of acute myeloid leukemia. Ann Intern Med. 1985;103:626-629[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve].
39.
Boivin JF, Hutchinson GB, Zauber AG, et al.
Incidence of second cancers in patients treated for Hodgkin's disease.
J Natl Cancer Inst.
1995;87:732-741
40.
Travis LB, Holowaty EJ, Bergfeldt K, et al.
Risk of leukemia after platinum-based chemotherapy for ovarian cancer.
N Engl J Med.
1999;340:351-357
41.
Boice JD Jr, Greene MH, Killen JY, et al.
Leukemia after adjuvant chemotherapy with semustine (methyl-CCNU)
42.
Travis LB, Andersson M, Gospodarowicz M, et al.
Treatment-associated leukemia following testicular cancer.
J Natl Cancer Inst.
2000;92:1165-1171 43. Pui CH, Ribeiro RC, Hancock ML, et al. Acute myeloid leukemia in children treated with epipodophyllotoxins for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:1682-1687[Abstract]. 44. Pui CH, Relling MV, Rivera GK, et al. Epipodophyllotoxin-related acute myeloid leukemia: a study of 35 cases. Leukemia. 1995;9:1990-1996[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve].
45.
Winick NJ, McKenna RW, Shuster JJ, et al.
Secondary acute myeloid leukemia in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with etoposide [see comments].
J Clin Oncol.
1993;11:209-217 46. Kollmannsberger C, Beyer J, Droz JP, et al. Secondary leukemia following high cumulative doses of etoposide in patients treated for advanced germ cell tumors. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16:3386-3391[Abstract].
47.
Mach-Pascual S, Legare RD, Lu D, et al.
Predictive value of clonality assays in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma undergoing autologous bone marrow transplant: a single-institution study.
Blood.
1998;91:4496-4503
48.
Abruzzese E, Radford JE, Miller JS, et al.
Detection of abnormal pretransplant clones in progenitor cells of patients who developed myelodysplasia after autologous transplantation.
Blood.
1999;94:1814-1819
49.
Lillington DM, Micaleff INM, Carpenter E, et al.
Detection of chromosome abnormalities pre-high-dose treatment in patients developing therapy-related myelodysplasia and second acute myelogenous leukemia after treatment for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
J Clin Oncol.
2001;19:2472-2481
50.
Deeg HJ, Socié G.
Malignancies after hemotopoietic stem cell transplantation: many questions, some answers.
Blood.
1998;91:1833-1843 51. Maillie H, Baker J, Simon W, Watts RJ, Quinn BR. Age related rejoining of broken chromosomes in human leukocytes following X-irradiation. Mech Ageing Dev. 1992;65:229-238[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve].
© 2003 by The American Society of Hematology.
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 |
|
 |
|
  R. K. Funk, T. J. Maxwell, M. Izumi, D. Edwin, F. Kreisel, T. J. Ley, J. M. Cheverud, and T. A. Graubert Quantitative trait loci associated with susceptibility to therapy-related acute murine promyelocytic leukemia in hCG-PML/RARA transgenic mice Blood, August 15, 2008; 112(4): 1434 - 1442. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Bhatia, L. Francisco, A. Carter, C.-L. Sun, K. S. Baker, J. G. Gurney, P. B. McGlave, A. Nademanee, M. O'Donnell, N. K. C. Ramsay, et al. Late mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation and functional status of long-term survivors: report from the Bone Marrow Transplant Survivor Study Blood, November 15, 2007; 110(10): 3784 - 3792. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Leone, L. Pagano, D. Ben-Yehuda, and M. T. Voso Therapy-related leukemia and myelodysplasia: susceptibility and incidence Haematologica, October 1, 2007; 92(10): 1389 - 1398. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. A. Nash, P. A. McSweeney, L. J. Crofford, M. Abidi, C.-S. Chen, J. D. Godwin, T. A. Gooley, L. Holmberg, G. Henstorf, C. F. LeMaistre, et al. High-dose immunosuppressive therapy and autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation for severe systemic sclerosis: long-term follow-up of the US multicenter pilot study Blood, August 15, 2007; 110(4): 1388 - 1396. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Z.S. Rohatiner, L. Nadler, A. J. Davies, J. Apostolidis, D. Neuberg, J. Matthews, J. G. Gribben, P. M. Mauch, T. A. Lister, and A. S. Freedman Myeloablative Therapy With Autologous Bone Marrow Transplantation for Follicular Lymphoma at the Time of Second or Subsequent Remission: Long-Term Follow-Up J. Clin. Oncol., June 20, 2007; 25(18): 2554 - 2559. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. K. Gopal, J. G. Rajendran, T. A. Gooley, J. M. Pagel, D. R. Fisher, S. H. Petersdorf, D. G. Maloney, J. F. Eary, F. R. Appelbaum, and O. W. Press High-Dose [131I]Tositumomab (anti-CD20) Radioimmunotherapy and Autologous Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation for Adults >= 60 Years Old With Relapsed or Refractory B-Cell Lymphoma J. Clin. Oncol., April 10, 2007; 25(11): 1396 - 1402. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Brusamolino and A. M. Carella Treatment of refractory and relapsed Hodgkin's lymphoma: facts and perspectives Haematologica, January 1, 2007; 92(1): 6 - 10. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Sebban, N. Mounier, N. Brousse, C. Belanger, P. Brice, C. Haioun, H. Tilly, P. Feugier, R. Bouabdallah, C. Doyen, et al. Standard chemotherapy with interferon compared with CHOP followed by high-dose therapy with autologous stem cell transplantation in untreated patients with advanced follicular lymphoma: the GELF-94 randomized study from the Groupe d'Etude des Lymphomes de l'Adulte (GELA) Blood, October 15, 2006; 108(8): 2540 - 2544. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Kalaycio, L. Rybicki, B. Pohlman, R. Sobecks, S. Andresen, E. Kuczkowski, and B. Bolwell Risk Factors Before Autologous Stem-Cell Transplantation for Lymphoma Predict for Secondary Myelodysplasia and Acute Myelogenous Leukemia J. Clin. Oncol., August 1, 2006; 24(22): 3604 - 3610. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. A. Copelan Hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. N. Engl. J. Med., April 27, 2006; 354(17): 1813 - 1826. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J P A Samijn, P A W te Boekhorst, T Mondria, P A van Doorn, H Z Flach, F G A van der Meche, J Cornelissen, W C Hop, B Lowenberg, and R Q Hintzen Intense T cell depletion followed by autologous bone marrow transplantation for severe multiple sclerosis J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, January 1, 2006; 77(1): 46 - 50. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. F. Khouri Reduced-Intensity Regimens in Allogeneic Stem-Cell Transplantation for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Hematology, January 1, 2006; 2006(1): 390 - 397. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. L. Forrest, D. E. Hogge, T. J. Nevill, S. H. Nantel, M. J. Barnett, J. D. Shepherd, H. J. Sutherland, C. L. Toze, C. A. Smith, J. C. Lavoie, et al. High-Dose Therapy and Autologous Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation Does Not Increase the Risk of Second Neoplasms for Patients With Hodgkin's Lymphoma: A Comparison of Conventional Therapy Alone Versus Conventional Therapy Followed by Autologous Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation J. Clin. Oncol., November 1, 2005; 23(31): 7994 - 8002. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. C. Lavoie, J. M. Connors, G. L. Phillips, D. E. Reece, M. J. Barnett, D. L. Forrest, R. D. Gascoyne, D. E. Hogge, S. H. Nantel, J. D. Shepherd, et al. High-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation for primary refractory or relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma: long-term outcome in the first 100 patients treated in Vancouver Blood, August 15, 2005; 106(4): 1473 - 1478. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Bhatia, L. L. Robison, L. Francisco, A. Carter, Y. Liu, M. Grant, K. S. Baker, H. Fung, J. G. Gurney, P. B. McGlave, et al. Late mortality in survivors of autologous hematopoietic-cell transplantation: report from the Bone Marrow Transplant Survivor Study Blood, June 1, 2005; 105(11): 4215 - 4222. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Vose, P. J. Bierman, C. Enke, J. Hankins, G. Bociek, J. C. Lynch, and J. O. Armitage Phase I Trial of Iodine-131 Tositumomab With High-Dose Chemotherapy and Autologous Stem-Cell Transplantation for Relapsed Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma J. Clin. Oncol., January 20, 2005; 23(3): 461 - 467. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Tichelli and G. Socie Considerations for Adult Cancer Survivors Hematology, January 1, 2005; 2005(1): 516 - 522. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Lenz, M. Dreyling, E. Schiegnitz, T. Haferlach, J. Hasford, M. Unterhalt, and W. Hiddemann Moderate Increase of Secondary Hematologic Malignancies After Myeloablative Radiochemotherapy and Autologous Stem-Cell Transplantation in Patients With Indolent Lymphoma: Results of a Prospective Randomized Trial of the German Low Grade Lymphoma Study Group J. Clin. Oncol., December 15, 2004; 22(24): 4926 - 4933. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Montoto, A. Lopez-Guillermo, A. Altes, G. Perea, A. Ferrer, M. Camos, L. Villela, F. Bosch, J. Esteve, F. Cervantes, et al. Predictive value of Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (FLIPI) in patients with follicular lymphoma at first progression Ann. Onc., October 1, 2004; 15(10): 1484 - 1489. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Czyz, R. Dziadziuszko, W. Knopinska-Postuszuy, A. Hellmann, L. Kachel, J. Holowiecki, J. Gozdzik, J. Hansz, A. Avigdor, A. Nagler, et al. Outcome and prognostic factors in advanced Hodgkin's disease treated with high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation: a study of 341 patients Ann. Onc., August 1, 2004; 15(8): 1222 - 1230. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. N. Winter, R. D. Gascoyne, and K. Van Besien Low-Grade Lymphoma Hematology, January 1, 2004; 2004(1): 203 - 220. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. van Besien, F. R. Loberiza Jr, R. Bajorunaite, J. O. Armitage, A. Bashey, L. J. Burns, C. O. Freytes, J. Gibson, M. M. Horowitz, D. J. Inwards, et al. Comparison of autologous and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for follicular lymphoma Blood, November 15, 2003; 102(10): 3521 - 3529. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. K. Gopal, T. A. Gooley, D. G. Maloney, S. H. Petersdorf, J. F. Eary, J. G. Rajendran, S. A. Bush, L. D. Durack, J. Golden, P. J. Martin, et al. High-dose radioimmunotherapy versus conventional high-dose therapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for relapsed follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a multivariable cohort analysis Blood, October 1, 2003; 102(7): 2351 - 2357. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. S. Tallman, R. Gray, N. J. Robert, C. F. LeMaistre, C. K. Osborne, W. P. Vaughan, W. J. Gradishar, T. M. Pisansky, J. Fetting, E. Paietta, et al. Conventional Adjuvant Chemotherapy with or without High-Dose Chemotherapy and Autologous Stem-Cell Transplantation in High-Risk Breast Cancer N. Engl. J. Med., July 3, 2003; 349(1): 17 - 26. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. F. Storb, G. Lucarelli, P. A. McSweeney, and R. W. Childs Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Benign Hematological Disorders and Solid Tumors Hematology, January 1, 2003; 2003(1): 372 - 397. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 |
 |
 |
|||||||
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
||
| Copyright © 2003 by American Society of Hematology Online ISSN: 1528-0020 | |||||||||
Top
Abstract
Introduction
50 mg/m,2
respectively; trend over dose categories, P = .04)
or chlorambucil (RRs = 3.8 and 8.4 for duration < 10
months or 
2 CR, or no CR;
P = .81) or interval between lymphoma diagnosis and
transplantation (< 4 years versus 
Airlie House, Virginia, November 1997.
J Clin Oncol.
1999;17:3835-3849