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Blood, 1 March 2005, Vol. 105, No. 5, pp. 2016-2022. Prepublished online as a Blood First Edition Paper on September 16, 2004; DOI 10.1182/blood-2004-05-1915.
IMMUNOBIOLOGY Induction of BCR-ABL–specific immunity following vaccination with chaperone-rich cell lysates derived from BCR-ABL+ tumor cellsFrom the Department of Pediatrics, Steele Memorial Children's Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson.
We have previously reported that chaperonerich cell lysates (CRCL) derived from the BCR-ABL+ 12B1 leukemia activate dendritic cells (DCs) and stimulate leukemia-specific immune responses. Because CRCL contain a variety of heat shock/chaperone proteins, we theorized that CRCL obtained from BCR-ABL+ leukemias are likely to chaperone BCR-ABL–derived fusion peptides and that DCs pulsed with 12B1 CRCL could cross-present BCR-ABL fusion peptides to T cells. We found that splenocytes from mice vaccinated with BCR-ABL+ leukemia-derived CRCL secreted interferon-  (IFN-) when restimulated with a BCR-ABL peptide, GFKQSSKAL, indicating that BCR-ABL peptides are chaperoned by leukemia-derived CRCL. We next eluted peptides from 12B1 leukemia-derived CRCL and used high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) fractions to restimulate splenocytes harvested from mice vaccinated with DC/GFKQSSKAL or DC/12B1 CRCL. We found that the same peptide fractions derived from 12B1 CRCL and from "refractionated" GFKQSSKAL stimulated IFN- production, suggesting the presence of BCR-ABL peptides in the peptide repertoire of 12B1 CRCL. We also demonstrated that immunization with DCs loaded with leukemia-derived CRCL induced BCR-ABL–specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in vivo. Moreover, mice immunized with DCs pulsed with 12B1-derived CRCL had superior survival (60%) when compared with those immunized with DCs pulsed with BCR-ABL peptide (20%), indicating that CRCL vaccines provide additional immune stimulus over and above individual peptide vaccination.
Tumor vaccines composed of multiple chaperone proteins generated by a free-solution iso-electric focusing (FS-IEF) technique have been shown to elicit potent antitumor immunity.1-4 We have termed these preparations as chaperone-rich cell lysates (CRCL) and found that tumor-derived CRCL activate dendritic cells (DCs) and stimulate tumor-specific, T-cell–mediated immune responses.2 CRCL contain at least 4 major immunogenic chaperone proteins: heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), HSP90, glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94), and calreticulin.1-3 We have further described CRCL as large, multimember entities wherein chaperones coseparate in high-molecular-weight fractions despite dissociative conditions used in size-exclusion chromatography.3 Srivastava and Maki5 postulated that chaperone protein "tumor antigens" could be carriers of immunogenic moieties such as peptides. In essence, the chaperones take on the immumnologic identity of the tissue in which they resided. This concept has become largely entwined with the antigenic properties of tumor-derived chaperones.6 We reasoned that tumor-derived CRCL could chaperone antigenic peptides. However, due to the isofocusing conditions used in the vaccine generation (ie, 6 M urea), one could argue that the peptide repertoire of CRCL would be lost. Also, recent works have questioned both the ability of chaperone proteins to maintain interactions with peptides in vivo7,8 and the necessity of tumor-specific peptides for chaperone protein vaccine effects.9,10 To study if, in fact, CRCL do chaperone tumor-specific antigens, we generated CRCL from 2 BCR-ABL+ murine leukemia tumors, 12B1 and 32Dp210.11,12 We theorized that CRCL obtained from these tumors were likely to chaperone BCR-ABL–derived fusion peptides. We further hypothesized that DCs could cross-present these peptides to T cells and induce specific immune responses in vivo. In this report, we show that BCR-ABL peptides are indeed carried by leukemia-derived CRCL and are presented by DCs to generate specific T cells; such cross-presentation is not major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I restricted. Mice immunized with DCs loaded with leukemia-derived CRCL display superior survival compared with those vaccinated with DCs loaded with BCR-ABL peptide alone. This marks our first attempts to characterize the antigen spectrum from tumor-derived CRCL vaccine, and it re-enforces the notion that a broadened antigenic peptide repertoire found in chaperone protein–based vaccines might contribute to their overall effectiveness.
Peptides Synthetic BCR-ABL chimeric peptide, GFKQSSKAL, and control peptide, HYLSTQSALSK, were purchased from Sigma-Genosys (Sigma-Genosys, The Woodlands, TX). The 9-mer GFKQSSKAL (the bolded lysine represents the novel amino acid at the fusion junction) will also be referred to as "BCR-ABL peptide" within this work. The 11-mer HYLSTQSALSK peptide is processed by DCs and the resulting 9-mer HYLSTQSAL is predicted to bind with high affinity to H-2Kd.13 Bcr-abl –positive leukemia cell lines 12B1 is a murine leukemia cell line derived by retroviral transformation of BALB/c bone marrow cells with the human bcr-abl (b3a2) fusion gene, and these cells express the p210 BCR-ABL protein. This is an aggressive leukemia, with the 100% lethal dose (LD100) being 102 cells after tail-vein injection and 103 cells after subcutaneous injection.1,2,14 The 12B1 cell line was kindly provided by Dr Wei Chen (Cleveland Clinic, OH). 32Dp210 (American Type Culture Collection [ATCC], Rockville, MD) is another murine leukemia cell line derived by transformation of interleukin 3 (IL-3)–dependent 32D myeloid cell line with the BCR-ABL gene. The cell lines were tested monthly and found to be free of Mycoplasma contamination. Mice Six- to 10-week-old female BALB/c (H2d) mice or C3H/HeJ (H-2k) mice (Harlan Sprague Dawley, Indianapolis, IN) were used for the experiments. The animals were housed in a dedicated pathogen-free facility and cared for according to the University of Arizona Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee guidelines, Tucson. Tumor generation All tissue/cell culture reagents were purchased from Invitrogen (Gaithersburg, MD). 12B1 and 32Dp210 cells were cultured at 37°C and in 5% CO2 in RPMI medium containing 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum and supplemented with 2 mM glutamine, 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 µg/mL streptomycin sulfate, 0.025 µg/mL amphotericin B, 0.5 x minimal essential medium nonessential amino acids, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, and 50 µM 2-mercaptoethanol. Cells were prepared for injection by washing and resuspending in Hanks balanced salt solution. The cells were counted and adjusted to a concentration of 25 x 106 cells/mL. Female BALB/c mice or C3H/HeJ mice were injected with 0.2 mL (5 x 106) 12B1 or 32Dp210 cells, respectively, subcutaneously in both flanks and were monitored for tumor development. Tumors more than 1 cm in diameter were harvested from euthanized mice. In vivo passaging of tumors involved harvesting and mincing the tumor to produce a cell suspension. The cell suspension was filtered through a cell strainer (BD Biosciences Discovery Labware, Bedford, MA) to remove debris and was then centrifuged. The cell pellet was resuspended, washed, counted, and injected into mice. Generation of chaperone-rich cell lysate (CRCL) vaccines 12B1 and 32Dp210 tumor tissue grown in vivo was harvested from mice. CRCL were generated as described previously.1-3,15 Briefly, tumor was homogenized in lysis buffer and a 100 000g supernatant was obtained and quantified (bicinchoninic acid [BCA] protein assay; Pierce Endogen, Rockford, IL). The high-speed supernatant was subjected to FS-IEF in a Bio-Rad Rotofor cell (Hercules, CA) for 5 hours at 15 W constant power. Twenty fractions were harvested, and each fraction was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blot probing with specific antibodies for the chaperones HSP60, HSP70, HSP72 (inducible form of HSP70), HSP90, GRP94, and calreticulin. Fractions from FS-IEF that contained substantial amounts of the above chaperone proteins, as determined by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting, were pooled and dialyzed stepwise out of urea and detergents. Pooled fractions were then concentrated using Centricon devices (Millipore, Bedford, MA). Detergents were removed by passage over an Extractigel matrix (Pierce Endogen). The fractions were reconstituted in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), quantified and stored at 70°C until use. Generation of bone marrow–derived DCs BALB/c mouse bone marrow DCs were generated using a slightly modified protocol from that described previously.16 Bone marrow was harvested from femurs and tibiae and filtered through a Falcon 100-µm nylon cell strainer (Becton Dickinson Labware, Franklin Lakes, NJ). Red blood cells were lysed in a hypotonic buffer and the marrow was cultured in complete RPMI medium (therapeutic grade; Invitrogen) containing 10% fetal calf serum, L-glutamine, human serum albumin, 50 µg/mL streptomycin sulfate, and 10 µg/mL gentamicin sulfate. Murine granulocyte macrophage–colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF; 10 ng/mL; Peprotech, Rocky Hill, NJ) and IL-4 (10 ng/mL) were added to the culture. After 6 days, the nonadherent and loosely adherent cells were harvested, washed, and used for in vivo and in vitro experiments. Fewer than 10% of these cells were contaminated by macrophages (CD14+ cells). Immunization strategy
Day-7 DCs were pulsed with 100 µg/mL HYLSTQSALSK or GFKQSSKAL in the presence of 5 µg/mL ELISPOT assays
Enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays were performed to assess IFN- Cytotoxicity assay BALB/c mice were immunized as indicated in "Immunization Strategy." Seven days after the second immunization, splenocytes from the immunized mice were harvested. The in vivo–primed splenocytes were cultured in complete RPMI for 6 days in the presence of 10 µg/mL 12B1 CRCL and 20 U/mL IL-2. Viable cells were then collected by Ficol density centrifugation and used as effector cells. Dendritic cells loaded with peptide or CRCL were used as target cells. Day 5 bone marrow–derived DCs were incubated with 5 µg/mL HYLSTQSALSK or GFKQSSKAL for 3 hours; alternatively, DCs were cocultured with 50 µg/mL 12B1 tumor-derived CRCL overnight. Cells were collected and used as target cells. Stimulated effector cells were incubated with 2 x 104 target cells at indicated ratios for 6 hours and cytolytic activity was measured by nonradioactive cytotoxicity assay (Promega, Madison, WI) following the instructions provided. The percentage of cytotoxicity was determined according to the formula provided in the kit instructions. Reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography (rpHPLC) fractionation of 12B1 CRCL eluted peptides and identification of fractions containing BCR-ABL peptide. Peptides were stripped from CRCL by procedures similar to those used to elute peptides from MHC molecules.17,18 CRCL (3 mg-10 mg) were acidified by addition of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA; all HPLC-grade solvents were from Mallinkrodt Baker, Phillipsburg, NJ; HPLC grade) to 0.2% and left on ice for 1 hour. Peptides dissociated from CRCL were harvested by centrifugation through a Centricon-3 device (3-kDa cutoff membrane; Millipore). The centricon device was precleared prior to addition of peptides by passage of 0.2% TFA in PBS through the membrane. One mL HPLC-grade water was added to the retentate, and was centrifuged through the membrane. The initial flow-through material was pooled with the water-wash flow-through, and the combined materials were vacuum evaporated (Speed Vac; Thermo-Savant, Farmingdale, NY). The peptides were resuspended in 0.1% TFA in HPLC-grade water (TFA/H2O, solvent A) and chromatographed over a YMC ODS-A S5 C18 reverse-phase column, 3.0 x 250 mm (5 µm beads, 120-angstrom [12 nm] pore size; Waters, Milford, MA). The chromatography was performed using a WatersAlliance 2690 separation module equipped with a PDA 996 photodiode array detector (Waters). The column was run at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/minute with a solvent gradient of 0% to 30% solvent B (0.1% TFA in HPLC-grade acetonitrile) over 30 minutes, then to 100% B by 40 minutes. Fractions (0.4 mL) were collected each minute, and eluent was monitored from 190 nm to 400 nm, with results shown for 214-nm wavelength. Between samples, the column was extensively washed with solvent B before returning to equilibration in solvent A.
Fractions were dried (Speed-Vac), washed once with tissue-culture–grade water, and dried again. Fractions were frozen at –20°C until used as restimulators in ELISPOT assays. For those experiments, fractions were resuspended in complete RPMI media, and each fraction was used in duplicate to restimulate splenocytes from mice that had been vaccinated with DCs pulsed with (1) 12B1-derived CRCL, (2) GFKQSSKAL peptide, or (3) HYLSTQSALSK peptide. IFN- Immunoblotting The absence of p210 BCR-ABL protein in the 12B1 CRCL or 32Dp210 CRCL was confirmed by Western blotting and compared with the 12B1 or 32Dp210 tumor lysates. CRCL from BCR-ABL– murine B-cell lymphoma, A20, were used as negative control. Tumor lysates refer to the starting material of FS-IEF that were prepared as described in "Generation of CRCL vaccines." An equivalent amount of protein was loaded onto the gel as determined by BCA assay and examination of the Ponceau Red–stained blots. Following SDS-PAGE, the gels were electroblotted to nitrocellulose using an Idea Scientific electroblotter (Minneapolis, MN). Gels were transferred in 25 mM Tris, 200 mM glycine, 20% methanol overnight at 60 V, stained with Ponceau Red, and destained in TBST (50 mM Tris-Cl, 150 mM NaCl, 0.1% Tween 20, pH 7.4). Blots were blocked in 3% nonfat dried milk in TBST for 20 to 60 minutes, followed by three 5-minute rinses in TBST. The protein of interest was identified using the mAb to bcr (AB-2) clone no. 7C6 (Oncogene Research Products, Cambridge, MA). Primary antibody solutions were prepared in blocking solution, and blots were incubated in primary antibody for 1 hour at room temperature or 12 hours at 4°C, followed by three 5-minute rinses in TBST. Peroxidase-conjugated goat antimouse secondary antibody was applied for 1 hour at room temperature or 12 hours at 4°C followed by chemiluminescent detection (Super Signal; Pierce Endogen). In vivo tumor growth experiments
Mice were injected with 103 viable 12B1 cells in the right groin on day 0. DCs were pulsed with 100 µg/mL HYLSTQSALSK or GFKQSSKAL in the presence of 5 µg/mL
Immunization of mice with BCR-ABL+ leukemia-derived CRCL induces BCR-ABL–specific IFN- production
To determine whether or not BCR-ABL peptides were major antigenic components of BCR-ABL+ leukemia-derived CRCL, IFN-
Fractionation of antigenic peptides in 12B1 CRCL
One of the tenets of chaperone protein–based vaccines is that such proteins should have access to essentially the entire cellular peptide repertoire due to their chaperone activities.6 CRCL vaccines, consisting of multiple chaperones from various subcellular compartments, should theoretically sequester a diverse variety of peptide antigens from the tumor or tissue of origin. To examine the peptide content of 12B1-derived CRCL vaccines, we acid-stripped peptides from the vaccine and fractionated the peptides via rpHPLC (Figure 2A). We then used the fractionated peptides as restimulators in IFN-
Immunization of mice with 12B1-derived CRCL–loaded DCs induces BCR-ABL–specific CTL activity Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that splenocytes from mice immunized with DCs pulsed with BCR-ABL peptide or 12B1 CRCL specifically lysed 12B1 cells but not BCR-ABL– A20 cells.4,21 In this study, we wished to verify and extend our hypothesis that DCs effectively cross-present 12B1 CRCL–chaperoned BCR-ABL fusion peptides in a manner capable of inducing specific cytotoxic T cells (CTLs). We therefore examined whether immunization with 12B1 CRCL–loaded DCs induce BCR-ABL–specific CTLs. Mice were immunized with DC/12B1 CRCL, DC/GFKQSSKAL, or DC/HYLSTQSALSK. In vivo–primed splenocytes were restimulated in vitro with 12B1 CRCL for 6 days. Viable cells were then collected by density centrifugation and used as effector cells. These effectors were a mixed population of T cells containing both CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells. GFKQSSKAL- or 12B1 CRCL–loaded DCs served as target cells. For controls, DCs were loaded with irrelevant peptide. Primed splenocytes from mice immunized with either DCs loaded with GFKQSSKAL or with 12B1 CRCL displayed significant cytolytic activity against DCs pulsed with either GFKQSSKAL or with CRCL (Figure 3). These results again indicate the presence of GFKQSSKAL in CRCL and further suggest that GFKQSSKAL peptides are cross-presented to CD8+ T cells by DCs. Splenocytes from mice vaccinated with either saline or unpulsed DCs displayed no cytotoxicity against any of the target cells. In addition, no significant killing was observed against HYLSTQSALSK-pulsed DCs (Figure 3), demonstrating the specificity of CRCL or GFKQSSKAL immunization.
Absence of BCR-ABL p210 protein in leukemia-derived CRCL
Western blotting was performed to exclude the possibility that BCR-ABL–specific IFN-
Immunization of mice with 12B1-derived CRCL–loaded DCs provides superior therapeutic effects BCR-ABL peptide–based vaccines have been explored in a variety of clinical studies.22,23 Given that other antigenic components may also be present in 12B1 CRCL (Figure 2), in vivo experiments were then conducted to compare the efficacy of CRCL-loaded DCs with that of GFKQSSKAL-loaded DCs. Mice were inoculated subcutaneously with a lethal dose of 12B1 cells on day 0. Bone marrow–derived DCs were pulsed with 12B1-derived CRCL or with GFKQSSKAL, or with HYLSTQSALSK. The DCs were washed and resuspended in PBS and each mouse was immunized subcutaneously with 5 x 105 DCs on day 2. Immunization with CRCL-loaded DCs significantly inhibited tumor development when compared with all other groups. This vaccine resulted in eradication of tumor growth in 60% of mice. DCs pulsed with GFKQSSKAL were less effective albeit also significantly better than saline or DCs pulsed with HYLSTQSALSK, with about 20% of mice remaining tumor free (Figure 4). These findings suggest that 12B1 tumor-derived CRCL may offer an advantage as a source of tumor antigens for pulsing DCs when compared with a single peptide such as GFKQSSKAL.
Vaccination with heat shock proteins isolated from tumor has been shown by a variety of studies to elicit specific T-cell immunity against the tumor of origin.1-3,24,25 It is been proposed that the immunogenicity of HSPs relies on the peptides that are chaperoned by HSPs. Chaperone proteins have been purified from cells containing known peptide antigens, including viral epitopes,26-29 minor histocompatibility antigens,30 or artificial ones transfected or transduced into the cells such as  -galactosidase30 or chicken ovalbumin.31,32 The presence of these peptide antigens in chaperone protein preparations has been demonstrated via direct and indirect assays. However, the presence of an antigenic (T-cell) epitope derived from an oncogene as critical as BCR-ABL within HSP/chaperone preparations has not been reported. Our laboratory has demonstrated that CRCL, which contain multiple chaperone proteins, elicit potent antitumor immunity.1-3 Specificity experiments have shown that CRCL vaccine from one tumor does not protect animals against challenge from a different tumor type.2 Those results argue that antigenic peptides are indeed present in CRCL vaccines. In the current study, we used BCR-ABL+ murine leukemia models to study the antigenicity of CRCL. Since 12B1 and 32Dp210 tumor cells express BCR-ABL protein, we reasoned that BCR-ABL fusion peptides are likely to be components of the antigenic repertoire of leukemia-derived CRCL. To test this hypothesis, we examined whether immunization of mice with DCs loaded with CRCL induced BCR-ABL–specific immune responses in vivo.
We found that splenocytes from mice immunized with DCs loaded with CRCL secreted large amounts of IFN- We have demonstrated herein that there are numerous peptides confined within CRCL (Figure 2), and that some of those peptides are antigenic. Despite recent reports implying that chaperone adjuvant effects are of primary importance in generating antitumor immunity following chaperone protein immunization,9,37,38 the specificity of CRCL vaccine draws attention to CRCL's peptide repertoire. Because CRCL contain multiple chaperone complexes, we do not have clear evidence as to the nature of the peptide-chaperone protein interactions within CRCL, nor do we propose that such interactions must occur readily in vivo and prior to cell lysis.39,40 Nonetheless, the presence and immunogenicity of tumor-derived peptides shown here undoubtedly contribute to CRCL vaccine efficacy. DCs are professional APCs, known to be critical activators of T-cell responses. Although the mechanisms are not completely clear, an increasing body of data suggests that DCs take up chaperone-peptide complexes through specific receptors and re-present the peptides on MHC class I molecules.39,41-44 Following uptake, the chaperone protein–escorted peptides are processed and re-presented on MHC class I molecules to generate antigen-specific CTLs. BCR-ABL peptides, which are chaperoned by 12B1 CRCL as indicated by data shown in Figures 1, 2, 3, have been previously reported to be able to bind MHC class I and MHC class II molecules.45-48 Other studies in our laboratory have shown that DCs take up CRCL and present peptides associated with CRCL on their surface (K. L. Kislin, M.W.G., D. F. Lake, E.K., manuscript in preparation). We therefore hypothesized that BCR-ABL peptides are cross-presented on MHC class I molecules for CD8+ T-cell priming. We found that splenocytes from mice immunized with CRCL-loaded DCs specifically lysed GFKQSSKAL-loaded target cells, but not HYLSTQSALSK-pulsed DCs. Similarly, splenocytes from mice immunized with GFKQSSKAL-loaded DCs lysed CRCL-pulsed targets (Figure 2). These findings clearly demonstrate that immunization with 12B1-derived CRCL induces BCR-ABL–specific CTL responses (Figure 5). They further indicate that DCs process CRCL-chaperoned antigens and cross-present the escorted antigenic peptides, including GFKQSSKAL, to T cells in vivo.
The efficacy of BCR-ABL peptide–based immunotherapy has been widely studied.22,49 We have previously shown that immunization of mice with DCs loaded with the synthetic BCR-ABL chimeric nonapeptide, GFKQSSKAL, generates BCR-ABL–specific CTLs in vivo.21 The translocation resulting in the Bcr-abl fusion gene is the primary mutation that leads to malignant transformation; however, secondary mutations often occur.50 Therefore, leukemic cells can easily escape immune responses generated by single peptide vaccination. However, since CRCL likely carry multiple antigenic peptides as indicated in this study (Figures 1 and 2), immunization with CRCL may induce more widespread immunity against the tumor when compared with single peptide immunization. In addition, CRCL have been shown to activate DCs2 and to enhance the immunogenicity of apoptotic tumor cells.51 With these adjuvant effects, CRCL are likely to confer superior immunogenicity compared with peptide vaccinations. We tested this by comparing the potency of immunization with DCs loaded with GFKQSSKAL or with 12B1-derived CRCL. We showed that vaccination with DCs loaded with CRCL led to significantly higher survival rates, confirming the superiority of CRCL vaccination. The lack of DC activation by peptides, followed by disappointing immune responses by single peptide vaccines, has been a concern recognized by cancer immunotherapists.52 CRCL may circumvent the problems associated with single peptide vaccines by providing both large antigen repertoires as well as adjuvant effects that stimulate APCs. Taken together, we have shown in this study that BCR-ABL peptides are chaperoned by 2 MHC haplotype-variant BCR-ABL+ leukemia-derived CRCL and are cross-presented by DCs to generate BCR-ABL–specific CTLs in vivo. One may argue that the ability to make a response to the human sequence in a mouse may not predict an ability of the same method to make a response to a self antigen in a human. It is true that the BCR-ABL fusion protein is human protein and therefore presumably may have higher antigenicity in mice. We have demonstrated that pulsing of DCs with 100 µg/mL of BCR-ABL peptide alone was less effective in overall antitumor response than were DCs pulsed with 50 µg/mL leukemia-derived CRCL. Since CRCL contain multiple protein components,1-3 and the BCR-ABL peptide makes up a small fraction of the overall peptide (ie, we did not detect it in mass spectrometric studies; M.W.G., unpublished data, March 2004), the amount of BCR-ABL peptide supplied to DCs by CRCL must be quite small. Nonetheless, those CRCL-based vaccines are extremely effective against this very aggressive 12B1 tumor, and in generating specific responses against cells presenting the BCR-ABL peptide. In agreement with our studies on mice, we have also found that CTLs generated by using CRCL derived from human tumor cells are able to specifically kill the tumor cells of origin (G. Li, Y.Z., M. A. Brewer, E.K., manuscript in preparation). CRCL have consistently been demonstrated to be able to activate specific T-cell responses.1-4 The potent immune-mediated antitumor effects of CRCL as well as the superiority of CRCL vaccination over single HSP70 or antigenic peptide vaccination implore many interesting questions that need to be answered. Aside from the cell biologic mystery of CRCL, ie, how and why chaperone proteins interact with peptides in vivo, we were also faced with a biochemical mystery of how peptides can possibly remain in association with the chaperone conglomerate that is CRCL, given the stringent isoelectric focusing protocol that was used to generate CRCL. However, the complexity of this vaccine makes our path to the complete understanding of its mechanisms extremely difficult. We demonstrated that peptides are associated with CRCL and provide proof of principle that in this case BCR-ABL is among them and appears to play an important role in the immune response against CML. Eventually, understanding the biochemistry, biology, and immunology behind the vaccine would hopefully lead to an even better second-generation vaccine, crossing the bridge between basic and translational research.
The authors wish to thank Sara O. Dione for assistance with ELISPOT photography; Kerri L. Kislin and Gang Li for sharing unpublished data; and Xinchun Chen, Gang Li, and Angela Romanoski for technical assistance.
Submitted May 19, 2004; accepted September 3, 2004.
Prepublished online as Blood First Edition Paper, September 16, 2004; DOI 10.1182/blood-2004-05-1915.
Supported in part by National Institutes of Health grant R01 CA104926, Department of Defense United States Army DAMD 17-03-1-0208, and the Tee Up for Tots Fund (Y.Z.).
The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. Therefore, and solely to indicate this fact, this article is hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. section 1734.
Reprints: Emmanuel Katsanis, University of Arizona, Department of Pediatrics, 1501 N Campbell Ave, PO Box 245073, Tucson, AZ 85724-5073; e-mail: katsanis{at}peds.arizona.edu.
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Abstract
Introduction
/6. Differences in mean tumor volume between groups were compared using an unpaired t test. In other experiments the Kaplan-Meier product-limit method was used to plot survival curves and the log-rank statistic was used to test differences between groups.
indicates PBS; 
, DC; 
, DC/12B1 CRCL; and 
, DC/BCR-ABL peptide.
