SEARCH:   Advanced

Blood, 1 June 2006, Vol. 107, No. 11, pp. 4549-4553. Prepublished online as a Blood First Edition Paper on February 7, 2006; DOI 10.1182/blood-2005-07-2829. This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) All Versions of this Article: 2005-07-2829v1 107/11/4549    most recent Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Rights and Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via CrossRef Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Lunghi, P. Articles by Bonati, A. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Lunghi, P. Articles by Bonati, A. Related Collections Neoplasia Apoptosis Cell Cycle Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressors Signal Transduction Social Bookmarking                   What's this?  Previous Article  |  Table of Contents  |  Next Article  NEOPLASIA Brief report MEK1 inhibition sensitizes primary acute myelogenous leukemia to arsenic trioxide–induced apoptosis Paolo Lunghi, Antonio Costanzo, Luigi Salvatore, Nelida Noguera, Laura Mazzera, Antonio Tabilio, Francesco Lo-Coco, Massimo Levrero, and Antonio Bonati From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Hemato-Oncology, University of Parma; Department of Dermatology and the Department of Biopathology, Section of Hematology, University of Rome Tor Vergata; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Hematology and Clinical Immunology, University of Perugia; Department of Internal Medicine and Laboratory of Gene Expression, Fondazione Andrea Cesalpino, University of Rome La Sapienza; and the Department of Experimental Oncology, CRS-Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome; and the Rome Oncogenomic Center, Italy.    Abstract Top Abstract Introduction Study design Results and discussion References   We found that MEK1 inhibitor PD184352 strikingly increased apoptosis induced by arsenic trioxide (ATO) in 21 of 25 patients with primary acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Isobologram analysis confirmed the synergistic (13 of 25 patients) or additive (8 of 25 patients) nature of this interaction. Moreover, we demonstrated that the p53-related gene p73 is a molecular target of the combined treatment in AML blasts. Indeed, ATO modulates the expression of the p73 gene by inducing the proapoptotic and antiproliferative TAp73 and the antiapoptotic and proproliferative Np73 isoforms, thereby failing to elevate the TA/Np73 ratio. Conversely, treatment with PD184352 reduces the level of Np73 and blunts the arsenic-mediated up-regulation of Np73, thus causing an increase in the TA/Np73 ratio of dual-treated cells. High doses of ATO induced p53 accumulation in 11 of 21 patients. Combined treatment resulted in the induction of the proapoptotic p53/p73 target gene p53AIP1 (p53-regulated apoptosis-inducing protein 1) and greatly enhanced the apoptosis of treated cells.    Introduction Top Abstract Introduction Study design Results and discussion References   Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is the treatment of choice for patients with relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), particularly those who have been exposed to all-trans retinoic acid (tRA) within the previous 12 months.1 Many trials involving ATO have been initiated to test its ability to treat hematologic malignancies such as refractory acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), myelodysplastic syndrome, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic or chronic myelogenous leukemia, acute T cell leukemia, and multiple myeloma (for reviews, see Zhu et al2 and Ravandi3). Some of these trials have shown clinical effects, but nothing has come close to the success in APL. We4,7 and others5,6 have suggested that combination therapy with drugs targeting specific prosurvival, antiapoptotic molecules or capable of enhancing proapoptotic pathways may lead to improved ATO efficacy against hematologic malignancies. In this study, we tested the apoptotic activity of ATO combined with an MEK1 inhibitor in patients with different subtypes of AML, and we were able to confirm and expand in primary AML leukemia cells our previous findings obtained in NB4 APL and in K562 Bcr/Abl-positive leukemic cell lines.4,7    Study design Top Abstract Introduction Study design Results and discussion References   Twenty-five patients with non–APL AML were investigated (Table 1). Leukemia cells were isolated and enriched as described.7 View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   Table 1.. Synergistic, additive, and antagonistic effects of PD184352 with ATO on primary AML blasts: correlation with p73 isoform expression, relative TA/N p73 ratio, and p53 protein levels in ATO- and PD + ATO–treated cells   ATO was purchased from Sigma (St Louis, MO). PD184352, a potent and highly selective MEK1/2 inhibitor,8 was kindly provided by Dr J. S. Sebolt-Leopold (Cancer Molecular Sciences, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Ann Arbor, MI). Cell lysis, in vitro treatment, apoptosis assays, immunoblotting, transfection, and statistical analysis were carried out as previously described.4,7 Approval for the study was obtained from the institutional review board of the Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Parma. Informed consent for blood samples was provided according to the Declaration of Helsinki.    Results and discussion Top Abstract Introduction Study design Results and discussion References   Samples from 25 patients with primary non–APL AML of different French-American-British (FAB) classifications were used in this study (Table 1). We first analyzed the pharmacologic interactions between ATO and PD184352 using a fixed-ratio experimental design and found that combined treatment with PD plus ATO resulted in the synergistic (combination index [CI] values equal to 0.85 or less), additive (CI values greater than 0.85 and less than 1.1), and antagonistic (CI values equal to 1.1 or greater) induction of apoptosis in 13, 8, or 4 patients with primary AML blasts, respectively (Table 1). We recently demonstrated the involvement of the proapoptotic p73-p53AIP1 pathway in NB4 and K562 cell lines treated with PD+ATO.4 p73 is a p53 paralogue9-11 able to transactivate the promoters of several p53-responsive genes involved in apoptosis and cell cycle regulation.9-11 Indeed, p73 is sufficient to trigger cell death independently of the status of p53.12-14 Conversely, p53 requires p63 and p73 for the induction of apoptosis in response to DNA-damaging drugs.15 However, p73 exists as multiple transactivation competent (TA) proapoptotic and antiproliferative p73 COOH-terminal splicing isoforms (, , , , , ), of which the 2 major forms are p73 and p73.16 In addition, dominant-negative (N) variants are expressed from a second promoter, lack the amino-terminal transactivation domain, act as trans-repressors of p53- and p73-dependent transcription, and have antiapoptotic and proproliferative potential.17-20 To evaluate whether the combined treatment modulates p73 isoforms in AML blasts, protein expression of TA-p73, TA-p73, and N-p73 was evaluated before and after treatment with PD and/or ATO in 21 of 25 patients with AML, and the TA/N-p73 ratio was calculated (Table 1; Figure 1A-B; representative data). Basal expression of TA-p73 and TA-p73 was clearly evident in 19 of 21 and in 20 of 21 patients, respectively (Table 1; Figure 1A; representative data). In addition, N-p73 expression was detectable in 19 of 21 patients. These latter observations are in good agreement with a recent report showing the expression of N-p73 in more than 90% of non-APL AML patients analyzed.21 In the responsive patients, with the exception of patient 16 (who lacked TA-p73 and N-p73 expression; Table 1), we found that MEK1 inhibitor reduced the levels of dominant-negative Np73 proteins and promoted the accumulation of endogenous TA-p73 and/or TA-p73, elevating the TA/N ratio (Table 1; Figure 1A-B; representative data). ATO alone promoted the increase in TA and N-p73 protein expression, failing to elevate or showing a lesser ability than PD or PD + ATO to elevate the TA/N ratio (Table 1; Figure 1A-B; representative data). The expression of p73 isoforms in ATO-treated blasts was different from what we observed in NB4 and K562 cell lines, in which ATO treatment did not affect TA-p73 and partially reduced N-p73 in both cell lines.4 Moreover, in patient 12 (responsive) who presented a strong basal expression of N-p73, treatment with ATO did not modulate its expression. Conversely, PD strongly inhibited N expression (Table 1; data not shown). The lack of p73 protein expression (patient 5) or the inability of PD to elevate the TA/N-p73 ratio (patient 18) resulted in loss of efficacy by PD+ATO treatment (Figure 1A-B; Table 1). View larger version (72K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 1.. MEK-1 inhibition sensitizes AML blasts to ATO-induced apoptosis. (A) Primary AML blasts were seeded at 2.5 x 105 in the presence of DMSO (vehicle) or PD184352 (1 µM) for 3 hours and then were incubated for 18 hours with the indicated concentration of ATO. Endogenous TA-p73, TA-p73, and N-p73 proteins were revealed by immunoblotting analysis using a mouse monoclonal anti-p73 (clone 1288) or a mouse monoclonal anti-Np73 (clone 38C674) antibody. Endogenous p53 was revealed by immunoblotting using a mouse monoclonal anti-p53 (DO-1) antibody. Anti–actin immunoblotting was performed as loading control. (B) TA-p73, TA-p73, N-p73, and -actin bands were subjected to densitometric scanning using the TINA 2 software, and the TA-(p73+p73)/N-p73 ratio was calculated. (C) Expression of PARP cleavage, Bax, PUMA, and p53AIP1 was revealed after 48 hours of treatment. Cell lysates were analyzed by immunoblotting analysis using mouse monoclonal anti-PARP (F2), rabbit polyclonal anti-Bax, rabbit polyclonal anti-PUMA, rabbit polyclonal anti-p53AIP1 (CT), and goat polyclonal anti–human actin. Antiactin immunoblotting was performed as loading control. (D) Primary AML blasts were cultured as described. After 48 hours of treatment, the cells were harvested for m detection by flow cytometry. Values are expressed as percentage of cells with low m. (inset) CI plot for the combination of escalating doses of PD184352 and ATO at a 1:1 ratio, obtained as described in the Table 1 footnote. The dashed line indicates a CI value of 1. CI, 1. (E) Primary AML blasts were cultured as described and were stained for annexin V binding. CTR indicates control; PD, PD184352 (1 µM).   Because p53 mutations, primarily 17p monosomy, have been detected in only approximately 5% of patients with AML,22-25 we also studied p53 protein expression in 21 of 25 patients. In 11 of 21 (52%) patients, p53 was strongly induced (more than 2-fold increase compared with control; Table 1) after treatment with ATO 2 µM or PD+ATO 2 µM, whereas in most (20 of 21) patients analyzed, monotreatment with neither PD nor ATO 1 µM (or their combination) was able to significantly promote p53 accumulation (Figure 1A; Table 1; representative data). Taken together, these data indicate that in AML blasts a high concentration of ATO (2 µM) promotes the accumulation of p73 and p53 protein levels, whereas at low concentration (1 µM), ATO induces only p73. Next we evaluated whether the changes in TA/N-p73 ratio observed in PD+ATO-compared with ATO-treated cells resulted in an increased expression of the proapoptotic p53/p73 target genes Bax, PUMA (p53 up-regulated modulator of apoptosis),26,27 and P53AIP1 (p53-regulated apoptosis-inducing protein 1). P53AIP1, a primary effector gene of wild-type p53 and TAp73-induced apoptosis,28,29 is located in mitochondria, and its overexpression induces massive apoptotic cell death through the dissipation of mitochondrial 28 m. Interestingly, after 48-hour treatment in 13 of 16 patients with AML, we found that Bax and PUMA proteins accumulated to a greater extent when cells were challenged with ATO treatment than when they were challenged with PD+ATO. p53AIP1 expression was greatly enhanced after PD+ATO treatment compared with ATO alone (2-fold or greater increase; Figure 1C; representative data), thereby confirming our previous findings that PD and ATO cooperate to induce and activate the p73-p53AIP1 pathway.4 In patient 23 (responsive), the combined treatment did not up-regulate P53AIP1, but the amount of Bax expression was 2.8-fold greater than was ATO treatment (data not shown). Conversely, no differences in p53AIP1, Bax, and PUMA expression between ATO and PD+ATO treatment were observed in nonresponsive patients (Figure 1C, patient 18). In responsive patients, combined treatment also led to increased poly–(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) fragmentation that reflected the increased apoptosis (Figure 1C). In agreement with the biochemical findings indicating the activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, we could also demonstrate that combined treatment with PD184352 and ATO strikingly potentiates the loss of m induced by ATO alone in the responsive AML blasts (Figure 1D; representative data). Indeed, isobologram analysis confirmed that the proapoptotic interaction between PD and ATO was synergistic (CI values equal to 0.85 or less; Figure 1D, inset). The loss of m and a decrease in the DNA content to sub-G1 levels were paralleled by the exposure of phosphatidylserine on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane (annexin V assay) (Figure 1E; representative data). Treatment with 1 µM ATO, a dose at which p73 but not p53 is accumulated, either alone or in combination with PD, led to increased levels of PUMA, BAX, or p53AIP1, suggesting that p73 indeed plays an important role in the transcriptional activation of p53/p73 proapoptotic target genes and apoptosis induction in most patients with AML (Figure 1C; patients 3, 6, 22). At higher concentrations of ATO, the accumulation of p73 and p53 indicated that both pathways could contribute to ATO- or PD+ATO-induced apoptosis. Recently, we demonstrated that MEK1 inhibition sensitizes parental and arsenic-resistant NB4 cell lines and APL primary blasts to ATO-induced apoptosis through the MEK1 inhibition-mediated dephosphorylation of Bad at Ser112, leading to an increased capacity to heterodimerize with Bcl-xL and Bcl-2, thereby blocking their antiapoptotic functions.7,30,31 Because Bcl-2 interacts with P53AIP1 in the mitochondrion and the overexpression of Bcl-2 blocks both the m down-regulation and the p53AIP1 proapoptotic activity,28,32 we also investigated Ser112 phosphorylation and Bad protein levels after ATO treatment, with and without MEK1 inhibitor in primary AML blasts (13 patients). Pretreatment with MEK1 inhibitor strongly increased the expression of dephosphorylated Bad and blunted the ATO-mediated phosphorylation of Bad at Ser112 in all AML patients analyzed, thus suggesting that this pathway might contribute, together with the p73-P53AIP1 pathway, to the induction of apoptosis in dual-treated cells (Figure 2; representative data). View larger version (45K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 2.. Effects of combined MEK inhibition and ATO treatment on Ser112 Bad phosphorylation and Bad protein levels in AML blasts. For the analysis of Bad phosphorylation, lysates were immunoprecipitated with rabbit polyclonal anti-Bad or with a control antibody, and the immunoprecipitated samples were subjected to 15% sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) followed by Western blot analysis with the anti–phospho-Ser112-Bad antibody. Filters were then stripped and reprobed with the anti-Bad antibody.   View larger version (53K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 3.. MEK blockade causes growth inhibition of leukemic cells and modulates p21Waf1/CIP1 expression in AML blasts. (A) Leukemic blasts from patients were cultured in the presence of PD 184352, ATO, or both for 48 hours and were stained for DNA content (*P < .05; **P < .001 vs control vehicle; Dunnett test). Values are mean ± SD. (B) AML blasts were cultured for 48 hours in the presence of PD 184352, ATO, or both and were subjected to Western blot analysis with mouse monoclonal anti-p21Waf1/Cip1 (DCS60).   To better understand the effect of the ATO and MEK inhibitors on cell proliferation in AML blasts, we analyzed cell cycle (25 patients) and p21 modulation (14 patients). We found that treatment with the MEK1 inhibitor or ATO, or both, significantly decreased cell cycle progression (Figure 3A) and up-regulated p21Waf1/CIP1 (Figure 3B; representative data) in the responsive patients but not in nonresponsive patients. View larger version (28K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 4.. N-p73 down-regulation potentiates ATO-induced apoptosis in K562 and NB4 cells. (A) Transfection of N-p73 siRNA, but not the unrelated GFP siRNA, led to a decrease in N-p73 in K562 cell counts without affecting the levels of the unrelated protein actin; K562 cells were transfected with an expression vector encoding for an HA-tagged version of Np73 alone or in the presence of siRNANp73 or siRNAGFP. Cells were lysed 24 hours after transfection, and N-p73 expression was assessed by anti-HA immunoblot. Sequences of the siRNA Np73 are siRNA Np73 sense 5'-CGUCGGUGACCCCGCACGGUU-3' and siRNA Np73 antisense 5'-CCGUGCGGGGUCACCGACGUU-3'. (B) Percentages of sub-G1 apoptotic K562 and NB4 cells treated with ATO were significantly increased in cells transfected with N-p73 siRNA relative to cells transfected with control siRNA (*P < .01; Dunnett test). K562 and NB4 cells were transfected with the indicated siRNAs and subsequently treated with ATO (2 µM for K562 and 1 µM for NB4) for 72 hours before apoptosis analysis. Values are mean ± SD of 4 independent experiments.   Finally, to confirm the biologic relevance of N-p73 modulation in response to ATO treatment, we silenced the expression of endogenous p73 transcripts by using specific siRNA. The selective down-regulation of Np73 sensitized K562 and NB4 leukemic cell lines to ATO-induced apoptosis (Figure 4i-ii), suggesting that it might have contributed to ATO resistance in leukemia cells. The importance of N-p73 in regulating apoptosis and cell transformation is supported by the observation that N-p73 indeed cooperates with oncogenic Ras in in vivo transformation assays33 and that Ras-MAPK pathway activation impairs ATO-induced apoptosis in leukemic cells.7 Taken together, our data indicate that the disruption of the MEK/MAPK pathway potentiates the antileukemic activity of ATO in AML blasts through the activation of p73 and Bad proapoptotic pathways, with the possible contribution, at high doses of ATO, of the p53 pathway. These findings provide a rationale for an effective and relatively specific therapeutic strategy for AML.    Footnotes   Submitted July 15, 2005; accepted January 21, 2006. Prepublished online as Blood First Edition Paper, February 7, 2006; DOI 10.1182/blood-2005-07-2829. Supported by the Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (AIRC) (A.B., A.C., M.L., F.L.-C.), by the Ministero dell'Istruzione dell'Università e della Ricerca Scientifica (MIUR Fondo Interesse Regionale [FIN] [A.B.], Fondo Interesse Locale [FIL] [A.B.], Progetto Ricerca Interesse Regionale [PRIN] [M.L.], Fondo Investimenti Ricerca di Base [FIRB] [M.L.], and "Progetto Strategico Oncologia SP/4: Terapia preclinica molecolare in oncologia [A.B.]), by European Community grant LSHC-CT-2004-503576 (M.L.), and by Telethon (M.L.). The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. Therefore, and solely to indicate this fact, this article is hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. section 1734. Reprints: Antonio Bonati, Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Hemato-Oncology, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43100 Parma, Italy; e-mail: antbonny{at}unipr.it; and Paolo Lunghi, Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Hemato-Oncology, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43100 Parma, Italy; e-mail: p.lunghi{at}libero.it.    References Top Abstract Introduction Study design Results and discussion References   Tallman MS, Nabhan C, Feusner JH, Rowe JM. Acute promyelocytic leukemia: evolving therapeutic strategies. Blood. 2002;99: 759-767.[Abstract/Free Full Text] Zhu J, Chen Z, Lallemand-Breitenbach V, de Thé H. How acute promyelocytic leukaemia revived arsenic. Nat Cancer Rev. 2002;2: 705-713. Ravandi F. Arsenic trioxide: expanding roles for an ancient drug? Leukemia. 2004;18: 1457-1459.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve] Lunghi P, Costanzo A, Levrero M, Bonati A. Treatment with arsenic trioxide (ATO) and MEK1 inhibitor activates the p73-p53AIP1 apoptotic pathway in leukemia cells. Blood. 2004;104: 519-525.[Abstract/Free Full Text] Jing Y, Wang L, Xia LJ, et al. Combined effect of all-trans retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells in vitro and in vivo. Blood. 2001;97: 264-269.[Abstract/Free Full Text] Diaz Z, Colombo M, Mann KK, et al. Trolox selectively enhances arsenic-mediated oxidative stress and apoptosis in APL and other malignant cell lines. Blood. 2005;105: 1237-1245.[Abstract/Free Full Text] Lunghi P, Tabilio A, Lo-Coco F, Pelicci PG, Bonati A. Arsenic trioxide (ATO) and MEK1 inhibition synergize to induce apoptosis in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells. Leukemia. 2005;19: 234-244.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve] Milella M, Kornblau SM, Estrov Z, et al. Therapeutic targeting of the MEK/MAPK signal transduction module in acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Invest. 2001;108: 851-859.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve] Kaghad M, Bonnet H, Yang A, et al. Monoallelically expressed gene related to p53 at 1p36, a region frequently deleted in neuroblastoma and other human cancers. Cell. 1997;90: 809-819.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve] Melino G, De Laurenzi V, Vousden KH. p73: friend or foe in tumorigenesis. Nat Rev Cancer. 2002;2: 605-615.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve] Yang A, Kaghad M, Caput D, McKeon F. On the shoulders of giants: p63, p73 and the rise of p53. Trends Genet. 2002;18: 90-95.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve] Jost CA, Marin MC, Kaelin WG Jr. p73 is a simian p53-related protein that can induce apoptosis. Nature. 1997;389: 191-194.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve] Gong J, Costanzo A, Yang HQ, et al. The tyrosine kinase c-Abl regulates p73 in apoptotic response to cisplatin-induced DNA damage. Nature. 1999; 399: 806-809.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve] Agami R, Blandino G, Oren M, et al. Interaction of c-Abl and p73 and their collaboration to induce apoptosis. Nature. 1999;399: 809-813.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve] Flores ER, Tsai KY, Crowley D, et al. p63 and p73 are required for p53-dependent apoptosis in response to DNA damage. Nature. 2002;416: 560-564.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve] De Laurenzi V, Costanzo A, Barcaroli D, et al. Two new p73 splice variants, and , with different transcriptional activity. J Exp Med. 1998;188: 1763-1768.[Abstract/Free Full Text] Pozniak CD, Radinovic S, Yang A, et al. An anti-apoptotic role for the p53 family member, p73, during developmental neuron death. Science. 2000;289: 304-306.[Abstract/Free Full Text] Grob TJ, Novak U, Maisse C, et al. Human Np73 regulates a dominant negative feedback loop for TAp73 and p53. Cell Death Differ. 2001;8: 1213-1223.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve] Ishimoto O, Kawahara C, Enjo K, et al. Possible oncogenic potential of DeltaNp73: a newly identified isoform of human p73. Cancer Res. 2002;62: 636-641.[Abstract/Free Full Text] Stiewe T, Zimmermann S, Frilling A, et al. Transactivation-deficient DeltaTA-p73 acts as an oncogene. Cancer Res. 2002;62: 3598-3602.[Abstract/Free Full Text] Rizzo MG, Giombini E, Diverio D, et al. Analysis of p73 expression pattern in acute myeloid leukemias: lack of DeltaN-p73 expression is a frequent feature of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Leukemia. 2004;18: 1804-1809[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve] Hu G, Zhang W, Deisseroth AB. p53 gene mutations in acute myelogenous leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 1992;81: 489-494.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve] Schottelius A, Brennscheidt U, Ludwig WD, Mertelsmann RH, Herrmann F. Mechanisms of p53 alteration in acute leukemias. Leukemia. 1994;8: 1673-1681.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve] Soenen V, Preudhomme C, Roumier C, Daudignon A, Lai JL, Fenaux P. 17p deletion acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome: analysis of breakpoints and deleted segments by fluorescence in situ. Blood. 1998;91: 1008-1015.[Abstract/Free Full Text] Nakano Y, Naoe T, Kiyoi H, et al. Prognostic value of p53 gene mutations and product expression in de novo acute myeloid leukemia. Eur J Haematol. 2000;65: 23-31.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve] Cartron PF, Gallenne T, Bougras G, et al. The first alpha helix of Bax plays a necessary role in its ligand-induced activation by the BH3-only proteins Bid and PUMA. Mol Cell. 2004;16: 807-818.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve] Melino G, Bernassola F, Ranalli M, et al. p73 induces apoptosis via PUMA transactivation and Bax mitochondrial translocation. J Biol Chem. 2004;279: 8076-8083.[Abstract/Free Full Text] Oda K, Arakawa H, Tanaka T, et al. p53AIP1, a potential mediator of p53-dependent apoptosis, and its regulation by Ser-46-phosphorylated p53. Cell. 2000;102: 849-862.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve] Costanzo A, Merlo P, Pediconi N, et al. DNA damage-dependent acetylation of p73 dictates the selective activation of apoptotic target genes. Mol Cell. 2002;9: 175-186.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve] Yang E, Zha J, Jockel J, Boise LH, Thompson CB, Korsmeyer S. Bad, a heterodimeric partner for Bcl-xL and Bcl-2, displaces Bax and promotes cell death. Cell. 1995;80: 285-291.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve] Ottilie S, Diaz JL, Horne W, et al. Dimerization properties of human BAD. J Biol Chem. 1997; 272: 30866-30872.[Abstract/Free Full Text] Matsuda K, Yoshida K, Taya Y, Nakamura K, Nakamura Y, Arakawa H. p53AIP1 regulates the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Cancer Res. 2002;62: 2883-2889.[Abstract/Free Full Text] Petrenko O, Zaika A, Moll UM. deltaNp73 facilitates cell immortalization and cooperates with oncogenic Ras in cellular transformation in vivo. Mol Cell Biol. 2003;23: 5540-5555.[Abstract/Free Full Text] CiteULike    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    What's this? This article has been cited by other articles: L. C. Platanias Biological Responses to Arsenic Compounds J. Biol. Chem., July 10, 2009; 284(28): 18583 - 18587. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] B. C. Bornhauser, L. Bonapace, D. Lindholm, R. Martinez, G. Cario, M. Schrappe, F. K. Niggli, B. W. Schafer, and J.-P. Bourquin Low-dose arsenic trioxide sensitizes glucocorticoid-resistant acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells to dexamethasone via an Akt-dependent pathway Blood, September 15, 2007; 110(6): 2084 - 2091. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] G. S. Dbaibo, Y. Kfoury, N. Darwiche, S. Panjarian, L. Kozhaya, R. Nasr, M. Abdallah, O. Hermine, M. El-Sabban, H. de The, et al. Arsenic trioxide induces accumulation of cytotoxic levels of ceramide in acute promyelocytic leukemia and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma cells through de novo ceramide synthesis and inhibition of glucosylceramide synthase activity Haematologica, June 1, 2007; 92(6): 753 - 762. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] C. Bozzetti, R. Nizzoli, A. Musolino, E. M. Martella, P. Crafa, C. A. Lagrasta, R. Camisa, A. Bonati, P. Lunghi, and A. Ardizzoni p73 and p53 Pathway in Human Breast Cancers J. Clin. Oncol., April 10, 2007; 25(11): 1451 - 1453. [Full Text] [PDF] P. Lunghi, L. Mazzera, V. Rizzoli, and A. Bonati Mdm2 Inhibitor Nutlin-3 Enhances the Cytotoxic Synergism Induced by the Combination of MEK1 Inhibitor and Arsenic Trioxide (ATO) in AML Cells. Blood (ASH Annual Meeting Abstracts), November 16, 2006; 108(11): 1364 - 1364. [Abstract] [PDF] This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) All Versions of this Article: 2005-07-2829v1 107/11/4549    most recent Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Rights and Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via CrossRef Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Lunghi, P. Articles by Bonati, A. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Lunghi, P. Articles by Bonati, A. Related Collections Neoplasia Apoptosis Cell Cycle Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressors Signal Transduction Social Bookmarking                   What's this?

	Copyright © 2006 by American Society of Hematology         Online ISSN: 1528-0020