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Blood, 15 September 2006, Vol. 108, No. 6, pp. 2121-2123. Prepublished online as a Blood First Edition Paper on May 30, 2006; DOI 10.1182/blood-2006-03-013599.
TRANSPLANTATION Short-term repopulating cells with myeloid potential in human mobilized peripheral blood do not have a side population (SP) phenotypeFrom the Department of Internal Medicine I, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany; the Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany; the Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany; the Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; the Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; the National Center for Tumor Diseases, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; and the Experimental Hematology Research Foundation, Molecular and Gene Therapy Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, OH.
Clinical use of purified hematopoietic stem cells in myeloablated patients requires cotransplantation of short-term repopulating cells (STRCs) to ensure timely count recovery. Here, we investigated the flow fluorescence-based side population (SP) phenotype of mobilized human peripheral blood (mPB) cells that rapidly repopulate the highly permissive nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID)–  2 microglobulin–/– mouse. No SP cells from this source regenerated detectable progeny in these mice before 8 weeks, although by 12 weeks human B-lymphoid cells were seen in some recipients of SP mPB cells. All myeloid reconstituting activity, including that seen within 3 weeks after transplantation, was associated with the non-SP fraction. Isolation of SP cells depletes human mPB of the rapid myeloid reconstitution capacity provided by myeloid-restricted STRCs which are vital for early hematologic recovery in clinical transplant recipients.
Rapid and sustained multilineage hematopoietic reconstitutions are both important requirements for the safe use of clinical hematopoietic cell transplants. We have previously shown that the progeny of human and primate cells with rapid but short-term repopulating activity (STRCs) dominate hematopoiesis early after their transplantation into permissive hosts, and these cell types are therefore likely to control the pace of hematopoietic recovery in patients who receive a transplant with cultured stem cells.1-3 Consequently, strategies aimed to deplete stem cell transplants from leukemic or cancer stem cells or to enrich normal hematopoietic stem cells for modification in vitro need to be tested for their STRC content, as can be efficiently achieved by intravenous or intrafemoral transplantation of highly immunodeficient mice.1,4-7 Side population (SP) cells are defined by their ability to rapidly efflux the fluorescent DNA-binding dye Hoechst 33 342. This methodology has been widely used to enrich stem cells from murine muscle, skin, kidney, liver, and hematopoietic tissue,8,9 as well as normal stem cells from human fetal liver10 and acute myeloid leukemia samples.11,12 Here, we asked whether normal adult human STRCs also have an SP phenotype.
Cell purification White blood cells were collected by apheresis from 2 patients with lymphoma after mobilization chemotherapy followed by daily injections of human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and from 7 healthy allogeneic stem cell donors after their treatment exclusively with G-CSF according to protocols approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Freiburg University School of Medicine after obtaining informed consent according to the Declaration of Helsinki. Low-density (LD; < 1.077 g/mL) mobilized human peripheral blood (mPB) cells were isolated by Ficoll-Hyqaque (PAA Laboratories, Linz, Austria) density gradient centrifugation. Hoechst staining was done as reported previously.13,14 Briefly, cells were suspended in Hanks balanced salt solution (Gibco, Paisley, United Kingdom) plus 10 mM HEPES buffer (Gibco) and 2% FBS (StemCell Technologies, Vancouver, BC, Canada) at 2 x 107 cells/mL and then stained for 30 minutes on ice with FITC-conjugated anti-CD3 antibody (Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA). Viability after the Hoechst 33342 staining and isolation procedure was 79.8% ± 4.2% (mean ± SEM) with a total cell recovery of 15.5% ± 1.4%. CD3– SP, and CD3– non-SP cells were sorted on a dual laser MoFlow (Cytomation, Fort Collins, CO). Progenitor assays Progenitor assays were done as previously described.9 Myeloid (ie, erythroid, granulopoietic, and mixed erythroid-granulopoietic) colony-forming cell (CFC) content was assessed either directly or after 8 days in suspension culture in DMEM containing 10% FCS, 100 ng/mL SCF, 100 ng/mL Flt-3 ligand, 50 ng/mL TPO, 30 ng/mL IL-3, and 20 ng/mL IL-6 (R&D Systems, Wiesbaden-Nordenstadt, Germany). Xenotransplantation
CD3– SP and CD3– non-SP cells were injected intravenously at limiting dilutions into sublethally irradiated (325 cGy) NOD/LtSz-Prkdcscid Prkdcscid-
A small but distinct verapamil-sensitive SP population (0.023% ± 0.007%) was detected in 9 mPB samples analyzed. SP cell staining and sorting did not affect the clonogenicity of the sorted cells; however, greater than 95% of all CFCs were recovered in the non-SP fraction. Nevertheless, a small fraction of CFCs were found to have an SP phenotype, and these CFCs constituted 16% of the total SP fraction (n = 3). Moreover, the SP cells also contained cells that were able to generate myeloid CFCs after 8 days in culture in the presence of SCF, flt-3 ligand, TPO, IL-3, and IL-6, as shown by the maintenance of CFCs at a frequency of 18% in the cultured cells and a 4.4-fold net increase in their numbers (n = 3). In contrast, when 104 cultured non-SP cells were assayed for CFCs, none were detected (n = 3), demonstrating an enrichment of immature myeloid CFC-precursors in the SP fraction.
CD3– SP and CD3– non-SP cells were also injected intravenously at limiting dilutions into a total of 104 sublethally irradiated NOD/SCID-
After transplantation of SP cells, no human myeloid cells (CD33+, CD15+, CD66b+, glycophorin A+), T cells (CD3+), natural killer cells (CD56+), or CD34+ cells were detectable in the bone marrow of the mice at any time point (3, 8, or 12 weeks after transplantation). Interestingly, however, a late appearance of human B-lymphoid cells was observed at 12 weeks after transplant in some recipients (Figure 1). These results suggest the existence of an SP repopulating cell that is lymphoid restricted. Because adult NOD/SCID- 2m–/– mice do not support robust human natural killer (NK) or T-cell development, the possibility that these SP cells could have additional lymphoid differentiation abilities cannot be excluded. Evidence of a NK precursor detectable in vitro that lacks myeloid differentiation potential has previously been described in the SP fraction of human cord blood cells,15 and separable cell types with NK or B-lymphoid in vitro differentiation potential have also been reported.16
It should be noted that the present experiments do not provide information about the SP phenotype of human mPB cells with long-term repopulating activity. In fact such experiments are not currently feasible because of the greater than 10-fold lower frequencies of long-term repopulating cells (LTRCs) in mPB harvests,1,18 and these cells would not have been detected in the transplant doses used here which already required maximally practical sorting times (4 hours) and starting cell numbers. We have, however, previously established using the same sorting protocol, that all of the LTRCs in human fetal liver (in which LTRC are > 100 times more prevalent than in mPB) have an SP phenotype.17,18 Our study demonstrates that purification of SP cells depletes human mPB transplants of STRC-M activity. The Hoechst staining and sorting procedure also appears to affect their megakaryocytic and granulocytic differentiation activity. Because Hoechst dye intercalates into DNA, and the sort process involves UV light exposure, potential mutagenic effects of SP sorts need also to be considered. In addition to the difficulty of upscaling this staining and sorting procedure for clinical applications, our results raise concerns about critical cell types that would be eliminated using SP cell–enriched transplants.
We thank Marie Follow and Klaus Geiger for cell sorting. We also gratefully acknowledge helpful discussions and support from Dr C. Peters and Dr R. Mertelsmann.
Submitted March 31, 2006; accepted April 21, 2006.
Prepublished online as Blood First Edition Paper, May 30, 2006; DOI 10.1182/blood-2006-03-013599.
Supported by grants from the Dr Mildred Scheel Stiftung für Krebsforschung, Bonn, Germany (H.G.), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (grant Ka 976/4-1) (C.v.K.), the German Minister for Education and Research (grant D1 KV9527/7) (C.v.K.), the National Institutes of Health (grant P01-HL55435) (C.J.E.), the National Cancer Institute of Canada (grant 013003 with funds from the Terry Fox Run) (C.J.E.), and the Stem Cell Network (C.J.E.).
The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. Therefore, and solely to indicate this fact, this article is hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. section 1734.
Reprints: Christof von Kalle, Department of Translational Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, NCT-Heidelberg, Otto-Meyerhof-Zentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; e-mail: christof.kalle{at}nct-heidelberg.de.
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Abstract
Introduction
