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Blood, 1 January 2008, Vol. 111, No. 1, pp. 387-391. Prepublished online as a Blood First Edition Paper on October 16, 2007; DOI 10.1182/blood-2007-07-092015.
NEOPLASIA t(6;14)(p22;q32): a new recurrent IGH@ translocation involving ID4 in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL)1 Leukaemia Research Cytogenetics Group, Cancer Sciences Division, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom; 2 Medical Research Council (MRC) Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; 3 Institute of Human Genetics and 4 Department of Pediatrics, University-Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany; 5 Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury, United Kingdom; and 6 Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, University College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
Translocations involving the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus (IGH@) at chromosome band 14q32 are common in mature B-cell neoplasms, but are rare in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL). Here, we report the translocation, t(6;14)(p22;q32), involving IGH@ as a novel recurrent translocation in 13 BCP-ALL patients. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and long-distance inverse polymerase chain reaction (PCR) identified ID4 as the partner gene. Breakpoints were scattered over a 19kb region centromeric of ID4. Quantitative real-time PCR showed up-regulation of ID4 mRNA. All patients had deletions of CDKN2A and PAX5 located on the short arm of chromosome 9, frequently as a result of an isochromosome, i(9)(q10) (9/13, 69%). This study defines a new subgroup of BCP-ALL characterized by ID4 over-expression and CDKN2A and PAX5 deletions. Preliminary survival data suggest that this subgroup may be associated with a good response to therapy.
Chromosomal translocations lead to oncogene activation in hematologic malignancies, where they play an important role both at diagnosis and as an indicator of prognosis. Rearrangements involving the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus (IGH@) at chromosome band 14q32 are frequently observed in mature B-cell neoplasms,1,2 although a number are now emerging in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL).3–10 The translocation, t(6;14)(p22;q32), has been reported in 2 independent cases of BCP-ALL.7,8 It was shown that as a consequence of juxtaposing to the IGH@ enhancer, the partner gene, ID4, was overexpressed.7 We report here a further 13 cases, indicating the recurrent nature of this translocation in BCP-ALL. Moreover, we note an association with other consistent genetic features, including deletions of CDKN2A and PAX5.
Patient samples Samples were received from patients with the translocation, t(6;14)(p22;q32), entered in the UK childhood (UKALLXI, ALL97, or ALL2003) or adult (UKALLXII) ALL treatment trials or the German ALL-BFM 2000 trial (Table 1), after informed consent was obtained in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Institutional Review Board approval was provided by each participating institution (University of Southampton, University of Leicester, and University-Hospital Schleswig-Holstein).
Cytogenetics and fluorescence in situ hybridization Cytogenetics and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) were performed on the same diagnostic samples. The involvement of IGH@ was determined by interphase FISH, using the commercially available IGH@ break-apart probe (Abbott Diagnostics, Abbott Park, IL). A home-grown dual-color, break-apart probe (consisting of BACs: RP11-377N20 and RP3-498I24; all clones from Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom) and a dual-color, dual-fusion probe (IGH@-ID4; Figure 1A) were designed to detect the presence of the translocation in metaphase and interphase, respectively. A commercially available probe to CDKN2A (Abbott Diagnostics) and a home-grown probe to PAX5 (BACs: RP11-344B23 and RP11-297B17) were used to evaluate deletions of 9p. FISH mapping was carried out as reported previously.9
Long-distance inverse polymerase chain reaction Long-distance inverse polymerase chain reaction (LDI-PCR) from IGHJ was carried out as previously described.9 Quantitative real-time PCR Total cellular RNA, extracted from the same diagnostic samples, was available from 2 patients: 6120 and 16503. Quantitative analysis was performed using Applied Biosytems (Foster City, CA) MGB probes, as previously described.9
Patient details Thirteen BCP-ALL patients with t(6;14)(p22;q32) were identified (Figure 1B), indicating the recurrent nature of this translocation. Clinical and demographic data are shown in Table 1. All patients had a common/pre-B ALL immunophenotype with positive expression of CD10, CD19, HLA-DR and TdT where data were available. No patient showed positivity for surface IgM, T-cell, or myeloid markers. White blood cell counts were low (median, 3 x 109/L; range, 1-11 x 109/L) and patients were older than expected for BCP-ALL (median 16 years, range 6-48). All patients for whom outcome data were available (n = 10) achieved a complete remission (CR). Two patients died in CR, while 8 remain in CR; 5 for more than 5 years. Although the number of patients is small, their outcome appears to be good, especially among this age group. Molecular characterization of 6p22 breakpoints using FISH, LDI-PCR, and quantitative real-time PCR The involvement of IGH@ was confirmed by a positive interphase FISH result in 10 patients with available material (Table 1). The 5' IGH@ signal relocated to 6p in metaphases. Because a previous report had indicated involvement of ID4,7 the dual-color, break-apart FISH probe to ID4 was applied to metaphases (Figure 1C). This confirmed that the breakpoint was located close to ID4. The novel dual-color, dual-fusion probe (Figure 1A) showed a positive signal pattern in all 10 IGH@ positive cases (Table 1), indicating the reliability of this probe for the identification of this subtle translocation in interphase. Breakpoint cloning by LDI-PCR was successful in the 3 cases with available high-molecular weight DNA. The breakpoints of IGH@ were within the IGHJ segments, while those in 6p22 were located centromeric (3') of ID4 (Figure 1A,D). Quantitative real-time PCR confirmed over-expression of ID4 (Assay ID, Hs_00155465, Applied Biosystems) mRNA in 2 patients with t(6;14)(p22;q32) (Table 2).
Associated cytogenetic changes An abnormality of the short arm of chromosome 9 (9p) was visible by conventional cytogenetics in 12 patients. Interestingly, this manifested as an isochromosome [i(9)(q10)], a rare mechanism of 9p loss, in 9 patients, also reported in one previously published case.8 FISH showed either a monoallelic (n = 6) or biallelic (n = 4) deletion of CDKN2A in all 10 patients tested (Table 1), including the single case (7294) without a cytogenetically visible deletion of 9p, and an additional submicroscopic 9p deletion in cases 2125 and 12284. A monoallelic deletion of PAX5 was indicated in all cases, either from the presence of an i(9)(q10) (n = 9) or by FISH (n = 4) (Table 1). 2 of the 4 patients tested by FISH for PAX5 deletions showed biallelic deletions of CDKN2A. PAX5 mRNA (Assay ID, Hs_01045950, Applied Biosystems) expression was found to be decreased in patients 6120 and 16503 (Table 2). ID4 is one of 4 members of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family of transcription factors, which act as transcription inhibitory proteins.12 They play a role in regulation of numerous cellular processes, including growth, differentiation, senescence and apoptosis.13 ID proteins have recently been shown to play a unique role in hematopoeitic cell development14 and to induce apoptosis in a variety of cell types,15,16 including B-lymphocytes.17 Consistent with a tumor-suppressor role, down-regulation of ID4 has been reported in both mouse and human leukemias at a high frequency, arising from aberrant methylation within the promoter region of the gene.18 In contrast, ID gene family members have been reported to show overexpression in a range of cancer types,19–23 as well as one case of BCP-ALL with t(6;14)(p22;q32).7 Collectively, these observations indicate that the effects of ID4 appear to be context dependent; leading to either increased proliferation or increased cell death according to which cell lineage is involved. It could be that ID4 expression differentially affects lymphoid cells compared with myeloid cells. In this regard, ID4 appears to act in a similar manner to the CEBP proteins, whose expression in most instances results in growth suppression but, as we have previously postulated, aberrant expression of CEBP proteins may lead to transformation in some B-cell precursors.9,10 Although CDKN2A and PAX5 deletions have been well documented in all subgroups of ALL,24–26 their consistent loss in association with t(6;14)(p22;q32) indicates an interaction between these pathways and a pivotal role for one or both genes. A recent extensive study showed a decrease in PAX5 mRNA expression in 31.7% of childhood BCP-ALL.26 They reported diminished PAX5 expression or loss of PAX5 functions occurring via a number of different mechanisms including: deletion (with retention of an apparently normal second allele, suggesting haploinsufficiency); translocation, resulting in PAX5 fusion genes; epigenetic silencing; or, more rarely, mutation. The mutation status of the second PAX5 allele could not be determined in this study due to lack of material. This is the first report of a recurrent, novel subgroup of IGH@ positive BCP-ALL with t(6;14)(p22;q32), resulting in deregulated expression of ID4 in cooperation with loss of CDKN2A and PAX5. These findings implicate ID4 as a dominant oncogene in these patients.
Contribution: L.J.R., C.J.H., M.J.S.D., and R.S. designed the research and wrote the paper. L.J.R., L.H., I.N., S.G., T.A., A.M., K.S., and E.L.K. carried out the experiments and analyzed the data. F.R., H.M., and A.C. provided clinical material. A.V.M provided clinical data. J.C.S played a technical supervisory role. All authors critically reviewed the manuscript. Conflict-of-interest disclosure: The authors declare no competing financial interests. Correspondence: Professor Christine J. Harrison, PhD, FRCPath, Leukaemia Research Cytogenetics Group, Cancer Sciences Division, University of Southampton, MP822, Duthie Building, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; e-mail: Harrison{at}soton.ac.uk.
The authors would like to thank all members of the UK Cancer Cytogenetics Group for providing cytogenetic data and the Clinical Trial Service Unit (CTSU, University of Oxford, United Kingdom) for providing clinical data. This study could not have been performed without the dedication of the United Kingdom Children's Cancer and Leukemia Group and Adult Leukemia Working Party and their members, who designed and coordinated the clinical trials through which these patients were identified and in which they were treated. This work was supported by Leukaemia Research (London, United Kingdom), Medical Research Council (London, United Kingdom), Deutsche Krebshilfe (Bonn, Germany), and Kider-Krebs-Initiative Buchholx (Holm-Seppensen, Germany).
Submitted July 2, 2007; accepted September 19, 2007.
Prepublished online as Blood First Edition Paper, October 16, 2007
DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-07-092015
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Abstract
Introduction
