Blood, Vol. 89 No. 3 (February 1), 1997:
pp. 1111-1111
CORRESPONDENCE
In Vitro Hypersensitivity to Oxygen of Fanconi Anemia (FA) Cells Is Linked to Ex Vivo Evidence for Oxidative Stress in FA Homozygotes and Heterozygotes
 |
LETTER |
To the Editor:
The report by Whitney et al1 provides a brief mention of a phenotypic feature of Fanconi anemia (FA) cells related to oxygen hypersensitivity. However, one2 of the two citations used may lead the reader to overlook the in vivo relevance of this phenomenon, as the investigators attributed a "secondary" role for oxygen sensitivity in FA cells. A previous report by Liu et al3 devoted a section to the abnormalities of oxygen metabolism in FA cells; however, no clear distinction was made between the results of in vitro studies versus the ex vivo data as reported by Korkina et al.4 Therefore, it is worthwhile to consider the subject of oxidative stress in FA with a reappraisal of the consistency between in vitro and ex vivo evidence.
An involvement of oxidative stress in FA has been long suspected, starting from the pioneering study by Nordenson,5 who reported an improvement of chromosomal instability following addition of catalase or Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu,ZnSOD) to cell cultures. Further studies pointed to analogous results by exposing FA cells to low-molecular-weight antioxidants or to a decreased oxygen level.6-9 Schindler and Hoehn10 showed a G2 cell-cycle delay in FA cells, which was counteracted by culturing cells in 5% O2 , and a recent report from the same group suggested a major role for free iron, and not for superoxide- or H2O2-forming systems in inducing G2 arrest in FA cells.11 Overall, the information available from in vitro studies suggested excess O2 (Fe?) sensitivity of FA cells, although some studies led to controversial conclusions, eg, reporting the lack of oxygen effect following viral transfection2 or on FAC gene expression.12 However, these data may have been biased by virus-induced cell immortalization.12
A series of ex vivo studies provided evidence that an abnormality in O2 metabolism is not merely a cell culture artifact. Rumyantsev et al13 first reported that freshly drawn white blood cells (WBCs) from FA patients and from their parents produced excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) as detected by luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (LDCL). These data were confirmed on an extended set of Italian FA families,4 mostly belonging to the FA(A) group.14 Subsequent studies corroborated those early reports:
(1) Circulating WBCs from FA(A) patients displayed excess levels of the oxidative DNA damage, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8OHdG), correlated with LDCL activity as well as with chromosomal instability.15 These data were consistent with the observation of excess 8OHdG formation in FA(A) cell lines submitted to H2O2 stress.16 Thus, both ex vivo and in vitro evidence pointed to a direct link between ROS formation, oxidative DNA damage, and chromosomal breakages in FA.
(2) Clastogenic factor (CF ) was detected in plasma from FA(A) patients, and their siblings and parents.17 CF was obtained by plasma ultrafiltration, increasing the frequencies of chromosomal breakages in cells from healthy donors. The loss of clastogenic activity by SOD or low-molecular-weight scavengers suggested that plasma CF in FA homozygotes and heterozygotes could be related to the occurrence of in vivo oxidative stress.
(3) Tumor necrosis factor-
(TNF-) was found to be significantly increased in FA patients versus control plasma.18 Because TNF- is a recognized effector of ROS release from phagocytes, its elevated levels may be associated with phagocyte activation. Which relationship, if any, exists between TNF- and CF is a question deserving further investigation. However, the present data suggest that FA patients have a "prooxidant plasma," possibly arising from activated phagocytes.
Lastly, the observation of erythrophagocytosis in bone marrow from early stage FA patients19 can be viewed as an in vivo condition consistent with a chronic activation of phagocytes.
One limitation in the above data is that studies have been conducted so far either on FA(A) cells4,14-16 or plasma,17 or on cells with unknown FA gene defects.13,18,19 Therefore, further ex vivo studies are required to ascertain any differences in oxidative activity as related to the other FA subtypes.
Notwithstanding the above limitation, the available evidence points to oxidative stress as a major phenotypic hallmark in FA that cannot be overlooked in FA clinical history. The major role for neutrophils in ROS formation, their enhanced depletion in FA progression, as well as the multiple cellular interactions of neutrophils (with, eg, platelets, endothelium, and chondrocytes), altogether make the neutrophil a prime candidate as the affected cell in FA. Ongoing investigations on the roles for FA neutrophils are expected to provide relevant information on the pathogenesis of this disorder.
Giovanni Pagano
Italian National Cancer Institute G. Pascale Foundation Naples, Italy
Ludmila G. Korkina
Russian Institute of Pediatric Hematology Moscow, Russia
Paolo Degan
IST Genoa, Italy
Domenico Del Principe
2nd Rome University Medical School Rome, Italy
Barbara Lindau-Shepard
Department of Veterans Affairs Samuel S. Stratton Medical Center Albany, NY
Adriana Zatterale
Cytogenetics Unit, Elena D'Aosta Hospital Naples, Italy
Claudio Franceschi
Institute of General Pathology University of Modena Medical School Modena, Italy
| |
REFERENCES |
1.
Whitney MA,
Royle G,
Low MJ,
Kelly MA,
Axthelm MK,
Reifsteck C,
Olson S,
Braun RE,
Heinrich MC,
Rathbun RK,
Bagby GC,
Grompe M:
Germ cell defects and hematopoietic sensitivity to 
-interferon in mice with a targeted disruption of the Fanconi anemia C gene.
Blood
88:49,
1996[Abstract/Free Full Text]
2.
Saito H,
Hammond AT,
Moses RE:
Hypersensitivity to oxygen is a uniform and secondary defect in Fanconi anemia cells.
Mutat Res
294:255,
1993[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
3.
Liu JM,
Buchwald M,
Walsh CE,
Young NS:
Fanconi anemia and novel strategies for therapy.
Blood
84:3995,
1994[Free Full Text]
4.
Korkina LG,
Samochatova EV,
Maschan AA,
Suslova TB,
Cheremisina ZP,
Afanas'ev IB:
Release of active oxygen radicals by leukocytes of Fanconi's anemia patients.
J Leukoc Biol
52:357,
1992[Abstract]
5.
Nordenson I:
Effect of superoxide dismutase and catalase on spontaneously occurring chromosome breaks in patients with Fanconi's anemia.
Hereditas
86:147,
1977[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
6.
Raj AS,
Heddle JA:
The effect of superoxide dismutase, catalase and L-cysteine on spontaneous and on mitomycin C induced chromosomal breakage in Fanconi's anemia and normal fibroblasts as measured by the micronucleus method.
Mutat Res
78:59,
1980[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
7.
Joenje H,
Arwert F,
Eriksson AW,
de Koning H,
Oostra:
AB Oxygen-dependence of chromosomal aberrations in Fanconi's anaemia.
Nature
290:142,
1981[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
8.
Dallapiccola B,
Porfirio B,
Mokini V,
Alimena G,
Isacchi G,
Gandini E:
Effect of oxidants and antioxidants on chromosomal breakage in Fanconi's anemia lymphocytes.
Hum Genet
69:62,
1985[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
9. Joenje H, Gille JJP: Oxygen metabolism and chromosomal breakage in Fanconi's anemia, in Schroeder-Kurt TM, Auerbach AD, Obe G (eds): Fanconi Anemia: Clinical, Cytogenetic and Experimental Aspects, Berlin, Germany, Springer, 1989, p 174
10.
Schindler D,
Hoehn H:
Fanconi anemia mutation causes cellular susceptibility to ambient oxygen.
Am J Hum Genet
43:429,
1988[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
11.
Poot M,
Gross O,
Epe B,
Pflaum M,
Hoehn H:
Cell cycle defect in connection with oxygen and iron sensitivity in Fanconi anemia lymphoblastoid cells.
Exp Cell Res
222:262,
1996[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
12.
Joenje H,
Youssoufian H,
Kruyt FAE,
dos Santos C,
Wevrick R,
Buchwald M:
Expression of the Fanconi anemia gene FAC in human cell lines: Lack of effect of oxygen tension.
Blood Cells Mol Dis
21:182,
1995[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
13.
Rumyantsev AG,
Samochatova EV,
Afanas'ev IB,
Korkina LG,
Suslova TB,
Cheremisina ZP,
Maschan AA,
Durnev AD,
Lurye BL:
The role of free oxygen radicals in the pathogenesis of Fanconi's anemia (in Russian).
Ter Arkh
61:32,
1989
14.
Savoia A,
Zatterale A,
Del Principe D,
Joenje H:
Fanconi anaemia in Italy: High prevalence of complementation group A in two geographic clusters.
Hum Genet
97:599,
1996[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
15.
Degan P,
Bonassi S,
De Caterina M,
Korkina LG,
Pinto L,
Scopacasa F,
Zatterale A,
Calzone R,
Pagano G:
In vivo accumulation of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine in DNA correlates with release of reactive oxygen species in Fanconi's anaemia families.
Carcinogenesis
16:735,
1995[Abstract/Free Full Text]
16.
Takeuchi T,
Morimoto K:
Increased formation of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, an oxidative DNA damage, in lymphoblasts from Fanconi's anemia patients due to possible catalase deficiency.
Carcinogenesis
14:1115,
1993[Abstract/Free Full Text]
17.
Emerit I,
Levy A,
Pagano G,
Pinto L,
Calzone R,
Zatterale A:
Transferable clastogenic activity in plasma from patients with FA.
Hum Genet
96:14,
1995[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
18.
Schulz JC,
Shahidi NT:
Tumor necrosis factor- overproduction in Fanconi's anemia.
Am J Hematol
42:196,
1993[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
19.
Gordon-Smith EC,
Rutherford TR:
Fanconi anemia: Constitutional aplastic anemia.
Semin Hematol
28:104,
1991[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
