|
|
 Previous Article | Table of Contents | Next Article 
Blood, Vol. 90 No. 9 (November 1), 1997:
pp. 3640-3646
A Monocyte Conditioned Medium Is More Effective Than Defined Cytokines in Mediating the Terminal Maturation of Human Dendritic Cells
By
Anita Reddy,
Mark Sapp,
Mary Feldman,
Marion Subklewe, and
Nina Bhardwaj
From the Rockefeller University, New York, NY; and the Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY.
 |
ABSTRACT |
Mature human dendritic cells can be generated in substantial numbers from nonproliferating progenitors in human blood using a two-step protocol. T cell-depleted mononuclear cells are first cultured with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-4 (IL-4) and then exposed to monocyte conditioned medium (MCM). The dendritic cells generated using this approach are rendered terminally mature and are the most potent antigen presenting cells identified to date in humans. We sought to characterize factors in MCM that induce the terminal differentiation of dendritic cells. MCM contained substantial, although varying, quantities of several factors including tumor necrosis factor- , IL-1 , IL-6, and interferon-. However, none of the four factors, individually or in various combinations, could fully substitute for the MCM to generate irreversibly differentiated dendritic cells. The yields, percentage of cells expressing the mature phase marker CD83, and mixed leukocyte reaction-stimulatory function were lower when defined cytokines were used in the place of MCM. Therefore, the full maturation of dendritic cells, because it entails changes in many known cell and molecular properties, requires a number of different cytokines that are released in tandem from appropriately stimulated monocytes. We propose that MCM-matured dendritic cells will be the most effective adjuvants for immunotherapy in vivo.
| |
INTRODUCTION |
DENDRITIC CELLS are specialized antigen presenting cells (APCs) for the initiation of primary T cell immune responses.1-4 Mature terminally differentiated dendritic cells are relatively scarce in human blood, comprising less than 1% of the mononuclear cell population.5,6 The difficulty in obtaining large numbers of blood dendritic cells has been obviated by the recent development of methods that yield up to 4 × 106 cells from only 40 mL of blood.7,8 The protocol uses human plasma in the place of fetal calf serum (FCS) and involves two steps. The first is a priming phase, in which T cell-depleted mononuclear cells are cultured for 7 days in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-4 (IL-4). The second step is a maturation or differentiation phase and requires exposure to monocyte conditioned medium (MCM) that is produced by culturing monocytes on immobilized human  -globulin. The dendritic cells generated have a typical stellate morphology, are nonadherent, and have potent T cell-stimulating capacity, inducing strong mixed leukocyte reactions (MLRs) at stimulator to responder ratios of 1,000:1 or less. Several markers are expressed during maturation including CD83, p55, CD25, perinuclear CD68, and higher levels of HLA and costimulatory molecules.7,8 MCM appears to be a critical component of the maturation process. If it is omitted from the second culture step, GM-CSF- and IL-4-primed cells revert to a more adherent form, take on macrophage characteristics (CD14 and FcR expression), do not express CD83 or p55, and become substantially less stimulatory for T cells.7,8
The goal of this study was to identify cytokines in MCM that might account for the differentiating effect on dendritic cells. MCM was analyzed for candidate factors including tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) and IL-1, which are of particular interest because they induce the maturation of GM-CSF/IL-4-primed dendritic cells that are generated in medium containing FCS.9-11 Dendritic cells generated in MCM versus specific cytokine combinations were compared with respect to features associated with terminal maturation, including phenotypic stability and potent T cell-stimulatory capacity.
| |
MATERIALS AND METHODS |
Culture Medium
RPMI 1640 supplemented with 20 µg/mL of gentamicin, 10 mmol/L HEPES, and either 1% autologous plasma (heparinized) or 5% single donor human serum.
Cytokines
We were generously supplied with recombinant human (rh) GM-CSF (specific activity [SA] 1 × 108 U/mg) by Kirin Brewery Co, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan; and rhIL-4 by Immunex Corp, Seattle, WA (SA 5 × 107 U/mg) and Schering-Plough Corp, Union, NJ (SA 2.865 × 107 U/mg). The following cytokines were purchased: TNF- (Endogen, Cambridge, MA), IL-1 and IL-6 (R and D Corp, Minneapolis, MN), interferon- (IFN-; Pestka Biomedical Labs, Inc, West Caldwell, NJ). ELISA kits were obtained from Pestka Biomedical Labs, Inc (IFN-) and R and D Corp (TNF-, IL-1, IL-6).
Generation of Mononuclear Cell Subsets
Peripheral blood was obtained from normal donors in heparinized syringes, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated by sedimentation in Ficoll-Hypaque (Pharmacia Biotech, Uppsala, Sweden). T cell-enriched (ER+ ) and T cell-depleted (ER- ) populations were prepared by rosetting with neuraminidase-treated sheep red blood cells as previously described.5
T cells.
T cells were purified from ER+ cells by removal of monocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II+ cells as described.12,13
Dendritic cells.
A total of 2 × 106 ER- cells were plated in 3-mL volumes in 6-well tissue culture dishes (Falcon, Lincoln Park, NJ) in complete medium containing 1% human plasma. GM-CSF and IL-4 were added at final concentrations of 1,000 U/mL on the initial day of culture. Cytokines were replenished every other day (days 2, 4, and 6) by removing 0.3 mL of the medium and adding back 0.5 mL fresh medium with 1× cytokines. On day 7 nonadherent cells were collected by moderately vigorous aspiration and transferred to new 6-well plates. The cultures were supplemented with MCM (final concentration 50% vol/vol) or various combinations of cytokines (detailed in Results) and harvested on days 10 and 11. In some experiments, cells were washed out of supplemental cytokines or MCM at day 7 or day 11 before use in phenotypic or functional assays.
MCM
Ig coated bacteriologic plates (100 mm, Falcon) were prepared immediately before use by the addition of 4 mL of human -globulin (10 mg/mL, Cappel Labs, Organon Teknika, West Chester, PA) for 1 minute. The plates were washed three times with cation-free phosphate buffered saline (PD) before use. T cell-depleted ER- cells (5 × 107 ) were layered onto the Ig-coated bacteriologic plates for 1 hour in 7-mL volumes.14 Nonadherent cells were washed away and discarded. The Ig-adherent cells were incubated in fresh complete medium with 1% autologous plasma at 37°C for no more than 24 hours. The medium was collected and frozen at -20°C before use.
Monoclonal Antibodies and Cytofluorography
Monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) to the following antigens were used: HLA-DR, CD14, CD32, CD1a, CD25, CD45RO (Becton Dickinson, Mountainview, CA); CD80 and CD86 (IgG1, fluorescein isothiocyanate [FITC] conjugate; Pharmingen); CD83, which is detected on mature blood dendritic cells15 (IgG1, phycoerythrin [PE] conjugate; Coulter Corp, Miami, FL); CD68 (Dako, Carpinteria, CA); CD40 (Serotec); and p55 (an actin-bundling protein,16 K-2 clone; a gift from Dr E. Langhoff). Secondary antibody was PE-conjugated F[ab']2 goat anti-mouse IgG (gamma and light chain; Tago, Burlingame, CA). Cell populations were phenotyped with the panel of MoAbs listed above and analyzed on a FACScan (Becton Dickinson). Dead cells and contaminating lymphocytes were excluded by forward and side scatter properties.
Allogeneic MLR
To test for T cell-stimulatory function, the APCs were added in graded doses as stimulators for 2 × 105 purified, allogeneic T cells in 96-well flat bottomed plates (Costar, Cambridge, MA). Proliferation was determined on days 4 to 6 with the addition of 4 µCi/mL of [3H]TdR for 10 to 16 hours to triplicate wells (mean counts per minute).
| |
RESULTS |
Cytokine Concentrations in MCM
MCM substantially increases the yield (3- to 10-fold), enrichment (5- to 15-fold), and immunostimulatory (5- to 15-fold) capacity of dendritic cells generated from GM-CSF/IL-4-treated precursor cells in blood.7,8 The MCM-generated cells are phenotypically and functionally stable in that they retain dendritic cell features for several days when cultured in the absence of cytokines, characteristics of full maturation.7,8 We therefore analyzed several MCM preparations for the presence of cytokines that could be candidates for maturation factors, such as TNF-, IL-1, IL-6, and IFN-. Using commercially available ELISA kits, all four cytokines were detected, but in widely varying concentrations (Table 1). In some instances the concentrations were high (up to 1 µg/mL for IL-6). Notably, each of the MCM preparations analyzed was active in inducing dendritic cell maturation at a concentration of 50% vol/vol.
Contribution of TNF- in the Maturation of Dendritic Cells
TNF-, in conjunction with other cytokines, is critical for the development of dendritic cells from CD34+ progenitor cells in cord blood and bone marrow.17-21 It also mediates the maturation of GM-CSF/IL-4-primed blood progenitor cells that are cultured in medium with FCS.9-11 Because substantial quantities of TNF- are present in MCM, we evaluated its role in the maturation of dendritic cells generated in medium containing 1% plasma. TNF- [50 ng/mL] was added to GM-CSF/IL-4-treated ER- cells every other day on days 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8. After 11 days of culture, the cells were collected and assayed for immunostimulatory activity in the allo MLR and for CD83 expression (Fig 1). Residual cells were washed, returned to culture in the absence of additional cytokines, and reanalyzed 3 days later (day 14) to determine whether the cells had irreversibly matured. Compared with GM-CSF/IL-4 treatment alone, TNF- did generate cells that expressed CD83 (Fig 1, upper panel), moderate levels of MHC molecules, adhesins, and costimulators (eg, CD80 and CD86, not shown) and that were potent stimulators of allogeneic T cells as previously described.11 However, they were less immunostimulatory than MCM-treated cells, and 60% fewer cells were obtained (2.1 × 106 v 5 × 106 for MCM-treated cells on day 11).
View larger version (33K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
| Fig 1.
Contribution of TNF- in the maturation of dendritic cells. T cell-depleted blood mononuclear cells were cultured for 7 days in GM-CSF/IL-4 as described in Materials and Methods. From day 7 to 11 they were cultured in conditioned medium (MCM) or no additional supplementation (-MCM). TNF- (50 ng/mL) was added every other day from days 0 to 8. On day 11, the cells were analyzed for CD83 expression. Residual cells were washed twice and returned to culture for 3 more days in RPMI containing 1% plasma. On day 14 the cells were tested for T cell-stimulatory capacity in the allo MLR (left panel) and reevaluated for CD83 expression. The recovered cell yields from a starting volume of 40 mL of blood are given in the upper right hand corner of each FACS panel. The results are representative of two experiments.
|
|
View larger version (16K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
| Fig 2.
MCM is more effective than a combination of cytokines in inducing dendritic cell maturation. T cell-depleted blood mononuclear cells (ER- cells) were cultured for 7 days in GM-CSF/IL-4. They were washed twice, transferred to fresh 6-well plates, and cultured in MCM ( ), a combination of cytokines ( ), or no additional supplementation (-MCM,  ). On day 11 of culture, (A) and (B), the cells were evaluated for T cell-stimulatory activity in an allogenic MLR. In (C) and (D), dendritic cells were washed twice and returned to culture for 1 (C) or 3 (D) more days in RPMI supplemented with 1% autologous human plasma. (A) and (B), cytokines were IL-1 (20 ng/mL), IL-6 (20 ng/mL), IFN- (0.02 ng/mL), and TNF- (20 ng/mL). In (C) and (D), the cocktail of cytokines mimicked the concentrations measured by ELISA in the corresponding MCM. (C) IL-1 (92 ng/mL), IL-6 (1 µg/mL), IFN- (0.02 ng/mL) and TNF- (182 ng/mL); (D) IL-1 (20 ng/mL), IL-6 (734 ng/mL), IFN- (0.08 ng/mL), and TNF- (24 ng/mL). The values represent the averages of triplicates ± SD.
|
|
By day 14, a significant proportion of TNF--treated cells readhered to plastic or died, as reflected in the reduced yields (0.6 × 106 ). Furthermore, there was substantial downregulation of CD83 (Fig 1, lower panel) and MHC molecules (not shown) and reexpression of CD14 (data not shown). TNF--treated cells also failed to express the activation marker CD25. Similar results were obtained when different concentrations of TNF- (10 to 100 ng/mL) were used or if it was added only on day 7.
In contrast to TNF-, MCM treatment induced stable CD83 expression, high levels of MHC and costimulator molecules, and recovery of substantially higher cell numbers (3.7 × 106; Fig 1, lower panel). Cells cultured in the absence of either MCM or TNF- had the least immunostimulatory activity, generated the fewest number of cells (0.5 × 106 ), and had low to no CD83 expression. Therefore, TNF- alone does not account for the terminal maturational effects induced by MCM.
Several Cytokines That Are in MCM Do Not Reconstitute the Full Effect of MCM
We next ascertained whether a combination of cytokines could substitute for MCM. TNF-, IL-1, IL-6, and IFN- were added in combination to GM-CSF/IL-4-treated ER- cells on day 7. After 11 to 14 days in culture the cells were enumerated and analyzed for stimulatory capacity (Fig 2) and CD83 expression (Fig 3). In all experiments cells were washed on days 7 and 11 before analysis to remove residual cytokines. In Fig 2C and D, the cytokines were added back in concentrations equivalent to those measured by ELISA in the corresponding MCM. The cytokine combination enhanced the immunostimulatory function of GM-CSF/IL-4-treated cells in the allo MLR and in some cases was similar to that seen with MCM (Fig 2B). However, in other experiments (Fig 2A and D), the cytokines did not fully substitute for MCM. This combination of cytokines is nevertheless effective to some degree because cells upregulated and retained CD83 expression for at least 3 days after cytokine removal (Fig 3).
View larger version (28K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
| Fig 3.
Maturation of dendritic cells induced by MCM is irreversible. GM-CSF/IL-4-treated ER- cells were cultured for 4 days in medium alone [-MCM], two different MCM preparations (MCM A and B), or a combination of cytokines equal to that present in the MCM. On day 11, the cells were washed and analyzed for CD83 expression. Residual cells were returned to culture for 3 more days (day 14) in the absence of further supplementation and analyzed for the retention of CD83. MCM contained the following cytokines: (A) IL-1 (92 ng/mL), IL-6 (1 µg/mL), IFN- (0.02 ng/mL), and TNF- (182 ng/mL); (B) IL-1 (20 ng/mL), IL-6 (734 ng/mL), IFN- (.08 ng/mL), and TNF- (24 ng/mL).
|
|
To identify which cytokines, if any, comprised an effective combination, all possible mixtures were tested. MCM consistently generated the greatest stimulatory activity on a per-cell basis (above and data not shown), highest yields, and CD83 expression (Fig 4) and was therefore considered the standard against which other culture conditions should be assessed. For example, in the absence of MCM, on average of only 42% of the maximal cell yield was obtained (of which few are actually mature dendritic cells). Cytokine cocktails increased the yield up to or as much as 69%. To evaluate stable CD83 expression, cells treated with various combinations of cytokines were washed on day 11 and recultured for 3 more days in the absence of additional supplements. CD83 could be induced on variable numbers of cells by several combinations of cytokines but not by individual cytokines. MCM generated the highest number of CD83+ cells. Collectively, the data suggest that the effects of MCM are complex and probably caused by the combined effect of several cytokines, including those evaluated here.
View larger version (48K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
| Fig 4.
Treatment with MCM is superior to cytokines. ER- cells were cultured for 7 days in GM-CSF and IL-4, and recultured in the presence of MCM, cytokine combinations, or no additional supplementation (-MCM) for 4 more days. On day 11 cells were collected and counted. The percent yields reflect the number of cells obtained relative to treatment with MCM (100%). The cells were then washed to remove residual cytokines, cultured for 3 days in RPMI with 1% plasma in the absence of additional supplements, and analyzed for CD83 expression (day 14). Values are the mean ± SD and are representative of 5 to 7 experiments. *P < .05, paired Student's t-test.
|
|
| |
DISCUSSION |
The ability of dendritic cells to process antigens and prime naive T cells develops sequentially, a process commonly referred to as maturation. We have developed an in vitro culture system whereby dendritic cells are induced to undergo irreversible maturation. The method uses a CD34-, CD14+-enriched precursor population in blood and entails two stages. The first is a priming phase by GM-CSF and IL-4 that yields cells that actively internalize particulate antigens and that are highly efficient at priming resting T cells to native soluble antigens.7-9 Phenotypically, these immature dendritic cells are characterized by moderate levels of MHC and costimulator molecules, and variable levels of the macrophage associated molecules CD14 and CD32 [FcR].7-9
The second or maturation step in dendritic cell development requires exposure to MCM. We define maturation as the irreversible acquisition of several properties: typical stellate morphology, nonadherence to plastic, upregulation of MHC and costimulator molecules, and expression of the two dendritic cell-restricted molecules CD8315 and p55.16 Maturation is typically marked by a coordinate series of additional changes that include downregulation of macropinocytosis, expression of activation molecules (CD25, CD95, CD45RO) and perinuclear CD68, and the loss of CD1a, CD32, CD115 and CD14.7,8 The mature dendritic cells are less efficient at processing soluble antigens but highly efficient at presenting peptide antigens to T cells.8
We found that MCM was required to ensure the development of fully differentiated dendritic cells from GM-CSF- and IL-4-primed progenitor cell cultures. MCM reproducibly generated the highest yields and T cell-stimulating capacity compared with any other cytokine or combination of cytokines evaluated. The resulting dendritic cells are the most powerful immunostimulatory APCs identified to date, stimulating strong allogeneic T cells at T to APC ratios of 1,000:1 or less.
TNF- was a prime candidate for a dendritic cell maturation factor because it matures dendritic cells grown in GM-CSF/IL-4 in the presence of FCS.9-11 However, our results differ in two significant respects from these studies. First, we found that the effects of TNF- on dendritic cell development were transient when 1% plasma was used in the place of FCS. Removal of the cytokine resulted in a substantial decrease in cell number. The cells acquired macrophage-like properties (adherence to plastic and CD14 expression) and CD83 expression was downregulated. This fact was not previously appreciated because dendritic cells are generally studied without reculturing them in the absence of cytokines.9-11 Second, dendritic cells generated in GM-CSF/IL-4 and TNF- in FCS express CD1a and low levels of CD25.11 The loss of CD1a and upregulation of CD25 are associated with the terminal maturation of both blood- and skin-derived dendritic cells, which are CD83+, CD1a- and CD25+.7,8
Other stimuli aside from TNF- that have been reported to induce dendritic cell maturation from GM-CSF/IL-4-primed progenitors include IL-1, LPS, and CD40-L.9,10 However, as with TNF-, these studies used cells generated in FCS, which could provide additional growth inducing factors. We have studied IL-1 and Pansorbin (SAC) in our culture system. IL-1 alone or in combination with other cytokines was significantly less effective than MCM. Conditioned medium that is generated by stimulating monocytes with Pansorbin for 24 hours can substitute for MCM, probably by inducing the production of relevant cytokines.7 LPS contaminants are unlikely to explain the effects of MCM because we did not detect physiologically significant levels in several preparations by the Limulus amebocyte lysate assay (data not shown).
The responsible factor(s) in MCM probably include some combination of TNF-, IL-1, IL-6, and IFN-, because these could partially substitute for MCM. Previous attempts to neutralize TNF-, IL-1, and IL-6 in MCM preparations with antibodies were unsuccessful.7 However, it is equally likely that other components, not yet defined, are also critical. For example, MCM contains the chemokines MIP-1 and Rantes (data not shown). IL-12, a factor that augments dendritic cell-dependent T cell-stimulatory capacity22-24 is also present in MCM, but neutralization of this factor with MoAbs does not affect MCM activity.7 Possibly a new factor, or even production of factors by the maturing dendritic cells themselves, are responsible for optimal development. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-1 is one candidate. This cytokine appears to be essential for Langerhans cell development or epidermal localization.25 Future studies will be required to determine whether TGF-1 is present in MCM and whether or not it participates in dendritic cell development. The complexity and diversity of MCM makes it difficult, if not impossible, to identify every relevant component. Nevertheless, the significance of MCM is underscored by our earlier observations that MCM is vital for the maturation of a subset of circulating blood dendritic cells.5,6 This effect also cannot be duplicated by individual cytokines.
Evidence for a physiological counterpart for MCM comes from studies showing that dendritic cells are rapidly induced to migrate into tissues (lung,26 synovial fluid27-29 ), and from organs (gut, heart, kidney, skin30-33 ) into lymph or lymphoid tissue in response to certain stimuli, eg, lipopolysaccharide, infection, chronic inflammation. Migration parallels maturation as determined by the downregulation of antigen processing capacity and upregulation of T cell-stimulatory function.34 The local production of cytokines (eg, TNF-, IL-1, IL-6, IFN-) by tissue macrophages in response to infectious or inflammatory stimuli may therefore regulate dendritic cell maturation and consequently antigen presentation.
The identification of an MCM-dependent step in dendritic cell maturation will facilitate functional and molecular characterization of this cell. From a clinical point of view, one now has easy and rapid access to sizeable numbers of irreversibly mature cells for immunotherapeutic purposes, eg, in malignancy and chronic viral infections. In this regard we have shown that dendritic cells generated using this MCM-dependent approach are potent inducers of specific antiviral CD8+ cytolytic T-cell responses in vitro, when pulsed with nonreplicating influenza virus or immunodominant peptides of the influenza matrix protein.7,8
| |
FOOTNOTES |
Submitted February 27, 1997;
accepted June 25, 1997.
Supported by Grant Nos. AR-42557 and AI 39516 from the National Institutes of Health and by the New York Community Trust (to N.B.).
Address reprint requests to Nina Bhardwaj, MD, PhD, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY, 10021.
The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page
charge payment. This article must therefore be hearly marked
``advertisment'' in accordance with 18 U.S.C. section 1734 solely to
indicate this fact.
| |
ACKNOWLEDGMENT |
We thank Ralph M. Steinman for helpful discussion and advice, and Judy Adams, Frank Isdell, and Jyotsna Rao for assistance with the graphics.
| |
REFERENCES |
1.
Steinman RM:
The dendritic cell system and its role in immunogenicity.
Annu Rev Immunol
9:271,
1991[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
2.
Caux C,
Liu Y-J,
Banchereau J:
Recent advances in the study of dendritic cells and follicular dendritic cells.
Immunol Today
16:2,
1995[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
3.
Hart DNJ,
McKenzie JL:
Interstitial dendritic cells.
Int Rev Immunol
6:128,
1990
4.
Austyn JM:
Lymphoid dendritic cells.
Immunology
62:161,
1987[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
5.
O'Doherty U,
Steinman RM,
Peng M,
Cameron PU,
Gezelter S,
Kopeloff I,
Swiggard WJ,
Pope M,
Bhardwaj N:
Dendritic cells freshly isolated from human blood express CD4 and mature into typical immunostimulatory dendritic cells after culture in monocyte-conditioned medium.
J Exp Med
178:1067,
1993[Abstract/Free Full Text]
6.
O'Doherty U,
Peng M,
Gezelter S,
Swiggard WJ,
Betjes M,
Bhardwaj N,
Steinman RM:
Human blood contains two subsets of dendritic cells, one immunologically mature, and the other immature.
Immunology
82:487,
1994[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
7.
Bender A,
Sapp M,
Schuler G,
Steinman RM,
Bhardwaj N:
Improved methods for the generation of dendritic cells from nonproliferating progenitors in human blood.
J Immunol Methods
196:121,
1996[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
8.
Romani N,
Reider D,
Heuer M,
Ebner S,
Eibl B,
Niederwieser D,
Schuler G:
Generation of mature dendritic cells from human blood: An improved method with special regard to clinical applicability.
J Immunol Methods
196:137,
1996[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
9.
Sallusto F,
Lanzavecchia A:
Efficient presentation of soluble antigen by cultured human dendritic cells is maintained by granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor plus interleukin 4 and downregulated by tumor necrosis factor .
J Exp Med
179:1109,
1994[Abstract/Free Full Text]
10.
Sallusto F,
Lanzavecchia A:
Dendritic cells use macropinocytosis and the mannose receptor to concentrate antigen in the MHC class II compartment. Downregulation by cytokines and bacterial products.
J Exp Med
182:389,
1995[Abstract/Free Full Text]
11.
Zhou L-J,
Tedder TF:
CD14+ blood monocytes can differentiate into functionally mature CD83+ dendritic cells.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
93:2588,
1996[Abstract/Free Full Text]
12.
Bhardwaj N,
Bender A,
Gonzalez N,
Bui LK,
Garrett MC,
Steinman RM:
Influenza virus-infected dendritic cells stimulate strong proliferative and cytolytic responses from human CD8+ T cells.
J Clin Invest
94:797,
1994
13.
Bender A,
Bui LK,
Feldman MAV,
Larsson M,
Bhardwaj N:
Inactivated influenza virus, when presented on dendritic cells, elicits human CD8+ cytolytic T cell responses.
J Exp Med
182:1663,
1995[Abstract/Free Full Text]
14.
Young JW,
Steinman RM:
Accessory cell requirements for the mixed leukocyte reaction and polyclonal mitogens, as studied with a new technique for enriching blood dendritic cells.
Cell Immunol
111:167,
1988[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
15.
Zhou L-J,
Tedder TF:
Human blood dendritic cells selectively express CD83, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily.
J Immunol
154:3821,
1995[Abstract]
16.
Mosialos G,
Birkenbach M,
Ayehunie S,
Matsumura F,
Pinkus GS,
Kieff E,
Langhoff E:
Circulating human dendritic cells differentially express high levels of a 55-kd actin-bundling protein.
Am J Pathol
148:593,
1996[Abstract]
17.
Szabolcs P,
Moore MAS,
Young JW:
Expansion of immunostimulatory dendritic cells among the myeloid progeny of human CD34+ bone marrow precursors cultured with c-kit ligand, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and TNF-.
J Immunol
154:5851,
1995[Abstract]
18.
Young JW,
Szabolcs P,
Moore MAS:
Identification of dendritic cell colony-forming units among normal CD34+ bone marrow progenitors that are expanded by c-kit-ligand and yield pure dendritic cell colonies in the presence of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor and tumor necrosis factor .
J Exp Med
182:1111,
1995[Abstract/Free Full Text]
19.
Santiago-Schwarz F,
Belilos E,
Diamond B,
Carsons SE:
TNF in combination with GM-CSF enhances the differentiation of neonatal cord blood stem cells into dendritic cells and macrophages.
J Leukocyte Biol
52:274,
1992[Abstract]
20.
Reid CDL,
Stackpoole A,
Meager A,
Tikerpae J:
Interactions of tumor necrosis factor with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and other cytokines in the regulation of dendritic cell growth in vitro from early bipotent CD34+ progenitors in human bone marrow.
J Immunol
149:2681,
1992[Abstract]
21.
Caux C,
Vanbervliet B,
Massacrier C,
Dezutter-Dambuyant C,
de Saint-Vis B,
Jacquet C,
Yoneda K,
Imamura S,
Schmitt D,
Banchereau J:
CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors from human cord blood differentiate along two independent dendritic cell pathways in response to GM-CSF + TNF .
J Exp Med
184:695,
1996[Abstract/Free Full Text]
22.
Koch F,
Stanzl U,
Jennewien P,
Janke K,
Heufler C,
Kampgen E,
Romani N,
Schuler G:
High level IL-12 production by murine dendritic cells: Upregulation via MHC class II and CD40 molecules and downregulation by IL-4 and IL-10.
J Exp Med
184:741,
1996[Abstract/Free Full Text]
23.
Bhardwaj N,
Seder RA,
Reddy A,
Feldman MV:
IL-12 in conjunction with dendritic cells enhances anti-viral, CD8+ CTL responses in vitro.
J Clin Invest
98:715,
1996[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
24.
Cella M,
Scheidegger D,
Palmer-Lehmann K,
Lane P,
Lanzavecchia A,
Alber G:
Ligation of CD40 on dendritic cells triggers production of high levels of interleukin-12 and enhances T cell stimulatory capacity: T-T help via APC activation.
J Exp Med
184:747,
1996[Abstract/Free Full Text]
25.
Borkowski TA,
Letterio JJ,
Farr AG,
Udey MC:
A role for endogenous transforming growth factor 1 in Langerhans cell biology: The skin of transforming growth factor 1 null mice is devoid of epidermal Langerhans cells.
J Exp Med
184:2417,
1996[Abstract/Free Full Text]
26.
McWilliam AS,
Nelson D,
Thomas JA,
Holt PG:
Rapid dendritic cell recruitment is a hallmark of the acute inflammatory response at mucosal surfaces.
J Exp Med
179:1331,
1994[Abstract/Free Full Text]
27.
Zvaifler NJ,
Steinman RM,
Kaplan G,
Lau LL,
Rivelis M:
Identification of immunostimulatory dendritic cells in the synovial effusions of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
J Clin Invest
76:789,
1985
28.
Bhardwaj N,
Lau L,
Rivelis M,
Steinman RM:
Interleukin-1 production by mononuclear cells from rheumatoid synovial effusions.
Cell Immunol
114:405,
1988[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
29.
Thomas R,
Davis LS,
Lipsky PE:
Rheumatoid synovium is enriched in mature antigen-presenting dendritic cells.
J Immunol
152:2613,
1994[Abstract]
30.
MacPherson GG,
Jenkins CD,
Stein MJ,
Edwards C:
Endotoxin-mediated dendritic cell release from the intestine: Characterization of released dendritic cells and TNF dependence.
J Immunol
154:1317,
1995[Abstract]
31.
Roake JA,
Rao AS,
Morris PJ,
Larsen CP,
Hankins DF,
Austyn JM:
Dendritic cell loss from non-lymphoid tissues following systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide, tumour necrosis factor, and interleukin-1.
J Exp Med
181:2237,
1995[Abstract/Free Full Text]
32.
Austyn JM,
Hankins DF,
Larsen CP,
Morris PJ,
Rao AS,
Roake JA:
Isolation and characterization of dendritic cells from mouse heart and kidney.
J Immunol
152:2401,
1994[Abstract]
33.
Weinlich G,
Sepp N,
Koch F,
Schuler G,
Romani N:
Evidence that Langerhans cells rapidly disappear from the epidermis in response to contact sensitizers but not to tolerogens/nonsensitizers.
Arch Dermatol Res
281:556,
1989
34.
De Smedt T,
Pajak B,
Muraille E,
Lespagnard L,
Heinen E,
De Baetselier P,
Urbain J,
Leo O,
Moser M:
Regulation of dendritic cell numbers and maturation by lipopolysaccharide in vivo.
J Exp Med
184:1413,
1996[Abstract/Free Full Text]
 CiteULike  Connotea  Del.icio.us  Digg  Reddit  Technorati What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
|
|
 
C.-Y. Li, C.-S. Chiang, M.-L. Tsai, R.-S. Hseu, W.-Y. Shu, C.-Y. Chuang, Y.-C. Sun, Y.-S. Chang, J.-G. Lin, C.-S. Chen, et al.
Two-sided effect of Cordyceps sinensis on dendritic cells in different physiological stages
J. Leukoc. Biol.,
June 1, 2009;
85(6):
987 - 995.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Hu, K.-H. Park-Min, A. Yarilina, and L. B. Ivashkiv
Regulation of STAT pathways and IRF1 during human dendritic cell maturation by TNF-{alpha} and PGE2
J. Leukoc. Biol.,
November 1, 2008;
84(5):
1353 - 1360.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. J. Lee, P. A. Sieling, M. T. Ochoa, S. R. Krutzik, B. Guo, M. Hernandez, T. H. Rea, G. Cheng, M. Colonna, and R. L. Modlin
LILRA2 Activation Inhibits Dendritic Cell Differentiation and Antigen Presentation to T Cells
J. Immunol.,
December 15, 2007;
179(12):
8128 - 8136.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. C. Matthews, U. F. Power, and D. J. Reen
Neonatal human autologous dendritic cells pulsed with recombinant protein antigen prime the generation of non-polarized CD4 T-cell effectors
Int. Immunol.,
June 1, 2007;
19(6):
703 - 712.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Perros, P. Dorfmuller, R. Souza, I. Durand-Gasselin, S. Mussot, M. Mazmanian, P. Herve, D. Emilie, G. Simonneau, and M. Humbert
Dendritic cell recruitment in lesions of human and experimental pulmonary hypertension
Eur. Respir. J.,
March 1, 2007;
29(3):
462 - 468.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Bleck, D. B. Tse, I. Jaspers, M. A. Curotto de Lafaille, and J. Reibman
Diesel exhaust particle-exposed human bronchial epithelial cells induce dendritic cell maturation.
J. Immunol.,
June 15, 2006;
176(12):
7431 - 7437.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Infantino, B. Moepps, and M. Thelen
Expression and Regulation of the Orphan Receptor RDC1 and Its Putative Ligand in Human Dendritic and B Cells
J. Immunol.,
February 15, 2006;
176(4):
2197 - 2207.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. F. Narvaez, J. Angel, and M. A. Franco
Interaction of Rotavirus with Human Myeloid Dendritic Cells
J. Virol.,
December 1, 2005;
79(23):
14526 - 14535.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. R. Palmer, P. Sun, C. Celluzzi, J. Bisbing, S. Pang, W. Sun, M. A. Marovich, and T. Burgess
Differential Effects of Dengue Virus on Infected and Bystander Dendritic Cells
J. Virol.,
February 15, 2005;
79(4):
2432 - 2439.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. M. Cisco, Z. Abdel-Wahab, J. Dannull, S. Nair, D. S. Tyler, E. Gilboa, J. Vieweg, Y. Daaka, and S. K. Pruitt
Induction of Human Dendritic Cell Maturation Using Transfection with RNA Encoding a Dominant Positive Toll-Like Receptor 4
J. Immunol.,
June 1, 2004;
172(11):
7162 - 7168.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Della Bella, S. Nicola, A. Riva, M. Biasin, M. Clerici, and M. L. Villa
Functional repertoire of dendritic cells generated in granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor and interferon-{alpha}
J. Leukoc. Biol.,
January 1, 2004;
75(1):
106 - 116.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Bedrosian, R. Mick, S. Xu, H. Nisenbaum, M. Faries, P. Zhang, P. A. Cohen, G. Koski, and B. J. Czerniecki
Intranodal Administration of Peptide-Pulsed Mature Dendritic Cell Vaccines Results in Superior CD8+ T-Cell Function in Melanoma Patients
J. Clin. Oncol.,
October 15, 2003;
21(20):
3826 - 3835.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Hladik, A. Desbien, J. Lang, L. Wang, Y. Ding, S. Holte, A. Wilson, Y. Xu, M. Moerbe, S. Schmechel, et al.
Most Highly Exposed Seronegative Men Lack HIV-1-Specific, IFN-{gamma}-Secreting T Cells
J. Immunol.,
September 1, 2003;
171(5):
2671 - 2683.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Skelton, M. Cooper, M. Murphy, and A. Platt
Human Immature Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells Express the G Protein-Coupled Receptor GPR105 (KIAA0001, P2Y14) and Increase Intracellular Calcium in Response to its Agonist, Uridine Diphosphoglucose
J. Immunol.,
August 15, 2003;
171(4):
1941 - 1949.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Moschella, B. Bisikirska, A. Maffei, K. P. Papadopoulos, D. Skerrett, Z. Liu, C. S. Hesdorffer, and P. E. Harris
Gene Expression Profiling and Functional Activity of Human Dendritic Cells Induced with IFN-{alpha}-2b: Implications for Cancer Immunotherapy
Clin. Cancer Res.,
June 1, 2003;
9(6):
2022 - 2031.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Gottschalk, O. L. Edwards, U. Sili, M. H. Huls, T. Goltsova, A. R. Davis, H. E. Heslop, and C. M. Rooney
Generating CTLs against the subdominant Epstein-Barr virus LMP1 antigen for the adoptive immunotherapy of EBV-associated malignancies
Blood,
March 1, 2003;
101(5):
1905 - 1912.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Messmer, J.-M. Jacque, C. Santisteban, C. Bristow, S.-Y. Han, L. Villamide-Herrera, E. Mehlhop, P. A. Marx, R. M. Steinman, A. Gettie, et al.
Endogenously Expressed nef Uncouples Cytokine and Chemokine Production from Membrane Phenotypic Maturation in Dendritic Cells
J. Immunol.,
October 15, 2002;
169(8):
4172 - 4182.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Lindstedt, B. Johansson-Lindbom, and C. A. K. Borrebaeck
Global reprogramming of dendritic cells in response to a concerted action of inflammatory mediators
Int. Immunol.,
October 1, 2002;
14(10):
1203 - 1213.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Beaulieu, D. F. Robbiani, X. Du, E. Rodrigues, R. Ignatius, Y. Wei, P. Ponath, J. W. Young, M. Pope, R. M. Steinman, et al.
Expression of a Functional Eotaxin (CC Chemokine Ligand 11) Receptor CCR3 by Human Dendritic Cells
J. Immunol.,
September 15, 2002;
169(6):
2925 - 2936.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Luft, M. Jefford, P. Luetjens, T. Toy, H. Hochrein, K.-A. Masterman, C. Maliszewski, K. Shortman, J. Cebon, and E. Maraskovsky
Functionally distinct dendritic cell (DC) populations induced by physiologic stimuli: prostaglandin E2 regulates the migratory capacity of specific DC subsets
Blood,
July 30, 2002;
100(4):
1362 - 1372.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Timmerman, D. K. Czerwinski, T. A. Davis, F. J. Hsu, C. Benike, Z. M. Hao, B. Taidi, R. Rajapaksa, C. B. Caspar, C. Y. Okada, et al.
Idiotype-pulsed dendritic cell vaccination for B-cell lymphoma: clinical and immune responses in 35 patients
Blood,
March 1, 2002;
99(5):
1517 - 1526.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Savoldo, M. L. Cubbage, A. G. Durett, J. Goss, M. H. Huls, Z. Liu, L. Teresita, A. P. Gee, P. D. Ling, M. K. Brenner, et al.
Generation of EBV-Specific CD4+ Cytotoxic T Cells from Virus Naive Individuals
J. Immunol.,
January 15, 2002;
168(2):
909 - 918.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. A. Lyakh, G. K. Koski, H. A. Young, S. E. Spence, P. A. Cohen, and N. R. Rice
Adenovirus type 5 vectors induce dendritic cell differentiation in human CD14+ monocytes cultured under serum-free conditions
Blood,
January 15, 2002;
99(2):
600 - 608.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Kato, Y. Takaue, and H. Wakasugi
T-cell-conditioned medium efficiently induces the maturation and function of human dendritic cells
J. Leukoc. Biol.,
December 1, 2001;
70(6):
941 - 949.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Somersan, M. Larsson, J. F. Fonteneau, S. Basu, P. Srivastava, and N. Bhardwaj
Primary Tumor Tissue Lysates Are Enriched in Heat Shock Proteins and Induce the Maturation of Human Dendritic Cells
J. Immunol.,
November 1, 2001;
167(9):
4844 - 4852.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B M J Foxwell, S Yoshimura, J Bondeson, F M Brennan, and M Feldmann
High efficiency gene transfer is an efficient way of defining therapeutic targets: a functional genomics approach
Ann Rheum Dis,
November 1, 2001;
60(90003):
iii13 - 17.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Y. Tsang, M. Zhu, J. Even, J. Gulley, P. Arlen, and J. Schlom
The Infection of Human Dendritic Cells with Recombinant Avipox Vectors Expressing a Costimulatory Molecule Transgene (CD80) to Enhance the Activation of Antigen-specific Cytolytic T Cells
Cancer Res.,
October 1, 2001;
61(20):
7568 - 7576.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Yoshimura, J. Bondeson, B. M. J. Foxwell, F. M. Brennan, and M. Feldmann
Effective antigen presentation by dendritic cells is NF-{{kappa}}B dependent: coordinate regulation of MHC, co-stimulatory molecules and cytokines
Int. Immunol.,
May 1, 2001;
13(5):
675 - 683.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. A. Candido, K. Shimizu, J. C. McLaughlin, R. Kunkel, J. A. Fuller, B. G. Redman, E. K. Thomas, B. J. Nickoloff, and J. J. Mulé
Local Administration of Dendritic Cells Inhibits Established Breast Tumor Growth: Implications for Apoptosis-inducing Agents
Cancer Res.,
January 1, 2001;
61(1):
228 - 236.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Ignatius, M. Marovich, E. Mehlhop, L. Villamide, K. Mahnke, W. I. Cox, F. Isdell, S. S. Frankel, J. R. Mascola, R. M. Steinman, et al.
Canarypox Virus-Induced Maturation of Dendritic Cells Is Mediated by Apoptotic Cell Death and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Secretion
J. Virol.,
December 1, 2000;
74(23):
11329 - 11338.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. V. Dhodapkar, J. W. Young, P. B. Chapman, W. I. Cox, J. F. Fonteneau, S. Amigorena, A. N. Houghton, R. M. Steinman, and N. Bhardwaj
Paucity of Functional T-Cell Memory to Melanoma Antigens in Healthy Donors and Melanoma Patients
Clin. Cancer Res.,
December 1, 2000;
6(12):
4831 - 4838.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Schlienger, N. Craighead, K. P. Lee, B. L. Levine, and C. H. June
Efficient priming of protein antigen-specific human CD4+ T cells by monocyte-derived dendritic cells
Blood,
November 15, 2000;
96(10):
3490 - 3498.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Ignatius, K. Mahnke, M. Rivera, K. Hong, F. Isdell, R. M. Steinman, M. Pope, and L. Stamatatos
Presentation of proteins encapsulated in sterically stabilized liposomes by dendritic cells initiates CD8+ T-cell responses in vivo
Blood,
November 15, 2000;
96(10):
3505 - 3513.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. S. Whittaker, K. S. Bahjat, L. L. Moldawer, and M. J. Clare-Salzler
Autoregulation of Human Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cell Maturation and IL-12 Production by Cyclooxygenase- 2-Mediated Prostanoid Production
J. Immunol.,
October 15, 2000;
165(8):
4298 - 4304.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. A. Lyakh, G. K. Koski, W. Telford, R. E. Gress, P. A. Cohen, and N. R. Rice
Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide, TNF-{alpha}, and Calcium Ionophore Under Serum-Free Conditions Promote Rapid Dendritic Cell-Like Differentiation in CD14+ Monocytes Through Distinct Pathways That Activate NF-{kappa}B
J. Immunol.,
October 1, 2000;
165(7):
3647 - 3655.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S.-i. Hashimoto, T. Suzuki, S. Nagai, T. Yamashita, N. Toyoda, and K. Matsushima
Identification of genes specifically expressed in human activated and mature dendritic cells through serial analysis of gene expression
Blood,
September 15, 2000;
96(6):
2206 - 2214.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. C. Termeer, J. Hennies, U. Voith, T. Ahrens, J. M. Weiss, P. Prehm, and J. C. Simon
Oligosaccharides of Hyaluronan Are Potent Activators of Dendritic Cells
J. Immunol.,
August 15, 2000;
165(4):
1863 - 1870.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Larsson, D. Messmer, S. Somersan, J.-F. Fonteneau, S. M. Donahoe, M. Lee, P. R. Dunbar, V. Cerundolo, I. Julkunen, D. F. Nixon, et al.
Requirement of Mature Dendritic Cells for Efficient Activation of Influenza A-Specific Memory CD8+ T Cells
J. Immunol.,
August 1, 2000;
165(3):
1182 - 1190.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Maraskovsky, E. Daro, E. Roux, M. Teepe, C. R. Maliszewski, J. Hoek, D. Caron, M. E. Lebsack, and H. J. McKenna
In vivo generation of human dendritic cell subsets by Flt3 ligand
Blood,
August 1, 2000;
96(3):
878 - 884.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. TODATE, K. CHIDA, T. SUDA, S. IMOKAWA, J. SATO, K. IDE, T. TSUCHIYA, N. INUI, Y. NAKAMURA, K. ASADA, et al.
Increased Numbers of Dendritic Cells in the Bronchiolar Tissues of Diffuse Panbronchiolitis
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.,
July 1, 2000;
162(1):
148 - 153.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Daro, B. Pulendran, K. Brasel, M. Teepe, D. Pettit, D. H. Lynch, D. Vremec, L. Robb, K. Shortman, H. J. McKenna, et al.
Polyethylene Glycol-Modified GM-CSF Expands CD11bhighCD11chigh But Not CD11blowCD11chigh Murine Dendritic Cells In Vivo: A Comparative Analysis with Flt3 Ligand
J. Immunol.,
July 1, 2000;
165(1):
49 - 58.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Kolb-Maurer, I. Gentschev, H.-W. Fries, F. Fiedler, E.-B. Brocker, E. Kampgen, and W. Goebel
Listeria monocytogenes-Infected Human Dendritic Cells: Uptake and Host Cell Response
Infect. Immun.,
June 1, 2000;
68(6):
3680 - 3688.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Mach, S. Gillessen, S. B. Wilson, C. Sheehan, M. Mihm, and G. Dranoff
Differences in Dendritic Cells Stimulated in Vivo by Tumors Engineered to Secrete Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-stimulating Factor or Flt3-Ligand
Cancer Res.,
June 1, 2000;
60(12):
3239 - 3246.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. P. Linette, S. Shankara, S. Longerich, S. Yang, R. Doll, C. Nicolette, F. I. Preffer, B. L. Roberts, and F. G. Haluska
In Vitro Priming with Adenovirus/gp100 Antigen-Transduced Dendritic Cells Reveals the Epitope Specificity of HLA-A*0201-Restricted CD8+ T Cells in Patients with Melanoma
J. Immunol.,
March 15, 2000;
164(6):
3402 - 3412.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M. Kiertscher, J. Luo, S. M. Dubinett, and M. D. Roth
Tumors Promote Altered Maturation and Early Apoptosis of Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells
J. Immunol.,
February 1, 2000;
164(3):
1269 - 1276.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Brenner, C. Rossig, U. Sili, J. W. Young, and E. Goulmy
Transfusion Medicine: New Clinical Applications of Cellular Immunotherapy
Hematology,
January 1, 2000;
2000(1):
356 - 375.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Engelmayer, M. Larsson, M. Subklewe, A. Chahroudi, W. I. Cox, R. M. Steinman, and N. Bhardwaj
Vaccinia Virus Inhibits the Maturation of Human Dendritic Cells: A Novel Mechanism of Immune Evasion
J. Immunol.,
December 15, 1999;
163(12):
6762 - 6768.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Cochand, P. Isler, F. Songeon, and L. P. Nicod
Human Lung Dendritic Cells Have an Immature Phenotype with Efficient Mannose Receptors
Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol.,
November 1, 1999;
21(5):
547 - 554.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. L. NELSON, S. STROBL, J. SUBLESKI, D. PRIETO, W. C. KOPP, and P. J. NELSON
Cycling of human dendritic cell effector phenotypes in response to TNF-{alpha}: modification of the current `maturation' paradigm and implications for in vivo immunoregulation
FASEB J,
November 1, 1999;
13(14):
2021 - 2030.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Subklewe, A. Chahroudi, A. Schmaljohn, M. G. Kurilla, N. Bhardwaj, and R. M. Steinman
Induction of Epstein-Barr Virus-Specific Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Responses Using Dendritic Cells Pulsed With EBNA-3A Peptides or UV-Inactivated, Recombinant EBNA-3A Vaccinia Virus
Blood,
August 15, 1999;
94(4):
1372 - 1381.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Ito, M. Inaba, K. Inaba, J. Toki, S. Sogo, T. Iguchi, Y. Adachi, K. Yamaguchi, R. Amakawa, J. Valladeau, et al.
A CD1a+/CD11c+ Subset of Human Blood Dendritic Cells Is a Direct Precursor of Langerhans Cells
J. Immunol.,
August 1, 1999;
163(3):
1409 - 1419.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S.-i. Hashimoto, T. Suzuki, H.-Y. Dong, S. Nagai, N. Yamazaki, and K. Matsushima
Serial Analysis of Gene Expression in Human Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells
Blood,
August 1, 1999;
94(3):
845 - 852.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-F. Arrighi, C. Hauser, B. Chapuis, R. H. Zubler, and V. Kindler
Long-Term Culture of Human CD34+ Progenitors With FLT3-Ligand, Thrombopoietin, and Stem Cell Factor Induces Extensive Amplification of a CD34-CD14- and a CD34-CD14+ Dendritic Cell Precursor
Blood,
April 1, 1999;
93(7):
2244 - 2252.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. C. St. Louis, J. B. Woodcock, G. Fransozo, P. J. Blair, L. M. Carlson, M. Murillo, M. R. Wells, A. J. Williams, D. S. Smoot, S. Kaushal, et al.
Evidence for Distinct Intracellular Signaling Pathways in CD34+ Progenitor to Dendritic Cell Differentiation from a Human Cell Line Model
J. Immunol.,
March 15, 1999;
162(6):
3237 - 3248.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Granelli-Piperno, E. Delgado, V. Finkel, W. Paxton, and R. M. Steinman
Immature Dendritic Cells Selectively Replicate Macrophagetropic (M-Tropic) Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1, while Mature Cells Efficiently Transmit both M- and T-Tropic Virus to T Cells
J. Virol.,
April 1, 1998;
72(4):
2733 - 2737.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
Abstract
Introduction
Abstract