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Blood, Vol. 92 No. 7 (October 1), 1998:
pp. 2503-2510
Interleukin-4 and -13 Induce Upregulation of the Murine Macrophage
12/15-Lipoxygenase Activity: Evidence for the Involvement of
Transcription Factor STAT6
By
Dagmar Heydeck,
Leo Thomas,
Kerstin Schnurr,
Frank Trebus,
William
E. Thierfelder,
James N. Ihle, and
Hartmut Kühn
From the Institute of Biochemistry, University Clinics Charité,
Humboldt University, Berlin; the Department of Cardiovascular/
Metabolic Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma KG, Biberach, Germany;
and the Department of Biochemistry, St Jude Children's Research
Hospital, Memphis, TN.
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ABSTRACT |
When human monocytes or alveolar macrophages are cultured in the
presence of interleukin (IL)-4 or IL-13, the expression of the
reticulocyte-type 15-lipoxygenase is induced. In mice a 15-lipoxygenase is not expressed, but a leukocyte-type 12-lipoxygenase is present in
peritoneal macrophages. To investigate whether both lipoxygenase isoforms exhibit a similar regulatory response toward cytokine stimulation, we studied the regulation of the leukocyte-type
12-lipoxygenase of murine peritoneal macrophages by interleukins and
found that the activity of this enzyme is upregulated in a
dose-dependent manner when the cells were cultured in the presence of
the IL-4 or IL-13 but not by IL-10. When peripheral murine monocytes
that do not express the lipoxygenase were treated with IL-4 expression of 12/15-lipoxygenase mRNA was induced, suggesting pretranslational control mechanisms. In contrast, no upregulation of the lipoxygenase activity was observed when the macrophages were prepared from homozygous STAT6-deficient mice. Peritoneal macrophages of transgenic mice that systemically overexpress IL-4 exhibited a threefold to
fourfold higher 12-lipoxygenase activity than cells prepared from
control animals. A similar upregulation of 12-lipoxygenase activity was
detected in heart, spleen, and lung of the transgenic animals.
Moreover, a strong induction of the enzyme was observed in red cells
during experimental anemia in mice. The data presented here indicate
that (1) the 12-lipoxygenase activity of murine macrophages is
upregulated in vitro and in vivo by IL-4 and/or IL-13, (2) this
upregulation requires expression of the transcription factor STAT6, and
(3) the constitutive expression of the enzyme appears to be STAT6
independent. The cytokine-dependent upregulation of the murine
macrophage 12-lipoxygenase and its induction during experimental anemia
suggests its close relatedness with the human reticulocyte-type
15-lipoxygenase despite their differences in the positional specificity
of arachidonic acid oxygenation.
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INTRODUCTION |
LIPOXYGENASES (LOXs) constitute a
family of lipid peroxidizing enzymes that catalyze the
oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids to their corresponding
hydroperoxy derivatives.1,2 According to the currently used
nomenclature, these enzymes are classified according to their reaction
specificity of arachidonic acid oxygenation.1-3 5-LOXs
oxygenate arachidonic acid at C5 of the fatty acid
backbone, whereas 12-and 15-lipoxygenases introduce molecular dioxygen
at C12 and C15, respectively. This arachidonic acid-related nomenclature suffers from several disadvantages, which
may lead to confusion among scientists not working in the field. One of
these problems is the diversity of arachidonate 12- and 15-LOXs. The
platelet-type 12-LOX strongly differs from the leukocyte-type 12-LOX
with respect to its protein chemical and enzymatic
properties.1,4 Similarly, the human epidermis-type 15-LOX5 is different from the reticulocyte-type 15-LOX of
the same species.6,7 On the other hand, the
murine,8 porcine,9 and bovine10 leukocyte-type 12-LOXs share a high degree of structural homology with
the reticulocyte-type 15-LOX of rabbits and humans, suggesting that the
leukocyte-type 12-LOXs of mouse, pig, and cattle may be functionally
related to the reticulocyte-type 15-LOXs of other species.
5-LOXs play a major role in the biosynthesis of leukotrienes, which are
important mediators of anaphylactic and inflammatory diseases.11,12 In contrast, the physiological importance of 12-and 15-LOXs is not as well-investigated. In rabbit reticulocytes the
15-LOX was implicated in the maturational breakdown of mitochondria during red-cell development.13 The high-level expression of the enzyme in mature macrophages14 and its absence in the
precursor monocytes15 suggests a role in
monocyte/macrophage transition or in macrophage function. Recently,
15-LOXs have been implicated in atherogenesis because of their
capability of oxidizing low-density lipoprotein to an atherogenic
form.16
The expression of 15-LOX in mammalian cells is highly
regulated.17 In rabbit reticulocytes a 15-LOX mRNA binding
protein (15-LOX-BP) has been identified18,19 that binds to
a characteristic repetitive motif in the 3 -untranslated region
of the 15-LOX mRNA,17,20 preventing its translation. In
human peripheral monocytes16,21 and alveolar
macrophages15 the enzyme is upregulated when the cells were
cultured in vitro in the presence of interleukin-4 (IL-4) or IL-13.
Other cytokines such as IL-1 , IL-2, IL-3, and IL-10 were
ineffective.16 A similar cytokine-dependent 15-LOX induction was recently observed in the human lung carcinoma cell line
A549 but was not detected in various human and murine monocytic cell
lines.22 Because the induction was shown by Northern blot analysis, by immunoblotting, and by activity assays, pretranslational control mechanisms are involved. In mouse peritoneal macrophages a
linoleic acid  -6 lipoxygenase activity has been described that was
also upregulated by IL-4.23
Although the IL-4- and IL-13-induced signal transduction cascades
have been studied in detail in several cells,24-26 the
mechanism of cytokine-induced 15-LOX expression is not well understood. Experiments with IL-4 receptor antagonists suggested that the IL-4
and/or IL-13 cell surface receptor(s) appear to be
involved.22 However, almost nothing is known about the
intracellular events leading to expression of the 15-LOX in any
cellular system. Moreover, there is no experimental evidence suggesting
that IL-4-induced upregulation of 12-/15-LOXs does actually occur in
vivo.
To address this questions and to obtain more detailed information on
the mechanism of cytokine-induced LOX expression, peritoneal macrophages and peripheral monocytes were prepared from normal mice and
from genetically modified animals, and the impact of cytokine
stimulation on the 12/15-LOX activity was measured. The data obtained
suggest that IL-4 upregulates the activity of the murine leukocyte-type
12-LOX in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we found that IL-4- and
IL-13-induced upregulation requires the expression of STAT6
transcription factor. However, the constitutive background activity of
the enzyme appears to be STAT6 independent.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS |
Chemicals.
The chemicals used were purchased from the following vendors:
recombinant murine and human interleukins-4, -10, and -13 from R&D
Systems GmbH (Wiesbaden, Germany); cell culture media from GIBCO-BRL
(Eggenstein, Germany); methanol, n-hexane, and 2-propanol (HPLC pure)
from Baker (Gross-Gerau, Germany); and authentic standards of 12S-,
12R-, 15S-, and 15R-HETE and arachidonic acid from Cayman Chem (Ann
Arbor, MI).
Animal experiments.
STAT6 deficient mice ( /) were
produced and maintained as described previously.27 For
knocking out the STAT6 gene, clones from a 129/SvE genomic library were
injected into C57BL/6 blastocytes. All mice were 129/C57 Black
mixtures, and age-matched female individuals of STAT6-deficient mice
and controls with comparable genetic background were used for the
experiments. IL-4-overexpressing transgenic mice28,29 as
well as the corresponding inbred controls were kindly provided by Dr A. Schimpl (Würzburg, Germany).
Experimental anemia was induced in mice by repeated subcutaneous
injection of a neutralized phenylhydracine solution. The mice were
killed by diethyl ether inhalation and blood was removed from the
Vena cava inferior. The cells were spun down and washed twice with isotonic saline, and 0.1 mL of packed cells were resuspended in 1 mL of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Arachidonic acid oxygenase activity was assayed as described for peritoneal macrophages (see below).
Cell preparation and culturing conditions.
Mice were killed by carbon dioxide or diethyl ether inhalation.
Peritoneal macrophages were prepared by peritoneal lavage with 10 mL of
sterile PBS. The cells were spun down, washed once with sterile PBS,
resuspended in Dulbecco's minimal essential medium (DMEM) containing
penicillin/streptomycin and 10% fetal calf serum and plated to 6-well
culture dishes or normal Petri-dishes at a concentration of about 1 × 106 cells/well. The macrophages were
allowed to adhere to the dishes (2 to 3 hours), the nonadherent cells
were removed, and the cells were kept in culture for up to 96 hours.
Fluorescence-associated cell sorting analysis of the adherent cells
indicated that more than 80% of the cells were stained positive for
the macrophage surface antigen CD11b. The culture medium was changed
after 24 and 76 hours. Interleukins were added to the culture medium
after the cells were kept in culture for 24 hours. After different
times the cells were detached by trypsination for 10 minutes (addition of 2 mL trypsin/versene solution; BioWitthaker,Verviers, Belgium) or by
scraping them from the dishes. Then the cells were washed once with PBS
and resuspended in 1 mL of PBS. Murine peripheral monocytes were
prepared from whole blood by density step-gradient centrifugation and
adherence to plastic dishes as described for human
monocytes.15 For the experiments heparin-blood of 20 mice was combined. Murine alveolar macrophages were obtained by
broncho-alveolar lavage with three 1-mL rinses of PBS. The cell
suspensions were combined and the cells were washed with PBS and were
further treated as described above for the peritoneal macrophages.
LOX activity assay.
Arachidonic acid (final concentration of 20 µmol/L or 100 µmol/L)
was added as LOX substrate to the cell suspension as methanolic stock
solution, and either the intact cells or a cell homogenate (sonication
with a microtip sonifier [Brown AG, Melsungen, Germany]) were incubated with the substrate for 15 minutes at 37°C. The samples were acidified to pH 3, and the lipids were extracted with an
equal volume of ethylacetate or with a 2:1 (vol/vol) mixture of
methanol/chloroform. After centrifugation, the organic phase containing
the lipophilic LOX products was recovered, the solvent was evaporated
under vacuum, and the remaining lipids were reconstituted in 0.1 mL of
methanol. Aliquots (usually half of the sample) were injected to
reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) for quantification of the LOX products.
HPLC analysis.
HPLC was performed on a Waters (Eschborn, Germany) or a
Shimadzu (Kyoto, Japan) HPLC system connected to diode
array detectors. If not stated otherwise, RP-HPLC was performed on
Nucleosil C-18 column (Macherey/Nagel, Düren, Germany; KS-system,
250 × 4 mm, 5 µm particle size). The analytes were eluted
isocratically with the solvent system methanol/water/acetic acid
(85/15/0.1; by volume) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The absorbance at
235 nm was recorded. The chromatograms were quantified by peak area,
and a calibration curve (six-point calibration) for 12-HETE was
established. The fractions containing the LOX products were collected,
and the solvent was evaporated. The lipids were reconstituted in 0.2 mL of n-hexane, and aliquots were injected to straight-phase
(SP)-HPLC and/or chiral-phase HPLC. SP-HPLC was performed on a
Nucleosil column (Macherey/Nagel; KS-system, 250 × 4 mm, 10 µm
particle size) with a solvent system of n-hexane/2-propanol/acetic acid (100/2/0.1; by volume) and a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The hydroxy fatty
acid enantiomers were separated on a Chiralcel-OD column (Baker,
Germany) using the solvent systems n-hexane/2-propanol/acetic acid
(100:5:0.1; by volume) for 15-HETE and n-hexane/2-propanol/acetic acid
(100:3:0.1; by volume) for 12-HETE. The chemical structures of the
hydroxy fatty acid isomers were identified by ultraviolet spectroscopy,
by coinjections with authentic standards in RP- and SP-HPLC, and by gas
chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS).
Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
Total RNA was prepared by guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform
extraction and was stored as ethanol precipitates at  20°C. The cDNAs were obtained by reverse-transcription using the avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase (AMV-RT) and oligo(dT) as
primer. PCR was performed on a Biometra TRIO Thermoblock 2.51BB (Biometra, Göttingen, Germany). Total RNA (3 µg) was reverse transcribed at 37°C for 90 minutes in 45 µL of 50 mmol/L Tris/HCl buffer, pH 8.2, containing 8 mmol/L MgCl2, 30 mmol/L KCl, 1 mmol/L DTT, 100 µg/mL bovine serum albumin, 30 U of RNase inhibitor, 0.166 mmol/L of each dNTP, 150 pmol of oligo(dT) primer, and 15 U of
reverse transcriptase. To stop the reaction samples were heated to
95°C for 10 minutes. For quantification the mRNA of the murine
12/15-LOX was related to the glycerolaldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
(GAPDH) mRNA. As housekeeping enzyme, the GAPDH mRNA may not be
regulated by cytokines. For amplification of the 12/15-LOX and of the
GAPDH the following primer combinations were used: 5-CTC CCT GTA
GAC CAG CGA TTT CGA -3 and 5-GGC AGT TCG AGC TGG ATG GCT
ATA (12/15-LOX; expecting a 484-bp fragment) and 5-TCG GTG TGA
ACG GAT TTG GCC GTA-3 and 5-ATG GAC TGT GGT CAT GAG CCC
TTC-3 (GAPDH, expecting a 521-bp fragment). For positive controls the cDNA of the murine leukocyte type 12-LOX was used. Two
microliters of the reverse transcriptase reaction were used for
amplification, and the PCR mixture consisted of a 10-mmol/L Tris/HCl
buffer, pH 8.3, containing 50 mmol/L KCl, 2 mmol/L MgCl2, 6 pmol of primer sets, 0.1 mmol/L of each dNTP, and 2.5 U of Taq DNA
polymerase. After initial denaturation for 4 minutes at 94°C, 30 cycles of PCR were performed. Each cycle consisted of a denaturing period (40 seconds at 94°C), an annealing phase (60 seconds at 65°C for 15-LOX or 69°C for GAPDH) and an
extension period (120 seconds at 72°C). After the last cycle, all
samples were incubated for additional 10 minutes at 72°C. PCR
products were separated by 2% agarose gel electrophoresis, the DNA was
stained with ethidium bromide, and the electropherograms were
quantified densitometrically. For quantification the intensities of the
GAPDH bands was set 100% for each, IL-4-treated and -untreated
cells.
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RESULTS |
The activity of the leukocyte-type 12-LOX of murine peritoneal
macrophages is upregulated in vitro by IL-4 and IL-13.
The expression of the reticulocyte-type 15-LOX of human peripheral
monocytes16, 21 and of alveolar macrophages15
is induced when the cells were cultured in vitro in the presence of
IL-4 and/or IL 13. We analyzed the 12/15-LOX activity of
murine peritoneal lavage cells (Fig 1,
upper trace) and found that a cell lysate converted exogenous arachidonic acid to products comigrating in RP-HPLC with authentic standards of (5Z,8Z,10E,14Z)-12S-hydroxyeicosa-5,8,10,14-tetraenoic acid (12S-HETE) and (5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-15S-hydroxyeicosa-5,8,11, 13-tetraenoic acid (15S-HETE). Similar products were formed with intact
cells, but the extent of product formation was somewhat lower (data not
shown). The products contained a characteristic conjugated diene
chromophore with an absorbance maximum at 236 nm (inset). Because under
these chromatographic conditions the different positional HETE isomers
were not well-resolved, SP-HPLC was performed to confirm the chemical
structures. This analytical procedure indicated a 8:1 mixture of
12-HETE and 15-HETE. In this particular experiment, 0.98 µg
12/15-HETE per 106 cells was formed within a 15-minute
incubation period. In the corresponding control incubation (no cells),
very small amounts of oxygenated fatty acids were detected (Fig 1,
lower trace). Formation of 12-and 15-HETE was completely inhibited by
the LOX inhibitor 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid but was not affected by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin (data not shown). When
linoleic acid was used as substrate,
(9Z,11E)-13S-hydroxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoic acid (13S-HODE) was
identified as major oxygenation product (data not shown).
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| Fig 1.
Murine peritoneal lavage cells express an arachidonate
12-LOX. Peritoneal lavage in mice was performed as described in
Material and Methods. The cells were spun down, washed, and resuspended
in 1 mL of PBS. After addition of arachidonic acid (100 µmol/L final
concentration), the cells were disrupted and the lysate was incubated
for 15 minutes at 37°C. The reaction was stopped by acidification
to pH 3, and the lipids were extracted with 1 mL of ethylacetate. The
solvent was evaporated, the remaining lipids were reconstituted in 200 µL of methanol, and aliquots were analyzed by RP-HPLC as described in
Materials and Methods. Upper trace, incubation with cells; lower trace,
control incubation (no cells). Cells alone do not contain significant
amounts of hydroxy fatty acids. Inset, ultraviolet-spectrum of the
hydroxy fatty acids indicating the presence of conjugated dienes.
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Peritoneal macrophages that were cultured for 4 days in the presence of
0.8 nmol/L IL-4 (Fig 2, upper trace)
produce more 12/15-HETE than cells cultured in the absence of the
cytokine (lower trace). In this particular experiment, a fourfold
increase in 12/15-HETE formation was observed, whereas 5-HETE formation remained unchanged. The ultraviolet-spectra (right inset) of the major
conjugated dienes formed (12-HETE and 15-HETE) were similar in shape
but were slightly different with respect to their
 max-values. For the early eluting peak of 15-HETE a
max of 235 nm was determined, whereas maximal absorption
for the late eluting 12-HETE was at 236 nm.30 Analysis of
the enantiomer composition of 12-HETE (left inset) indicated a
preponderance of the S-isomer, suggesting that the compound was formed
via LOX pathway.
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| Fig 2.
Upregulation of murine macrophage 12-lipoxygenase
activity by IL-4. Murine peritoneal macrophages were prepared as
described in Materials and Methods. After adhesion to plastic dishes
they were cultured for 4 days in the absence (lower trace) or presence
(upper trace) of IL-4 (0.8 nmol/L final concentration). Cells were
obtained, and cell homogenates were incubated with arachidonic acid
(100 µmol/L final concentration). Product preparation and RP-HPLC as
described in the legend to Fig 1. Left inset, enantiomer analysis
(chiral phase HPLC) of 12-HETE prepared by RP-HPLC; right inset,
ultraviolet-spectra of the products coeluting with 12- and 15-HETE. In
some experiments the ulraviolet-spectrum of the products
coeluting with 15-HETE did show an absorbance at 280 nm, which may be
due to the formation of conjugated ketodienes.
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From Fig 3 it can be seen that the extent
of upregulation of the 12/15-LOX activity did depend on the IL-4
concentration. A tendency of activation was already seen at 1 and 10 pmol/L, but significant upregulation was observed at IL-4
concentrations of 100 pmol/L and higher. It should be mentioned that
the 12-HETE/15-HETE ratio was about 10:1 over the entire concentration
range. For the human 15-LOX it has been shown that the enzyme is
induced by IL-4 and IL-13, whereas other cytokines, such as IL-10, had no effects. From Table 1 it can be seen
that the murine macrophage 12/15-LOX exhibits a similar cytokine
responsiveness.
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| Fig 3.
Dose-response curve of 12- and 15-HETE formation by
murine peritoneal macrophages on IL-4 concentration. Peritoneal lavage
cells were prepared from 30 mice by rinsing the peritoneal cavity of
each mouse with 10 mL of PBS. The lavage fluid was pooled, the cells
were washed once, plated in 6-well plates, and the macrophages were
allowed to adhere overnight. After removing nonadherent cells,
different concentrations of IL-4 were adjusted and the cells were kept
in culture for additional 3 days. For most IL-4 concentrations, three
separate wells were used. After 3 days the cells from each well were
obtained separately and the arachidonic acid oxygenase activity was
determined. 12- and 15-HETE formation was quantified by RP-HPLC. The
n-numbers above the traces indicate how many wells were used for one
IL-4 concentration, and the arrow bars represent the standard
deviation. At 100 pmol/L of IL-4 we measured exactly the same 15-HETE
formation in both HPLC runs. Thus, no arrow bar can be given.
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To find out whether the upregulation of 12/15-LOX activity is
paralelled by an increase in the steady-state concentration of the
12/15-LOX protein, immunohistochemical stainings were performed. We
found that both IL-4-treated and -untreated peritoneal macrophages were stained 12/15-LOX positive. Although the staining appeared to be
somewhat more intense with the IL-4-treated cells, exact quantification was not possible.
The experiments with murine peritoneal macrophages were hampered by the
fact that these cells constitutively express the 12/15-LOX at a fairly
high level. To avoid this problem we prepared peripheral monocytes from
mice and cultured these cells for 4 days in the absence and presence of
IL-4. Because the number of cells obtained (5 × 105
monocytes) was not sufficient for activity assays, we performed RT-PCR
to quantify 12/15-LOX mRNA expression. From
Fig 4 it can be seen that no 12/15-LOX mRNA
is expressed in peripheral monocytes cultured for 4 days in the absence
of IL-4. However, when IL-4 was present in the culture medium, a LOX
positive band was detected. These data suggest that in murine monocytes
12/15-LOX expression is upregulated by IL-4 and that pretranslational
mechanisms appear to be involved.
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| Fig 4.
Upregulation of 12/15-LOX mRNA expression in murine
peripheral monocytes by IL-4. The blood of 20 mice was pooled, and the
white blood cells were prepared by density step-gradient
centrifugation.15 After washing twice with PBS, the cells
were plated to Petri-dishes and macrophages were allowed to adhere
overnight. Nonadherent cells (mainly granulocytes and lymphocytes) were
removed by washing the plates five times with culture medium. The
adherent cells were scraped off the plates and were resuspended in 0.2 mL of PBS. Total RNA and RT-PCR of the GAPDH and 12/15-LOX mRNA were
performed as described in Material and Methods. For quantification
(lower part of the figure) the intensity of the GAPDH band obtained
from IL-4-treated cells was set 100% and the intensity of the other
bands were related to it. Inset, original PCR pattern obtained from the
different samples.
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In vivo upregulation of murine 12-LOX by systemic overexpression of
IL-4.
So far the IL-4- and IL-13-induced upregulation of the human 15-LOX
has only been shown under in vitro conditions.14,15,21,22 To find out whether this effect may actually occur in vivo we prepared
peritoneal macrophages from transgenic mice that overexpress IL-4 under
the control of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-I regulatory
sequences.28 From Fig 5 it can
be seen that the macrophages of transgenic mice exhibit a threefold to
fourfold higher 12-LOX activity than cells prepared from the
corresponding control animals. Statistic evaluation of the data
obtained from 10 individuals gave the following results: transgenics (n = 5), 12-LOX activity of 9.73 ± 1.88 µg
HETE/106 cells (mean ± SD); controls, 2.84 ± 0.88 µg HETE/106 cells (mean ± SD), P = .005. It
should be stressed that the pattern of arachidonic acid oxygenation
products, in particular the 15-HETE/12-HETE-ratio (about 1:5), was
comparable for the transgenic mice and the control animals, suggesting
that these products are formed by the same enzyme. Enantiomer analysis
of the major product of arachidonic acid oxygenation, 12-HETE, showed a
strong preponderance of the S-isomer, indicating the 12-LOX origin.
These data suggest that the increased arachidonic acid oxygenating
capability of the peritoneal macrophages prepared from
IL-4-overexpressing mice is due to an upregulation of the 12-LOX
activity. In additional experiments we addressed the question whether
the upregulation of the LOX activity was restricted to macrophages or
whether an increase in enzyme activity can also be detected in other
tissues. We found that HETE formation from exogenous arachidonic acid
was augmented in the spleen (47 µg HETE/g wet weight v 19 µg HETE/g wet weight in a control animal), the lung (42 µg HETE/g
wet weight v 20 µg HETE/g wet weight in a control animal),
and the heart (15 µg HETE/g wet weight v 7 µg HETE/g wet
weight in a control animal) of the transgenic animals. In contrast,
arachidonic acid oxygenase activity was not altered in liver (22 µg
HETE/g wet weight v 24 µg HETE/g wet weight in a control
animal) and skeleton muscle (17 µg HETE/g wet weight v 18 µg HETE/g wet weight in a control animal).
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| Fig 5.
Peritoneal macrophages of IL-4-overexpressing mice
exhibit a higher 12/15-LOX activity than cells prepared from control
animals. Peritoneal lavage cells were prepared from
IL-4-overexpressing mice (n = 5) and from corresponding control
animals (n = 5). The lavage fluid of two animals was combined, the
cells were washed twice with PBS, plated to Petri-dishes, and the
macrophages were allowed to adhere overnight. After removal of
nonadherent cells, the macrophages were scraped from the dishes and a
cell homogenate was incubated in the presence of 100 µmol/L of
arachidonic acid for 15 minutes at 37°C. Lipid extraction and
RP-HPLC analysis of the LOX products was performed as described in
Material and Methods. A representative RP-HPLC chromatogram is shown.
The 12-HETE formed was purified by RP-HPLC and was further analyzed for
its enantiomer composition by CP-HPLC (inset).
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Involvement of STAT6 in IL-4-induced upregulation of 12-LOX
activity.
The mechanism of IL-4-dependent upregulation of LOXs, in particular
the steps of the cytokine-induced signal transduction cascade necessary
for this upregulation, has not been investigated so far. In various
cellular systems IL-4-mediated effects involve activation of the
transcription factor STAT6. In its phosphorylated form STAT6 binds to
STAT6-responsive elements in the promoter region of IL-4-sensitive
genes and turns on their transcription. We screened the promoter
sequences of various mammalian LOXs (rabbit 15-LOX,31 human
15-LOX,32 murine leukocyte-type 12-LOX,8 porcine leukocyte-type 12-LOX,33 human 5-LOX,34
platelet-type 12-LOX,35 murine platelet-type
12-LOX8) for the presence of STAT6-responsive elements with
the consensus sequence TTC NNN(N) GAA36 and found potential
STAT6-binding sites in the promoter of the rabbit and human 15-LOX
genes and in the genes coding for the murine and porcine leukocyte-type
12-LOXs. In contrast, the promoters of the murine platelet
12-LOX8 and of the human 5-LOX34 do not contain
potential STAT6-binding elements. To find out whether STAT6 is involved
in the IL-4-induced signal transduction cascade leading to the
upregulation of 15-LOX activity, experiments with STAT6 deficient mice
were performed. From the data shown in Table 1 (lower part) the
following conclusions may be drawn. First, the 12-LOX activity of
peritoneal macrophages prepared from control mice was increased by
about 60% when the cells were cultured in the presence of IL-4 or
IL-13. Second, when the macrophages were prepared from STAT6-deficient
mice, the 12-LOX activity was not augmented. In contrast, we observed a
significant decrease in LOX activity after culturing the cells in the
presence of IL-4 or IL-13. The mechanistic reasons for this impaired
LOX activity in the STAT6-deficient macrophages remain unclear. It
might be possible that such an inhibitory effect does also occur in the macrophages of normal mice. However, owing to the STAT6-dependent upregulation of 12-LOX activity, the inhibitory effect may be masked.
Finally, the level of constitutive expression of the 12-LOX (no
cytokine treatment) in the STAT6-deficient mice was comparable with
that of the control animals. These data suggest that IL-4- and
IL-13-induced upregulation of 12/15-LOX activity requires the
expression of STAT6, whereas the constitutive background expression of
the enzyme does not involve this transcription factor.
Upregulation of 12/15-LOX activity during experimental anemia.
The expression of the 15-LOX in rabbit reticulocytes is strongly
induced during the time course of an experimental anemia.37 To obtain additional evidence for the relatedness of the rabbit 15-LOX
and the murine 12/15-LOX, we induced an experimental anemia in mice and
assayed the LOX activity in red blood cells. From Table 2 it can be seen that no 12/15-LOX
was present in erythrocytes of untreated mice. In contrast, when the
animals were treated with phenylhydracine to induce an experimental
anemia, the 12/15-LOX activity was strongly increased. Because this
upregulation was also observed by RT-PCR and immunoblot analysis (data
not shown), one may conclude that the murine 12/15-LOX shows a similar
induction behavior as the rabbit 15-LOX and thus suggests a close
relatedness of both enzymes.
| |
DISCUSSION |
The leukocyte-type 12-LOX and the reticulocyte-type 15-LOX are
expressed in various cells and tissues, but their biological role is
still unclear. There are several suggestions for the biological importance of these enzymes, which may be categorized as
follows:3 (1) formation of bioactive lipid mediators from
free polyenoic fatty acids with potential importance for anaphylactic
and inflammatory disease (in fact, 13-H(P)ODE and 15-H(P)ETE have been
reported to exhibit proinflammatory and /or antiinflammatory activity
in various cellular systems, in organ preparations, in whole animals, and in humans)38-41; and (2) direct oxygenation of
lipid-protein assemblies, such as biomembranes and
lipoproteins,42,43 leading to structural and functional
alteration of these complexes, which may be of importance for cell
development and atherogenesis.3 In rabbit reticulocytes the
15-LOX has been implicated in the maturational breakdown of
mitochondria.13,14,37 If the leukocyte-type 12-LOX in mice
were the functional equivalent of this enzyme, disruption of its gene
should lead to problems with erythropoiesis. However, leukocyte-type
12-LOX-deficient mice do not have obvious abnormalities in
hematopoiesis.44 Because of the diversity of the LOX
family, these data do not necessarily mean that the leukocyte-type
12-LOX may not be involved in red cell maturation because disruption of
its gene may be compensated by upregulation of a functionally related
LOX. Although no reticulocyte-type 15-LOX has been cloned so far from
mouse tissue, there is experimental evidence for the simultaneous
expression of a leukocyte-type 12-LOX and a related reticulocyte-type
15-LOX in humans45 and in rabbits.46 If a
similar LOX diversity would exist in mice, double or even multiple knockouts must be created.
The expression of the leukocyte-type 12-LOX and of the reticulocyte
type 15-LOX in alveolar and peritoneal macrophages and their absence in
the precursor monocytes suggested an involvement in monocyte-macrophage
transition. This differentiation process is characterized inter alia by
restructuring of the cellular membrane. For developing rabbit
reticulocytes it has been shown that the 15-LOX oxygenates membrane
lipids,47 and this enzymatic lipid peroxidation was
implicated in red cell maturation.13 Moreover, an
involvement of 12/15-LOXs in macrophage function was
suggested.3,15 However, basic characterization of
peritoneal macrophages isolated from 12-LOX-deficient mice did not
reveal major dysfunction in macrophage maturation or macrophage
physiology.44 It might be possible that defects in
erythropoiesis or in macrophage function may appear when the animals
are challenged in certain ways. Such experiments have not been
performed so far.
With murine peritoneal macrophages we only observed a rather moderate,
but statistically highly significant, increase in 12-LOX activity when
the cells were exposed in vitro to IL-4. Summarizing our experiments, a
twofold increase in the 12/15-LOX activity (2.1 ± 0.8-fold increase
[mean ± SD], n = 9, P = .003) was found when murine
peritoneal macrophages were cultured in the presence of 1 nmol/L IL-4
for 3 days. For human peripheral monocytes15, 21 and in
A549 human lung carcinoma cells,22 a much stronger increase (10- to 20-fold) was described. This may primarily be due to the fact
that mature macrophages show a high level of constitutive 12/15-LOX
expression. In our hands, peripheral human monocytes exhibit a 15-LOX
activity of less than 10 ng formation of 15-HETE/106 cells
(15-minute incubation period). After stimulation with IL-4, up to 2 µg 15-HETE/106 cells was formed.22 Murine
peritoneal macrophages exhibit a 12-LOX activity, which varied between
2 to 10 µg formation of 12-HETE/106 cells, and
stimulation with IL-4 or IL-13 did only lead to a 0.5- to 4-fold
increase. A similar rather moderate increase in LOX activity was
observed when human alveolar macrophages, which also exhibit a high
level constitutive 15-LOX expression, were stimulated with
IL-4.14 Our RT-PCR studies in murine peripheral monocytes
indicate that no 12/15-LOX is present in these cells but that the
12/15-LOX mRNA is expressed after IL-4 stimulation. Because the
12/15-LOX is expressed in murine peritoneal macrophages but cannot be
detected in peripheral monocytes, the enzyme may be induced during
monocyte/macrophage transition. Although this induction has now been
shown in humans and mice, and might also occur in other animal species,
its physiological relevance remains unclear.
The experiments with the STAT6-deficient mice provide evidence for an
involvement of this STAT6 in IL-4-induced upregulation of 12/15-LOXs.
Because the genes coding for leukocyte-type 12-LOXs and for the
reticulocyte-type 15-LOX contain putative STAT6-binding sites, a direct
interaction of STAT6 with these LOX genes appears possible. In
contrast, the promoter regions of 5-LOX genes as well as of the genes
coding for the platelet-type 12-LOXs do not contain putative
STAT6-binding sequences. Because these LOXs subtypes strongly differ
from the above mentioned enzymes with respect to their enzymatic and
protein chemical properties, they may exhibit a different cytokine
responsiveness. In fact, IL-4 treatment of human monocytes and A549
cells does neither induce the expression of the 5-LOX nor of the
platelet-type 12-LOX.16,22 Although the existence of
putative STAT6-binding sites in the promoter region of various LOX
genes may point to a direct interaction of STAT6 with 12/15-LOX genes,
kinetic studies on IL-4-induced 15-LOX expression in human
monocytes16 and A549 lung carcinoma cells22
suggested that the human 15-LOX gene may not belong to the family of
immediate early genes turned on by IL-4. After stimulation of the cells
with IL-4 it takes at least several hours before an increase in the
15-LOX activity and its mRNA can be measured. Thus, an indirect
interaction of activated STAT6 with the human 15-LOX gene appears
unlikely. It might be possible that stimulation of the cells with IL-4
leads to a STAT6-dependent synthesis of a protein, which in turn
upregulates the expression of the 12-/15-LOX. In fact, at least in
humans there are indications for the expression of such a regulatory
protein.48
| |
FOOTNOTES |
Submitted December 8, 1997;
accepted May 22, 1998.
Supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Ku 961-2/2).
Address reprint requests to Hartmut Kühn, MD, DSc,
Institute for Biochemistry, University Clinics (Charité),
Humboldt University, Hessische Str 3-4, 10115 Berlin, FRG; e-mail:
hartmut.kuehn{at}rz.hu-berlin.de.
The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" is accordance with 18 U.S.C. section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
| |
ACKNOWLEDGMENT |
We wish to thank C. Reuss for his expert technical assistance and Prof
A. Schimpl (Würzburg) for kindly providing the IL-4 overexpressing mice and the corresponding control animals.
| |
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Abstract
Introduction
Abstract