SEARCH:   Advanced

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Rights and Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via CrossRef Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Elbaz, A. Articles by Amarenco, P. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Elbaz, A. Articles by Amarenco, P. Related Collections Hemostasis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology Social Bookmarking                   What's this?  Previous Article  |  Table of Contents  |  Next Article  Blood, Vol. 95 No. 2 (January 15), 2000: pp. 586-591 HEMOSTASIS, THROMBOSIS, AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY The association between the Val34Leu polymorphism in the factor XIII gene and brain infarction Alexis Elbaz, Odette Poirier, Sandrine Canaple, François Chédru, François Cambien, and Pierre Amarenco on behalf of the GÉNIC investigators INSERM Unité 360 (A.E.), INSERM U 525 (O.P., F.C.), Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Amiens (S.C.), Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Général de Meaux (F.Ch.), Service de Neurologie, Saint-Antoine Hospital and Lariboisiere Hospital, Pierre and Marie Curie University (P.A.), and Formation de Recherche en Neurologie Vasculaire (Association Claude Bernard) (P.A.), Paris, France.     Abstract Top Abstract Introduction Subjects and methods Results Discussion Appendix References Factor XIII catalyzes the formation of covalent bounds between fibrin monomers, thus stabilizing the fibrin clot and increasing its resistance to fibrinolysis. The frequency of a frequent Val34Leu polymorphism in the FXIII A-subunit gene has been shown to be lower in patients with myocardial infarction or venous thrombosis than in controls, whereas it was higher in patients with hemorrhagic stroke than in controls. Our aim was to study the relation between brain infarction (BI) and the FXIII Val34Leu polymorphism in 456 patients consecutively recruited with a BI confirmed by MRI, and 456 matched controls. The distribution of genotypes was different in cases (63.2% Val/Val; 30.9% Val/Leu; 5.9% Leu/Leu) compared with controls (49.8% Val/Val; 42.8% Val/Leu; 7.4% Leu/Leu; P < .001). Carrying the Leu allele was associated with an OR of 0.58 (95% CI = 0.44-0.75). A similar association was observed in cases and controls free of previous cardiovascular or cerebrovascular history (OR = 0.51; 95% CI = 0.36-0.73). No heterogeneity of this association was observed after stratification on the main BI subtypes. Adjustment for traditional vascular risk factors did not modify these findings. In addition, the effect of smoking was modified by the polymorphism (P = .05); the effect of smoking was weaker among Leu carriers than among noncarriers. In conclusion, there was a negative association of the FXIII Val34Leu polymorphism with BI, thus suggesting a protective effect of the Leu allele against thrombotic cerebral artery occlusion. In addition, our results suggest that among Leu carriers, the protective effect of the polymorphism outweighed the effect of smoking. (Blood. 2000;95:586-591) © 2000 by The American Society of Hematology.     Introduction Top Abstract Introduction Subjects and methods Results Discussion Appendix References Prospective and case-control studies suggest that factors involved in the coagulation and fibrinolytic pathways, such as fibrinogen, tissue plasminogen activator, factor VII, or plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, may contribute to the cause of thrombotic diseases. The role of factor XIII (FXIII) has been more recently investigated. FXIII is a transglutaminase consisting of 2 catalytic A-subunits and 2 carrier protein B-subunits. When activated by thrombin, FXIIIa catalyzes the formation of covalent -(-glutamyl)-lysyl bonds between fibrin monomers, thus stabilizing the fibrin clot and increasing its resistance to fibrinolysis. FXIIIa is also implicated in the cross-linking of several other proteins, such as -2 antiplasmin, fibronectin, and collagen. Mutations of the FXIII A-subunit have been related to FXIII deficiency, a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a tendency for spontaneous bleeding (including intracranial hemorrhages at a young age) and impaired wound healing.1 Recently, a common GT polymorphism, leading to a valine (Val) to leucine (Leu) substitution 3 amino acids from the thrombin activation site, was described in exon 2 of the FXIII A-subunit gene.1 The frequency of the Leu allele has been shown to be lower in subjects with myocardial infarction or deep venous thrombosis than in controls.2-6 Because the mutant allele is associated with a higher activity of the enzyme,7-9 this protective effect is not well understood, although it has been hypothesized that increased rates of FXIII activation could lead to ineffective cross-linking, or that the kinetics of the cross-linking reactions may be disrupted because of the effects of FXIIIa on other proteins.7 Catto et al10 investigated the relation between stroke and the Val34Leu polymorphism and found that the mutant allele was more frequent in cases with hemorrhagic stroke than in controls, although no significant difference was observed between cases with brain infarction (BI) and controls. These results support the view that determinants, including genetic susceptibility, of ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes should be investigated separately.11 Our aim was to investigate the association between BI and the Val34Leu polymorphism of the factor XIII gene in patients with BI and matched controls, as part of the GÉNIC study. This relation was studied overall, and among the main BI subtypes. In addition, because FXIII level has been shown to be modified by smoking among pregnant women12 and healthy subjects,13 we investigated whether the polymorphism and smoking interacted in determining the risk of BI.     Subjects and methods Top Abstract Introduction Subjects and methods Results Discussion Appendix References Cases Cases were consecutively recruited among all patients admitted in 12 French neurologic centers, if they fulfilled the following criteria: (1) clinical symptoms suggestive of stroke, (2) no brain hemorrhage on computed tomographic (CT) scan, (3) infarct proven by MRI, (4) 18 to 85 years old, and (5) both parents of Caucasian origin. Cases were included in the week-interval after the event. Patients reporting previous cardiovascular or cerebrovascular history were eligible. Controls Controls without history of stroke were recruited among individuals hospitalized at the same institutions, for any other reason than neurologic diseases; these consisted of orthopedic (46%), ophthalmologic (12%), rheumatologic (11%), surgical (6%), and other (25%) causes. One control was matched by sex, age (± 5 years), and center to each case. Subjects reporting a positive cardiovascular history other than stroke were eligible. Their parents had to be of Caucasian origin. Data collection and risk factors definition Information on demographic characteristics and risk factors was collected using a structured questionnaire. Hypertension was defined by a history of treated hypertension. Smoking history was coded as never, ex (stopped smoking at least 1 year before inclusion in the study), and current smoking; number of cigarettes smoked per day and duration of smoking were recorded, and the number of pack-years (PY) was computed as the number of packs smoked per day times the number of years. Subjects were classified as diabetics when treated for insulin dependent or noninsulin dependent diabetes. Use of lipid-lowering drugs was assessed. History of MI, angioplasty, coronary artery by-pass surgery, or lower-limb arterial disease was recorded; positive cardiovascular history was defined by the presence of any of these diseases. History of stroke or transient ischemic attacks was obtained in cases. Investigations Electrocardiogram (ECG), extracranial duplex, and transcranial Doppler were performed on all cases and controls. Presence of plaques, arterial stenoses, and occlusions were assessed. Two-dimensional echocardiography results were available for 464 patients (91%) and transesophageal echocardiography was performed in 358 (77%). MRI could not be performed or was of poor quality in only 38 cases (7.5%); nevertheless, these patients were included in the study because the CT scan clearly showed a recent BI. Conventional or magnetic resonance cerebral angiogram was performed on 208 patients (41%). Blood was drawn in the morning from fasting subjects for DNA extraction and lipid profile determination in 1 centralized laboratory. Brain infarction subtypes classification Patients were classified into etiologic subtypes by 2 neurologists (P.A., F.Ch.) according to prespecified criteria, after review of clinical files, discharge summaries, follow-up visit reports, and results of investigations. Atherothrombotic stroke: Defined by (1) an ipsilateral internal carotid stenosis  30%, or (2) an ipsilateral stenosis  50% of another intra-/extra-cranial artery, or (3) plaques > 4 mm in the aortic arch with a mobile component. Cardioembolic stroke: When a cardiac source was recognized (MI within the prior 3 weeks, atrial fibrillation, mitral stenosis, cardiac thrombus, valvular vegetations, atrial myxoma, prosthetic mitral or aortic valve, left ventricular aneurysm, dilated cardiomyopathy). Lacunar stroke: Defined by a small deep infarct measuring < 15 mm size (MRI), in a patient with a clinical syndrome compatible with the diagnosis of lacune, without any finding in favor of an atherothrombotic or cardioembolic stroke. Arterial dissections: Diagnosed in patients with typical clinical angiographic patterns of carotid or vertebral arteries dissection. Other causes: Rare causes such as polycythemia vera, cerebral arteritis, or thrombocytemia. Undetermined cause: When 2 or more causes defined above coexisted in the same individual. Unknown cause: When no cause was identified. Patients with an isolated elevation of antiphospholipid antibodies, patent foramen ovale, atrial septal aneurysm, valvular strands, mitral valve prolapse, or mitral annulus calcifications, belonged to this group. Val34Leu polymorphism of the factor XIII A subunit gene The genotyping protocol is available on our Internet site: http://ifr69.vjf.inserm.fr/~canvas/. Among 510 cases and 510 controls included in the study, DNA was obtained, extracted, and amplified for 474 (93%) cases and 488 (96%) controls, corresponding to 456 matched pairs. Data analysis Allelic frequencies were calculated by gene-counting. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was tested using the 2 statistic. We compared genotype distributions in cases and controls using conditional logistic regression analysis for matched sets.14 Odds-ratios (ORs) were computed with multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis and first-order multiplicative terms were introduced in the models to test for interaction. The ORs associated with the Val/Leu and the Leu/Leu genotypes were very similar; we therefore carried a collapsibility test,15 and because the test did not reject collapsibility of these genotypes (P = .95), ORs were computed assuming a dominant model, by comparing the frequency of the Val/Leu and Leu/Leu genotypes pooled together with the frequency of the Val/Val genotype in cases and controls, using conditional logistic regression analysis. Our analyses concerned the whole study group, and were subsequently stratified according to the 4 main BI subtypes (atherothrombotic, lacunar, cardioembolic strokes, and strokes of unknown cause; analyses concerning strokes of undetermined cause are not reported, because it is by definition a highly heterogeneous group); in each strata, cases were compared with their matched controls. The homogeneity of the association between the polymorphism and the disease across the main subtypes was tested using the Breslow-Day heterogeneity test.14 Analyses restricted to pairs of cases and controls both free of previous cardiovascular or cerebrovascular history are also reported. Statistical testing was performed at the 2-tailed 0.05 level. Data were analyzed with the SAS package.16 The research protocol was approved by the ethics committee of Hôpital Cochin and all subjects signed informed consents.     Results Top Abstract Introduction Subjects and methods Results Discussion Appendix References The characteristics of the study subjects (456 matched pairs of cases and controls) are shown in Table 1. The frequencies (n) of BI subtypes were atherothrombotic, 23.0% (105); lacunar, 20.6% (94); cardioembolic, 16.0% (73); undetermined cause, 12.7% (58); dissections, 2.4% (11); rare causes, 2.0 (9); unknown cause, 23.3% (106).                                View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   Table 1. General characteristics of cases with brain infarction and controls Distributions of genotypes of the Val34Leu polymorphism in cases and controls and allele frequencies are shown in Table 2, overall and according to etiologic subtypes. The distribution of genotypes was significantly different between cases and controls (P < .001). The proportion of individuals heterozygous or homozygous for the Leu allele and the frequency of this allele were higher in controls than in cases. Similar results were observed among etiologic subtypes, with the difference being significant for the lacunar group. Among controls, there were no differences in the frequency of genotypes according to the main hospitalization departments (P = .98, data not shown). The allele frequencies were similar to previously reported frequencies.                                View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   Table 2. The Val34Leu polymorphism in the A-subunit of the factor XIII gene in cases with brain infarction and controls A similar difference (P < .001) in the distributions of genotypes was observed when analyses were restricted to 262 pairs of cases and matched controls both free of previous cardiovascular or cerebrovascular history (cases: 65.3% Val/Val, 29.0% Val/Leu, 5.7% Leu/Leu; controls: 48.9% Val/Val, 44.7% Val/Leu, 6.5% Leu/Leu). When we considered Val homozygotes as the reference group, the ORs associated with carrying the Val/Leu (OR = 0.52; 95% CI = 0.39-0.70) or the Leu/Leu genotype (OR = 0.57; 95% CI = 0.32-1.03) were very similar, thus suggesting a dominant effect of the Leu allele. Similar results were observed in cases and matched controls both free of previous cardiovascular or cerebrovascular history (Val/Leu: OR = 0.49; 95% CI = 0.33-0.72; Leu/Leu: OR = 0.67; 95% CI = 0.31-1.44). We therefore computed ORs associated with carrying at least 1 Leu allele (Val/Leu+Leu/Leu genotypes) as shown in Table 2. We found a negative association between BI and this allele (OR = 0.58; 95% CI = 0.44-0.75). Analyses restricted to cases and controls free of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular history yielded similar results (OR = 0.51; 95% CI = 0.36-0.73). No heterogeneity in this relation was observed according to sex (P for interaction = .4) or BI subtype (Breslow-Day test, P = .60). Among subtypes, the strongest effect of the Leu allele was observed in lacunar strokes. The relation between BI and FXIII Val34Leu was not modified by age (P for interaction = .7); after stratification according to median age (68 years), similar ORs were observed for subjects younger (OR = 0.52; 95% CI = 0.34-0.78), or older (OR = 0.55; 95% CI = 0.37-0.81) than 68 years. Associations between several variables and the polymorphism were studied separately in cases and controls. No significant associations between the genotype and hypertension, smoking, and diabetes, or total cholesterol levels, were detected either in cases or in controls (data not shown). HDL-cholesterol level was higher in Val homozygotes compared with Leu carriers, both among cases (P = .02) and controls (P = .06). After adjustment for these risk factors, the association between BI and the Val34Leu polymorphism was not modified either overall (OR = 0.50; 95% CI = 0.36-0.71) or when analyses were restricted to subjects free of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular history (OR = 0.49; 95% CI = 0.32-0.76). In this study, current smokers were at increased risk of BI (OR = 1.80; 95% CI = 1.21-2.68), with a significant trend according to the number of PY (P < .001), whereas ex-smokers were not (Table 1; OR = 1.05; 95% CI = 0.74-1.50); in the following analyses, never and ex-smokers were therefore pooled together and compared with current smokers. We observed an interaction between the Val34Leu polymorphism and current smoking (P = .05). As shown in Table 3, although the risk of BI increased gradually with the number of pack-years smoked among Val homozygotes (P for trend = .003), the trend was not significant among carriers of the Leu allele (P = .43). When analyses were restricted to cases and controls free of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular history, the modification by the polymorphism of the risk of BI associated with smoking remained significant (P for interaction = .02).                                View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   Table 3. The relation between current smoking and brain infarction according to the factor XIII Val34Leu polymorphism Kohler et al2 reported that the FXIII Val34Leu polymorphism and the PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism might interact in determining the risk of myocardial infarction. We did not find a significant association between the 4G/5G polymorphism and ischemic stroke (data not shown), in agreement with others.17 In addition, we did not find a significant interaction (P = .25) between the Val34Leu polymorphism and the PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism; ORs associated with the Leu allele were 0.42 (0.15-1.20) in subjects with the 4G/4G genotype, and 0.65 (0.44-0.94) among carriers of the 4G/5G and 5G/5G genotypes.     Discussion Top Abstract Introduction Subjects and methods Results Discussion Appendix References This study suggests that carrying the Leu allele of the Val34Leu polymorphism in the FXIII gene is negatively associated with BI, thus suggesting a protective effect of this polymorphism. Allelic and genotypic frequencies found in this study were very similar to those reported by others. Protection against BI was observed for Leu homozygotes and heterozygotes, thus suggesting a dominant effect. Furthermore, our results suggest that among carriers of the Leu allele, the protective effect of the polymorphism outweighed the effect of smoking. Catto et al10 investigated the relation between stroke and the Val34Leu polymorphism and found that the mutant allele was more frequent in 62 cases (54.8%) with hemorrhagic stroke than in controls (41.7%; P = .05), whereas no significant difference was observed between cases with BI (46.5%) and controls. In their study, cases and controls were not individually matched, and the same control group was used for BI and hemorrhagic strokes. In addition, several authors have pointed that failure to take into account an interaction, when it does exist, may obscure an association,18 and as we will discuss later, our findings suggested that smoking and the Val34Leu polymorphism may interact in determining the risk of BI. Finally, the frequency of the Leu allele was lower in the control group in the stroke study than in other studies carried by the same team in the same country.2,4,6 Recent studies suggest that the Val34Leu polymorphism may be protective against myocardial infarction and venous thrombosis.2-5 As in our study, both Leu heterozygotes and homozygotes were more frequent among controls in all of them, except 1, in which the protective effect was restricted to Leu homozygotes.5 Thus, these findings suggest that being a carrier of the Leu allele is protective both for arterial and venous disease. It is also interesting to note that in our study, the negative association between the polymorphism and BI was observed for all subtypes (although with different strengths of association) and that the frequency of the Leu allele was very similar in cases belonging to different BI subtypes. This is in agreement with the role of FXIIIa as a stabilizer of the fibrin clot, which can be hypothesized to be a mechanism in common for BI of different causes. The protective effect of the FXIII Val34Leu polymorphism is not well understood and needs to be elucidated. An increased FXIII activity has been reported in carriers of the Leu allele, with Leu homozygotes having the higher activities compared with Val homozygotes, and Leu heterozygotes having intermediate activities.7-9 The close proximity of the polymorphism to the thrombin activation site may account for these findings. Higher FXIII activities would therefore be expected to be associated with a higher resistance of the fibrin clot to fibrinolysis. Kohler et al7 hypothesized that increased rates of FXIII activation could lead to ineffective cross-linking, or that the kinetics of the cross-linking reactions may be considerably disrupted as a result of the effects of FXIIIa on other proteins. We cannot exclude, however, that this association may reflect linkage disequilibrium between the Val34Leu polymorphism and another functional variant. However, Kohler et al6 investigated the relation between myocardial infarction and 3 other common point mutations in the FXIII A-subunit gene. They confirmed that the Leu allele was more frequent in controls than in cases, but did not find any difference between the 2 groups of subjects for the other polymorphisms; they concluded that the FXIII Val34Leu polymorphism was the only common polymorphism in the coding region of the FXIII A-subunit gene associated with myocardial infarction. The relation between FXIII concentration and smoking has been investigated in pregnant women to better understand the cause of fetal wastage.12 Both in smokers and nonsmokers FXIII concentration declined as pregnancy progressed. FXIII level was higher in smokers than in nonsmokers at various stages of gestation. Recently, Ariens et al13 also reported that the FXIII A-subunit level increased with smoking in healthy subjects. Interestingly, we found an interaction between current smoking and the FXIII Val34Leu polymorphism in determining the risk of BI. ORs associated with smoking were lower in Leu carriers than in noncarriers, thus suggesting that the protective effect of the polymorphism outweighed the effect of smoking among Leu carriers. Because lifestyle modifications (eg, smoking cessation) may take place after a cardiovascular event, we restricted our analyses to subjects free of previous cardiovascular or cerebrovascular history, and similar results were observed. It could be hypothesized that the relation between smoking and FXIII level is modified by the polymorphism. Investigation of FXIIIa activity in a healthy population, while taking smoking and the FXIII Val34Leu polymorphism into account, should be helpful to better understand these findings. Allelic association studies may suffer from survival bias if they include prevalent cases and if survival is related to the gene under investigation. We included cases in the week after the event. Because early case fatality rates in BI are low, we do not believe that survival bias is likely to account for these results. In addition, to avoid the risk of stratification population bias, we only included subjects of Caucasian ancestry.19 In conclusion, we have identified a negative association between BI and the FXIII Val34Leu polymorphism. Our data are consistent with a gene-environment interaction model, according to which the effect of smoking is weaker among carriers of the Leu allele. The mechanism accounting for this protective effect remains to be elucidated, and further studies investigating the relation between FXIII activity, smoking, and the Val34Leu polymorphism may contribute to a better understanding. Finally, prospective studies are needed to evaluate more precisely the risk of BI and other thrombotic diseases, as well as their recurrence risk, associated with this polymorphism, and the use of its screening in such diseases.     Appendix Top Abstract Introduction Subjects and methods Results Discussion Appendix References Scientific committee Annick Alpérovitch, Pierre Amarenco, Marie-Germaine Bousser, Éric Bruckert, François Cambien, Loic Capron, François Chédru, Alexis Elbaz, Marc Hommel, Didier Leys, Pierre-François Plouin, Alain Rosa, Gérard Tobelem, and Frank M Yatsu. Executive committee Pierre Amarenco (Chairman and Principal Investigator), François Chédru, Ariel Cohen, Alexis Elbaz, Marc Hommel, Didier Leys, Alain Rosa, and Pierre-Jean Touboul. Participating institutions and investigators The following institutions and investigators participated in the GÉNIC (Étude du profil Génétique de l'Infarctus Cérébral) study. The number of patients and controls included are in parentheses. Paris, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Pierre and Marie Curie University (246): Pierre Amarenco, Gina Lutz, Sophie Dereadt (CIC), Laurent Tennez (CIC), and the Clinical Investigation Centre personnel. Ultrasonography: Pierre-Jean Touboul, Jean-Luc Gérard, Valérie Adraï. Besançon, Jean Minjoz Hospital, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Besançon (100): Fabrice Vuillier, Marie-Hél n e Snidaro, Laurent Tatu, Thierry Moulin. Ultrasonography: Jean-Pierre Weissert, Françoise Cattain. Meaux, Centre Hospitalier Général (90): François Chédru, Alain Améri, Jean-François Lefort, Chantal Kaci, François Thuillier. Ultrasonography: Laurent Marcy, Philippe Chantereau. Lille, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Lille (84): Christian Lucas, Marc Gobert, Alexandrine Prévost. Ultrasonography: Ghislaine Deklunder, Corinne Gautier. Grenoble, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Grenoble (84): Assia Jaillard, Marc Hommel, Bernard Bertrand, Patrick Carpentier. Ultrasonography: Jean-Luc Bosson. Amiens, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire d'Amiens (78): Sandrine Canaple, Marie-Pierre Guillaumont, Alain Rosa. Ultrasonography: Martine Berlemont-Deramond. Paris, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris V University (76): Isabelle An, Caroline Arquizan, Mathieu Zuber, Jean-Louis Mas. Ultrasonography : A Dilouya, Mayalen de Recondo. Nice, Pasteur Hospital (76): Haïel Alchaar, Marie-Hélène Mahagne, Maurice Chatel. Ultrasonography: Henri Oualid. Marseille, La Timone Hospital (60): Loic Milandre. Ultrasonography: Jean-Pierre Schildberg. Strasbourg, Hôpital Central (56): Gilles Rodier, Francis Vuillemet, Jean-Marie Warter. Ultrasonography: Hélène Petit. Saint-Denis, Delafontaine Hospital (44): Thomas De Broucker, Léonie Chartier. Ultrasonography: Pierre Rozier. Caen, Côte de Nacre University Hospital (38): Serge Iglésias, Fausto Viader. Ultrasonography: Nicole Bouvard, Jean-Louis Hauttement. Central Blood Sample Analysis, Laboratoire de Biochimie B and Unité de Recherche Associée of the CNRS, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris: Fati Driss, Gilbert Béréziat. DNA Banking and Genotyping, Service Commun N°7, INSERM: François Cambien. Statistical Centre, Unité 360 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale: Alexis Elbaz, Marion Gautier-Bertrand. Central Reading Panels: magnetic resonance imaging: Didier Leys, Philip Scheltens, Florence Pasquier; intima-media thickness measurements of the common carotid arteries: Cornelia Koller, Pierre-Jean Touboul; 12-lead electrocardiogram reading: Stéphane Béroir; stroke etiology and MRI ischemic lesion classifications: Pierre Amarenco, François Chédru. Data Monitoring and Coordinating Centre, Department of Neurology, Saint-Antoine Hospital: Pierre Amarenco, Homma Madrakian, Valérie Lebretton, Chantal Nouharet.     Acknowledgments We thank 2 anonymous reviewers for valuable comments. We also thank Mrs Marion Gautier for technical assistance and Mrs Christiane Souriau for DNA extraction.     Footnotes Submitted July 16, 1999; accepted September 23, 1999. Supported by grants from the Fondation CNP pour la Santé, Caisse Nationale d'Assurance Maladie des Travailleurs Salariés-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (3AM001), Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique of the French Ministry of Health (AOA94002), and Sanofi-Winthrop. Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris had the legal responsibility of the study (P930902). The Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale and the Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris supported the Clinical Investigation Center of Saint-Antoine University Hospital, Paris. Association Claude Bernard Supported the Formation de Recherche en Neurologie Vasculaire at St-Antoine and Lariboisiere Hospitals. Reprints: Pierre Amarenco, GÉNIC study, Department of Neurology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisiere Hospital, 2 rue Ambroise Paré, 75010 Paris, France. The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. Therefore, and solely to indicate this fact, this article is hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. section 1734.     References Top Abstract Introduction Subjects and methods Results Discussion Appendix References 1. Mikkola H, Syrjala M, Rasi V, et al. Deficiency in the A-subunit of coagulation factor XIII: two novel point mutations demonstrate different effects on transcript levels. Blood. 1994;84:517-525[Abstract/Free Full Text]. 2. Kohler HP, Stickland MH, OsseiGerning N, Carter A, Mikkola H, Grant PJ. Association of a common polymorphism in the factor XIII gene with myocardial infarction. Thromb Haemost. 1998;79:8-13[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 3. Wartiovaara U, Perola M, Mikkola H, et al. Association of FXIII Val34Leu with decreased risk of myocardial infarction in Finnish males. Atherosclerosis. 1999;142:295-300[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 4. Catto AJ, Kohler HP, Coore J, Mansfield MW, Stickland MH, Grant PJ. Association of a common polymorphism in the factor XIII gene with venous thrombosis. Blood. 1999;93:906-908[Abstract/Free Full Text]. 5. Franco RF, Reitsma PH, Lourenco D, et al. Factor XIII Val34Leu is a genetic factor involved in the aetiology of venous thrombosis. Thromb Haemost. 1999;81:676-679[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 6. Kohler HP, Futers TS, Grant PJ. Prevalence of three common polymorphisms in the A-subunit gene of factor XIII in patients with coronary artery diseaseAssociation with FXIII activity and antigen levels. Thromb Haemost. 1999;81:511-515[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 7. Kohler HP, Ariens RA, Whitaker P, Grant PJ. A common coding polymorphism in the FXIII A-subunit gene (FXIIIVal34Leu) affects cross-linking activity. Thromb Haemost. 1998;80:704[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 8. Kangsadalampai S, Board PG. The Val34Leu polymorphism in the A subunit of coagulation factor XIII contributes to the large normal range in activity and demonstrates that the activation peptide plays a role in catalytic activity. Blood. 1998;92:2766-2770[Abstract/Free Full Text]. 9. Anwar R, Gallivan L, Edmonds SD, Markham AF. Genotype/phenotype correlations for coagulation factor XIII: specific normal polymorphisms are associated with high or low factor XIII specific activity. Blood. 1999;93:897-905[Abstract/Free Full Text]. 10. Catto AJ, Kohler HP, Bannan S, Stickland M, Carter A, Grant PJ. Factor XIII Val 34 Leu: a novel association with primary intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 1998;29:813-816[Abstract/Free Full Text]. 11. Elbaz A, Amarenco P. Genetic susceptibility and ischaemic stroke. Curr Opin Neurol. 1999;12:47-55[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 12. van Wersch JW, Vooijs ME, Ubachs JM. Coagulation factor XIII in pregnant smokers and non-smokers. Int J Clin Lab Res. 1997;27:68-71[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 13. Ariens RA, Kohler HP, Mansfield MW, Grant PJ. Subunit antigen and activity levels of blood coagulation factor XIII in healthy individuals : relation to sex, age, smoking, and hypertension. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999;19:2012-2016[Abstract/Free Full Text]. 14. Breslow NE, Day NE. The analysis of case-control studies. Lyon, France: IARC Scientific Publications; 1980. 15. Piegorsch WW, Weinberg CR, Taylor JA. Non-hierarchical logistic models and case-only designs for assessing susceptibility in population-based case-control studies. Stat Med. 1994;13:153-162[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 16. SAS Institute Inc. SAS user's guide: statistics. Cary, NC: SAS Institute, Inc; 1990. 17. Catto AJ, Carter AM, Stickland M, Bamford JM, Davies JA, Grant PJ. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) 4G/5G promoter polymorphism and levels in subjects with cerebrovascular disease. Thromb Haemost. 1997;77:730-734[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 18. Khoury MJ, Beaty TH, Cohen BH. Fundamentals of genetic epidemiology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1993. 19. Khoury MJ, Yang QH. The future of genetic studies of complex human diseases: an epidemiologic perspective. Epidemiology. 1998;9:350-354[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. © 2000 by The American Society of Hematology.   CiteULike    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    What's this? This article has been cited by other articles: S. Debette and S. Seshadri Genetics of Atherothrombotic and Lacunar Stroke Circ Cardiovasc Genet, April 1, 2009; 2(2): 191 - 198. [Full Text] [PDF] S Alamowitch, J Labreuche, P-J Touboul, F Eb, P Amarenco, and for the GENIC Investigators Chlamydia pneumoniae seropositivity in aetiological subtypes of brain infarction and carotid atherosclerosis: a case control study J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, February 1, 2008; 79(2): 147 - 151. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] D. M. O. Pruissen, A. J. C. Slooter, F. R. Rosendaal, Y. van der Graaf, and A. Algra Coagulation factor XIII gene variation, oral contraceptives, and risk of ischemic stroke Blood, February 1, 2008; 111(3): 1282 - 1286. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] N. Akar, B. Donmez, and G. Deda FXIII Gene Val34Leu Polymorphism in Turkish Children with Cerebral Infarct J Child Neurol, February 1, 2007; 22(2): 222 - 224. [Abstract] [PDF] R. Gonzalez-Conejero, I. Fernandez-Cadenas, J. A. Iniesta, J. Marti-Fabregas, V. Obach, J. Alvarez-Sabin, V. Vicente, J. Corral, J. Montaner, and for the Proyecto Ictus Research Group Role of Fibrinogen Levels and Factor XIII V34L Polymorphism in Thrombolytic Therapy in Stroke Patients Stroke, September 1, 2006; 37(9): 2288 - 2293. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] C. Hartel, I. Konig, S. Koster, E. Kattner, E. Kuhls, H. Kuster, J. Moller, D. Muller, A. Kribs, H. Segerer, et al. Genetic Polymorphisms of Hemostasis Genes and Primary Outcome of Very Low Birth Weight Infants Pediatrics, August 1, 2006; 118(2): 683 - 689. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] C. Infante-Rivard and C. R. Weinberg Parent-of-Origin Transmission of Thrombophilic Alleles to Intrauterine Growth-Restricted Newborns and Transmission-Ratio Distortion in Unaffected Newborns Am. J. Epidemiol., November 1, 2005; 162(9): 891 - 897. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] E. Lavergne, J. Labreuche, M. Daoudi, P. Debre, F. Cambien, P. Deterre, P. Amarenco, C. Combadiere, and on Behalf of the GENIC Investigators Adverse Associations Between CX3CR1 Polymorphisms and Risk of Cardiovascular or Cerebrovascular Disease Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2005; 25(4): 847 - 853. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] J. P. Casas, A. D. Hingorani, L. E. Bautista, and P. Sharma Meta-analysis of Genetic Studies in Ischemic Stroke: Thirty-two Genes Involving Approximately 18 000 Cases and 58 000 Controls Arch Neurol, November 1, 2004; 61(11): 1652 - 1661. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] D. Herve, M. Gautier-Bertrand, J. Labreuche, P. Amarenco, and for the GENIC Investigators Predictive Values of Lacunar Transient Ischemic Attacks Stroke, June 1, 2004; 35(6): 1430 - 1435. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] B. Voetsch and J. Loscalzo Genetic Determinants of Arterial Thrombosis Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, February 1, 2004; 24(2): 216 - 229. [Abstract] [Full Text] R Diz-Kucukkaya, V S Hancer, M Inanc, M Nalcaci, and Y Pekcelen Factor XIII Val34Leu polymorphism does not contribute to the prevention of thrombotic complications in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome Lupus, January 1, 2004; 13(1): 32 - 35. [Abstract] [PDF] V. Schroeder, H. P. Kohler, K. E. Brummel, and K. G. Mann Factor XIII activation by thrombin depends on FXIIIVal34Leu genotype Blood, January 1, 2003; 101(1): 371 - 371. [Full Text] [PDF] J. F. Meschia Addressing the Heterogeneity of the Ischemic Stroke Phenotype in Human Genetics Research Stroke, December 1, 2002; 33(12): 2770 - 2774. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] R. A. S. Ariens, T.-S. Lai, J. W. Weisel, C. S. Greenberg, and P. J. Grant Role of factor XIII in fibrin clot formation and effects of genetic polymorphisms Blood, July 18, 2002; 100(3): 743 - 754. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] A. Elbaz and A. Alperovitch Bias in Association Studies Resulting from Gene-Environment Interactions and Competing Risks Am. J. Epidemiol., February 1, 2002; 155(3): 265 - 272. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] K. F. Standeven, R. A.S. Ariens, P. Whitaker, A. E. Ashcroft, J. W. Weisel, and P. J. Grant The Effect of Dimethylbiguanide on Thrombin Activity, FXIII Activation, Fibrin Polymerization, and Fibrin Clot Formation Diabetes, January 1, 2002; 51(1): 189 - 197. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] H. Rasche Haemostasis and thrombosis: an overview Eur. Heart J. Suppl., December 1, 2001; 3(suppl_Q): Q3 - Q7. [Abstract] [PDF] M. Weger, W. Renner, O. Stanger, O. Schmut, H. Deutschmann, T. C. Wascher, and A. Haas Role of Factor XIII Val34Leu Polymorphism in Retinal Artery Occlusion Stroke, December 1, 2001; 32(12): 2759 - 2761. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] A. P. Reiner, S. M. Schwartz, M. B. Frank, W.T. Longstreth Jr, L. A. Hindorff, G. Teramura, F. R. Rosendaal, L. K. Gaur, B. M. Psaty, D. S. Siscovick, et al. Polymorphisms of Coagulation Factor XIII Subunit A and Risk of Nonfatal Hemorrhagic Stroke in Young White Women Editorial Comment Stroke, November 1, 2001; 32(11): 2580 - 2587. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] A. J. Catto Genetic aspects of the hemostatic system in cerebrovascular disease Neurology, September 1, 2001; 57(90002): S24 - 30. [Abstract] [Full Text] P. E. Morange, M. Henry, D. Brunet, M.-F. Aillaud, I. Juhan-Vague, A. J. Catto, R. A. S. Ariens, and P. J. Grant Factor XIIIV34L is not an additional genetic risk factor for venous thrombosis in Factor V Leiden carriers Blood, March 15, 2001; 97(6): 1894 - 1896. [Full Text] [PDF] A. Elbaz, F. Cambien, P. Amarenco, M. Roest, Y. T. van der Schouw, D. E. Grobbee, M. J. Tempelman, P. G. de Groot, J. J. Sixma, and J. D. Banga Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Genotype and Brain Infarction Response Circulation, January 16, 2001; 103 (2): e13 - e14. [Full Text] [PDF] L. Karpati, B. Penke, E. Katona, I. Balogh, G. Vamosi, and L. Muszbek A Modified, Optimized Kinetic Photometric Assay for the Determination of Blood Coagulation Factor XIII Activity in Plasma Clin. Chem., December 1, 2000; 46(12): 1946 - 1955. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] I. Balogh, G. Szoke, L. Karpati, U. Wartiovaara, E. Katona, I. Komaromi, G. Haramura, G. Pfliegler, H. Mikkola, and L. Muszbek Val34Leu polymorphism of plasma factor XIII: biochemistry and epidemiology in familial thrombophilia Blood, October 1, 2000; 96(7): 2479 - 2486. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] R. A. S. Ariens, H. Philippou, C. Nagaswami, J. W. Weisel, D. A. Lane, and P. J. Grant The factor XIII V34L polymorphism accelerates thrombin activation of factor XIII and affects cross-linked fibrin structure Blood, August 1, 2000; 96(3): 988 - 995. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] C. Sadasivan and V. C. Yee Interaction of the Factor XIII Activation Peptide with alpha -Thrombin. CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF ITS ENZYME-SUBSTRATE ANALOG COMPLEX J. Biol. Chem., November 17, 2000; 275(47): 36942 - 36948. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Rights and Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via CrossRef Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Elbaz, A. Articles by Amarenco, P. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Elbaz, A. Articles by Amarenco, P. Related Collections Hemostasis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology Social Bookmarking                   What's this?

	Copyright © 2000 by American Society of Hematology         Online ISSN: 1528-0020