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PLENARY PAPER
From the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and
Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto; and the Department of
Medicine (Hematology/ Oncology), Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario,
Canada.
Hematopoietic progenitor cells in 2 myeloproliferative disorders,
juvenile chronic myelomonocytic leukemia and polycythemia vera, are
known to be hypersensitive to cytokines that control normal progenitor
cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival in their respective
granulocyte/macrophage and erythroid lineages. Because thrombopoietin
controls these functions in the normal megakaryocytic lineage, we asked
the question: Are megakaryocytic progenitor cells in the
myeloproliferative disorder essential thrombocythemia (ET)
hypersensitive to thrombopoietin? Peripheral blood mononuclear cells
from patients with ET, or secondary (reactive) thrombocytosis (2°T),
or healthy volunteers were grown in strictly serum-free agarose culture
containing interleukin 3 (IL-3) and all-trans-retinoic acid, with
various concentrations of PEG-rHu megakaryocyte growth and development
factor (MGDF). The concentration of cytokine at half-maximum colony
number served as a measure of progenitor cell sensitivity.
Hypersensitivity to PEG-rHu MGDF was found in circulating progenitors
from 18 of 20 (90%) informative patients with presumptive diagnosis
ET, 1 of 8 (12.5%) 2 °T patients, and none of the 22 healthy
volunteers. Median MGDF sensitivity ratio in ET patients was
approximately 53 times greater than in the controls. This
hypersensitivity, which was also directed to rHu thrombopoietin, was
highly specific with respect to cytokine, disease, and cell lineage. We
propose that, despite their single pluripotential cell origin, the
different clinicopathologic phenotypes in different chronic
myeloproliferative disorders are determined by lineage-restricted
hypersensitivities of hematopoietic progenitor cells to endogenous
cytokines. This work emphasizes the importance of stringent serum-free
conditions for revealing true sensitivities to cytokines. The findings
also offer a basis for evolving a positive test for ET, a diagnosis now
made essentially by exclusion.
(Blood. 2000;96:3310-3321) Essential (primary) thrombocythemia (ET), also
known as idiopathic thrombocytosis, is a member of the family of
chronic myeloproliferative disorders generally believed to originate as
a regulatory defect in a single pluripotential myeloid stem
cell.1-5 These disorders are characterized by trilineal
bone marrow hyperplasia in which the major emphasis is usually on a
single lineage only,6,7 in this case, the
megakaryocyte/platelet lineage. A pronounced and sustained increase in
the number of megakaryocytes and platelets in this condition often
leads to thrombosis or hemorrhage.8 The basis for the
selective clinicopathologic emphasis on one lineage is at
present unknown.
In the clonal myeloproliferative disorders juvenile chronic myelogenous
(myelomonocytic) leukemia (JCML/JMML) and polycythemia vera (PV), the
granulocyte/macrophage (GM) progenitor cells on the one hand and the
erythroid progenitor cells on the other are known to be hypersensitive
to specific and different cytokines that control normal proliferation,
differentiation, and survival in their respective
lineages.9,10 Thrombopoietin (TPO), the ligand for the
receptor c-Mpl,11 is considered responsible for controlling proliferation and differentiation of progenitor cells in
the normal megakaryocytic lineage.12 Accordingly, we asked the question, are megakaryocytic progenitor cells in ET hypersensitive to TPO?
We began by determining the relative sensitivities of circulating
megakaryocytic progenitor cells to PEGylated-rHu megakaryocyte growth
and development factor (MGDF) with the help of a strictly serum-free
cell culture system for the production of megakaryocytic colonies,
based on the use of our basal serum-free medium,13,10,14 together with all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and interleukin-3 (IL-3).
PEG-rHu MGDF is a truncated and PEGylated human recombinant Escherichia coli-derived c-Mpl ligand
related to the thrombopoietin (TPO) group in that it encompasses the
erythropoietin (Epo)-like receptor-binding N-terminal domain
of TPO, modified by conjugation with polyethylene
glycol.15 It is approximately 10 to 20 times more potent
in vivo than the unconjugated polypeptide (mainly because of its
prolonged half-life), but both have similar activities in vitro.
In a series of preliminary experiments, a systematic investigation of
the serum-free system was carried out to define the optimal cell
numbers, culture wells, cytokine combinations, matrix characteristics,
and duration of culture. These conditions were then used in the
subsequent studies on patients with the presumptive diagnosis of ET and
appropriate controls to determine the relative sensitivities to PEG-rHu
MGDF of their circulating megakaryocytic progenitor cells in culture.
Patients
Cell preparation
Serum-free cell culture Referred to locally as "serozero stem cell medium" (SCM), the composition of the basal serum-free medium13,10,14 is as follows (all are final concentrations): fatty acid-free and globulin-free (FAF) crystallized BSA 0.7% (A-0281 BSA, Sigma, St Louis, MO), deionized with analytical-grade ion exchange resin (AG501-X8D, BioRad Labs, Richmond, CA); human apo-transferrin 200 µg/mL (T2252 Sigma) fully iron-saturated with FeCl3 × 6 H2O); Lipids: lecithin (L- -phosphatidylcholine, dipalmitoyl synthetic) 5.3 µg/mL (P6267 Sigma); porcine liver cholesterol, grade 1 5.2 µg/mL (C3137 Sigma); oleic acid (cis-9-octadecenoic acid) 3.7 µg/mL (O1383 Sigma); the 4 deoxy and ribo nucleosides 7.0 µg/mL of each (2'-deoxyadenosine D8558, thymidine T1895, 2' deoxyguanosine D0901, 2' deoxycytidine HCI
D0776, uridine U3003, adenosine A4036, guanosine G5254, cytidine C4654,
Sigma); Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium (IMDM) (17633, Sigma);
L-glutamine 311.5 µg/mL in IMDM (2 mmol/L) or -MEM; thioglycerol 4.7 mg/L (M2172, Sigma); penicillin G sodium 100 U/mL and
streptomycin sulfate 50 µg/mL (15070-089, GIBCO); 2-mercaptoethanol 6.7 × 10 5 mol/L (B444143-70, BDH Inc, Toronto,
Canada); calcium chloride dihydrate
(CaCl2 × 2H2O) 0.028 mg/mL (C7902, Sigma);
-MEM (TCMP, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto); and low gel
agarose 0.3% (type VII A-9045, Sigma). For routine megakaryocytic
colony culture to the basal medium, all trans-retinoic acid (ATRA)
3 × 108 mol/L (R2625, Sigma) and the recombinant
cytokines rHu IL-3 and PEG-rHu MGDF were added at the indicated final
concentrations. PBMNCs were seeded in triplicate or quadruplicate at
1.5 × 105 cells in 0.7 mL of this medium in
flat-bottomed (1.5 × 1.0 cm) plastic mini-macro wells (No. 7600004, Flow Laboratories, McLean, VA, now discontinued), or in quintuplicate
at 4 × 104 cells in 0.1 mL of this medium in
round-bottomed plastic microwells (Linbro Chemical Co, Hamden, CT,
Disposo trays, model MRC 96, now discontinued). We have found Falcon
flexible polyvinyl chloride plates cut into trays of round-
or-flat-bottomed microwells (Falcon catalog no. 3911 or 3912, Fisher
Scientific Ltd, Nepean, ON) satisfactory for this purpose.
Experiments numbered 155 to 197 were carried out in the mini-macro
wells; those numbered from 198 onward were in microwells. Petri dishes
containing the wells were incubated at 37°C in a fully humidified
atmosphere and 5% CO2 for 14 to 15 days in mini-macro
wells. Harvesting and staining were performed on day 18 for best
results with microwells.
Recombinant cytokines Unless otherwise stated, a concentration of 10 ng/mL rHuIL-3 (R & D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) was used throughout. Cytokines in the specificity experiments were rHu IL-3, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), stem cell factor (SCF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-11 (IL-11), erythropoietin (Epo), and insulinlike growth factor-I (IGF-I), all from R & D. Recombinant human thrombopoietin (rHu TPO) was from Peprotech Inc, Rocky Hill, NJ. PEG-rHu MGDF was a generous gift from AMGEN, Thousand Oaks, CA, through Ms Janet Lee Nichol. All cytokines were carrier-free and diluted in-MEM + 0.1% FAF BSA.
Collecting and staining agarose gels Gel cultures were released onto slides, fixed in 5% glutaraldehyde (B28682-74 BDH), washed, air-dried, stained with Giemsa (B35086-74 improved R66 "Gurr," BDH), dried and mounted in Permount (No. SP15 Fisher Scientific). Megakaryocytic colonies were scored at 80 × magnification, a minimum number of 3 megakaryocytes being considered as a colony, and reaching more than 100 cells per colony. The identity of colonies as being megakaryocytic was confirmed by positive staining with an antibody against gpIIb/IIIa, specific for megakaryocytes and platelets, with the technique of Teramura et al,17 slightly modified. Once the validity of megakaryocytic colony identification was established on the basis of these molecular markers, routine scoring of megakaryocytic colonies was carried out on Giemsa-stained preparations.Statistical analysis Comparison of the numbers of ET patients and controls whose progenitor cells exhibited hypersensitivity to PEG-rHu MGDF was made with the Chi-square test. In the experiments carried out in the absence of added PEG-rHu MGDF, the mean numbers of megakaryocytic colonies in ET and normal cultures were compared by Student t test and by the paired t test.
Relative sensitivities to PEG-rHu MGDF of circulating megakaryocytic progenitor cells from patients with presumptive diagnosis of essential thrombocythemia and controls (ie, healthy volunteers and secondary thrombocytosis patients) Figure 1 shows the results of 2 representative experiments in which PBMNCs from an ET patient (upper part of the figure) and a 2°T patient (lower part of the figure) were compared with those of healthy volunteers, with respect to megakaryocytic colony formation. PBMNCs were seeded in serum-free agarose culture in the presence of fixed concentrations of IL-3 (10 ng/mL) and ATRA (3 × 108 mol/L) and various
concentrations of PEG-rHu MGDF. In each group, the number of colonies
that developed (mean ± SEM) was plotted against the
log10 concentration of the cytokine (Figure 1A).
To deal with the problem of heterogeneity of colony-forming efficiencies among different cell populations being compared, the data were normalized by conversion of the actual numbers of colonies observed to percentages of the maximum number of colonies that each of the cell populations achieved under the conditions of the same experiment (Figure 1B). The measure of PEG-rHu MGDF sensitivity of progenitor cells used was the concentration of PEG-rHu MGDF at which megakaryocytic colony formation was at half-maximum. The ratio of this value for the normal to the value for the ET or 2°T patient (expressed as the number of times normal) was taken as the PEG-rHu MGDF sensitivity ratio. In the upper part of Figure 1, it can be seen that there was a shift to the left of the ET curve, indicating an increased sensitivity of the megakaryocytic progenitors to PEG-rHu MGDF relative to that of the normal. Concentrations of cytokine at half-maximum colony number were less than 0.16 and 73 ng/mL for the ET patient and the normal, respectively, a PEG-rHu sensitivity ratio of over 456 × normal (experiment 218). In the lower part of the figure, the half-maximum cytokine concentrations were 58 and 66 ng/mL for the 2°T patient and the normal, respectively, a PEG-rHu MGDF sensitivity ratio of 1.1 × normal, indicating that the progenitor cells of the 2°T patient and those of the normal had similar sensitivities to this ligand (experiment 188). Figure 2 shows the data from 11 ET
patients and 11 healthy volunteers, in which the determinations of
PEG-rHu MGDF sensitivity for each pair were performed on the same day.
The curve for ET is shifted to the left, indicating a pronounced
increase over the normal in sensitivity of the progenitor cells to
PEG-rHu MGDF.
We have arbitrarily defined hypersensitivity to PEG-rHu MGDF as greater
than or equal to a 10-fold reduction in the concentration of this
cytokine at half-maximum colony number compared with that of healthy
controls. The median concentration of PEG-rHu MGDF at half-maximum
colony number for 21 quantitatively informative healthy subjects was
found to be 61.5 ng/mL; for 20 ET patients, it was 0.80 ng/mL; and for
8 2°T patients, it was 70.0 ng/mL. That is, the circulating
megakaryocytic progenitor cells from ET patients had a median PEG-rHu
MGDF sensitivity ratio that was approximately 53 times greater than
that of healthy volunteers or 2°T patients. Table
3 gives the
overall experience; it shows that of 26 patients with a presumptive
diagnosis of ET, 3 had low and flat responses, ie, they had low
colony-forming efficiencies and their colony numbers did not
significantly increase with increasing concentration of cytokine. Three
showed high and flat responses, ie, in the absence of added
PEG-rHu MGDF, they developed significant numbers of megakaryocytic
colonies, and with increasing concentrations of PEG-rHu MGDF, they did
not show increased numbers of colonies. Their cells thus appeared to be
independent of added PEG-rHu MGDF and to show reduced or absent
sensitivity to the cytokine. No cells from healthy subjects exhibited
low and flat responses; one healthy subject showed a high and flat
response. The basis for these responses is still unknown. Thus, 20 patients with a presumptive diagnosis of ET were quantitatively
informative. Of these, 18 (90.0%) patients had circulating
megakaryocytic progenitor cells that were hypersensitive to PEG-rHu
MGDF in culture (X2 ET compared with healthy
volunteers = 30.76, P
The frequency distribution of PEG-rHu MGDF concentrations at
half-maximal colony number among megakaryocytic progenitor cells from
patients with ET, 2°T, or healthy volunteers is given in Figure
3. It is evident that the values for ET
are clustered far to the left, whereas those of 2°T patients, which
are in the same range as those of the healthy volunteers, are far to
the right of the ET distribution. Nevertheless, there are outliers, ie, those that appear not to belong to the same population as the majority.
Whether these represent true subgroups or incorrect diagnoses remains
to be determined.
We conclude from all these findings that megakaryocytic progenitor cells in ET have a highly significantly increased sensitivity to PEG-rHu MGDF compared with those of patients with 2°T or healthy volunteers. Nature of the cell populations responding to PEG-rHu MGDF The possibility existed that PEG-rHu MGDF acted indirectly on megakaryocytic progenitor cells by stimulating accessory cells among the PBMNCs to release a factor(s) that could directly influence the progenitor cells to produce megakaryocytic colonies. To deal with this possibility, we compared the sensitivities to PEG-rHu MGDF of nonadherent with total PBMNCs from an ET patient. Figure 6 shows that the responding cells in the 2 preparations had identical sensitivities to PEG-rHu MGDF. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that the action of PEG-rHu MGDF on megakaryocytic progenitor cells is direct and not via accessory cells.Megakaryocytic colony sizes and morphology As mentioned in "Patients, materials, and methods," a cluster of a minimum of 3 megakaryocytes was considered as a megakaryocytic colony. To determine the frequency distribution of megakaryocytic colony sizes in cultures of circulating healthy, ET, and PV progenitor cells, the numbers of cells per colony were counted in all colonies of each of 4 cultures per group for the 3 groups on Giemsa-stained preparations. The results are presented in Figure 4. Each group shows a multimodal distribution of cell numbers per colony, a wide range of colony sizes, and a similarity of size distributions among the different groups. Absolute numbers of cells per colony differ among groups, but their distributions within groups are remarkably similar (Figure 4). Similar data were obtained in a separate comparison of cells from healthy subjects and 2°T patients. Microscopic appearances were not appreciably different in the various groups either (Figure 5), although a round or oval cytoplasmic region was frequently prominent in the ET, 2°T, and PV megakaryocytes, but not in the healthy ones.18
Specificity of the hypersensitivity of megakaryocytic progenitor cells to PEG-rHu MGDF in essential thrombocythemia The sensitivities of progenitor cells to each of the 9 cytokines were determined. Table 4 shows the results.
When the basal serum-free medium had no IL-3 added, no megakaryocytic
colonies developed. When PBMNCs were exposed to IL-3 (10 ng/mL) alone
in the same medium, a very small number of megakaryocytic colonies
developed, and their numbers were slightly greater in ET than in
healthy volunteers. At low IL-3 concentrations, even in ET, the number
of colonies was extremely low. Thus, titrations of IL-3 alone could not
provide sufficient numbers of megakaryocytic colonies to allow
determination of the relative IL-3 sensitivities of their progenitor
cells from ET patients. IL-3 therefore had to be evaluated by titration
in the presence of PEG-rHu MGDF. PEG-rHu MGDF (100 ng/mL) alone gave
few or no megakaryocytic colonies, and any differences between ET
patients and healthy subjects were not statistically significant. When
PEG-rHu MGDF was included in the cultures in which IL-3 was being
titrated, megakaryocytic colony numbers were found to increase with
increasing concentration of IL-3 and were higher in ET patients than in
healthy subjects (Figure
7).
However, the concentration of IL-3 at half-maximum number of
megakaryocytic colonies remained the same for ET patients as for
healthy subjects (Tables 4 and 5). Thus,
although MGDF and IL-3 evidently interacted with respect to colony
formation, megakaryocytic progenitor cells showed no evidence of
hypersensitivity to IL-3 in this myeloproliferative disorder.
GM-CSF (10 ng/mL) alone gave very few colonies. In the presence of IL-3 or PEG-rHu MGDF, it yielded sensitivity ratios of less than 3-fold greater than normal. G-CSF, Epo, IGF-I, IL-6, and IL-11 gave low colony numbers in both ET patients and healthy volunteers, even in the presence of IL-3 or PEG-rHu MGDF. Progenitor cells showed no evidence of hypersensitivity to any of these cytokines. PEG-rHu MGDF alone gave so few megakaryocytic colonies that no estimate of progenitor cell sensitivity could reliably be made. When PEG-rHu MGDF was titrated in the presence of IL-3 at plateau concentration (10 ng/mL), the results were striking. They showed clear and consistent evidence of hypersensitivity of megakaryocytic progenitors to PEG-rHu MGDF in ET patients over healthy subjects (Table 4). This observation raised the question as to whether the effect of IL-3 was specific or whether IL-3 could be replaced by another cytokine for this particular function. SCF was found capable of replacing IL-3 as the fixed cytokine, and hypersensitivity to MGDF was still seen (data not shown). Thus, the ability to reveal the hypersensitivity to MGDF is not a property specific to IL-3. Moreover, SCF and PEG-rHu MGDF exhibited synergism.18 There was no evidence of hypersensitivity to SCF in ET patients (Tables 4 and 5). Table 5 shows the results of an experiment in which the sensitivities of nonadherent healthy and ET megakaryocytic progenitor cells to several different cytokines were determined. It is evident under these conditions, as well as when total megakaryocytic progenitor cells were examined, that there was clear evidence of hypersensitivity to PEG-rHu MGDF in ET patients over healthy subjects. Thus, of the 9 cytokines examined, megakaryocytic progenitors in ET were definitely hypersensitive only to PEG-rHu MGDF. The data in Table 4 also show that the ET progenitor cells were hyperresponsive19 as well as hypersensitive to PEG-rHu MGDF. In contrast, PEG-rHu MGDF had no effect on GM or erythroid colony formation by healthy or ET progenitors at any concentration tested from 0.16 to 200 ng/mL (data not shown). Eight patients with PV were investigated; none had cells showing hypersensitivity to PEG-rHu MGDF (Table 3). Comparison of megakaryocytic colony formation by progenitors from essential thrombocythemia patients and healthy subjects exposed to PEG-rHu MGDF or rHu thrombopoietin To investigate the possibility that the observed effects of PEG-rHu MGDF seen in the present experiments were due to some property of this cytokine preparation other than that resulting from its relationship to TPO, we compared megakaryocytic colony formation by healthy and ET progenitor cells exposed to either PEG-rHu MGDF or rHu TPO. The results (Figure 8) show that the behavior of the 2 cytokines under these conditions did not differ significantly from one another. Thus, data obtained with PEG-rHu MGDF regarding colony formation by megakaryocytic progenitors may be considered to reflect sensitivities of these cells to TPO as well as to MGDF.
Megakaryocytic colony formation by essential thrombocythemia progenitor cells in the absence of added PEG-rHu MGDF Some of the cell cultures from ET patients and controls developed small numbers of megakaryocytic colonies, although their progenitor cells had not been exposed to exogenous PEG-rHu MGDF. In this regard, it needs to be said first that in our cultures of healthy PBMNCs to which no PEG-rHu MGDF had been added, we regularly observed the development of small numbers of megakaryocytic colonies. These colonies are probably due to the stimulation of megakaryocytic progenitor cell growth by IL-3 and ATRA (which were included in our complete serum-free medium to improve colony-forming efficiencies), because such background colonies never developed in our basal serum-free medium, which lacks these 2 growth factors (D.E., A.A., unpublished observations). The number of colonies that developed in the absence of added PEG-rHu MGDF was significantly greater in ET cultures than in normal cultures (.01 > P > .001, Table 6). This phenomenon could therefore not have been related to the culture medium. Because megakaryocytic progenitor cells from ET patients were found to be markedly hypersensitive to PEG-rHu MGDF (Figures 2 and 3, Tables 4 and 5), the presence in ET cultures of even minute amounts of this growth factor could have been responsible for inducing their development. A plausible interpretation would be that the progenitor cells were responding to minute amounts of endogenously produced MGDF. This could have come from stromal cells,20,21 or perhaps from megakaryocytes.22,23
Properties of the hypersensitivity to PEG-rHu MGDF in essential thrombocythemia The main finding in this work is that circulating megakaryocytic progenitor cells in ET, when assayed in vitro, were hypersensitive to PEG-rHu MGDF. The statistically pronounced distinction between ET patients on the one hand, and 2°T patients and healthy volunteers on the other, with respect to sensitivity to PEG-rHu MGDF, was striking. Median sensitivity of megakaryocytic progenitors to PEG-rHu MGDF in ET was approximately 53 times greater than that of healthy volunteers or 2°T patients, but it could reach as high as more than 700 times normal. The 2°T is an umbrella diagnosis covering a number of different diseases that have in common only the fact that patients all have increases in platelet numbers in their blood.8 Thus, despite the heterogeneity of their diseases of origin (Table 1), the 2°T patients constituted a remarkably homogenous group with respect to their having normal PEG-rHu MGDF sensitivity. Hypersensitivity to PEG-rHu MGDF was not seen in any of the 22 healthy volunteers. In addition, among 8 patients with PV, none showed hypersensitivity to PEG-rHu MGDF. Among the 9 cytokines investigated, pronounced hypersensitivity of megakaryocytic progenitors in ET was confined to PEG-rHu MGDF (Tables 4 and 5). However, PEG-rHu MGDF did not influence GM or erythroid colony formation by progenitor cells from ET patients (data not shown). These observations provide strong evidence that the PEG-rHu MGDF hypersensitivity of megakaryocytic progenitors in ET is highly specific with respect to disease, to cytokine, and to cell lineage. This, as far as we know, is the first observation made under stringent serum-free conditions of specific hypersensitivity to PEG-rHu MGDF in ET. Moreover, the hypersensitivity was shown to be equally a function of the normal cytokine, TPO (Figure 7); it was not an artifact of the recombinant cytokine preparation.When we compared the sensitivities to PEG-rHu MGDF of total ET PBMNCs with those of ET PBMNCs from which the vast majority of adherent cells had been removed, we found very similar sensitivities to the cytokine (Figure 4). This strongly suggests, but does not prove, that the high level of sensitivity to PEG-rHu MGDF in ET is a property of the megakaryocytic progenitor cells themselves and is not determined by accessory cells. Nichol et al18 showed that rHu MGDF stimulates the production of megakaryocytic colonies from healthy CD34+ cells. Experiments underway currently in our laboratory with CD34+ cells isolated24 from patients may help to settle the question as to whether PEG-rHu MGDF acts directly or indirectly in ET. Definite hypersensitivity to PEG-rHu MGDF in ET could be demonstrated only when this cytokine was titrated in the presence of IL-3, because PEG-rHu MGDF alone gave very poor megakaryocytic colony growth. We detected no hypersensitivity to IL-3 itself. This finding is in disagreement with that of Kobayashi et al25 who reported that nonadherent cells from patients with ET had maximal megakaryocytic colony growth at IL-3 concentrations considerably lower than those for healthy subjects or those with 2°T. However, the conditions under which the 2 experiments were carried out were not identical: the Kobayashi experiment used ASF 101 medium26 with BSA from the Sigma Co, but with no mention of which of their BSA preparations was used; our experiment used SCM , with Sigma fatty acid-free and globulin-free BSA,13,10,14 which we had previously shown not to contain growth factor(s) capable of stimulating megakaryocytic colony formation. Zauli et al27 also failed to confirm hypersensitivity to IL-3 in ET in fibrin clot assays of either CFU-MK or BFU-MK from bone marrow, although the numbers of both progenitors were increased in response to this cytokine. We observed the hypersensitivity to PEG-rHu MGDF in ET at both 14 and 21 days of culture. Therefore, the stage of differentiation at which the alteration leading to the PEG-rHu MGDF hypersensitivity occurred in this disorder must have been earlier than either the CFU-MK28 or the BFU-MK.29 Despite this, the hypersensitivity phenomenon exhibited striking specificity with respect to cell lineage: MGDF hypersensitivity was seen in relation to megakaryocytic but not granulocyte/macrophage or erythroid colony formation. Thus, the decision to become hypersensitive must have been taken after differentiation into the various myeloid cell lineages had occurred. Recently, it has been found30,31 that, in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells self-renewing in the presence of IL-3 before commitment to a particular cell lineage is made, receptors specific to each of the various cell lineages are expressed at a low level. During unilineal commitment and differentiation, inappropriate gene expression is silenced by down-regulation, whereas genes for the appropriate cell lineage are up-regulated. It is tempting to speculate that the time when hypersensitivity to specific cytokines develops may coincide with the time when these selective developmental decisions are made. Some hypotheses regarding possible mechanism(s) of MGDF/TPO hypersensitivity Theoretically, the hypersensitivity to MGDF/TPO that we have observed in vitro in progenitor cells of patients with ET could reflect an elevated level of TPO in these patients before the cells were cultured. However, TPO levels are generally not significantly elevated in ET. They have been reported in a number of studies as being either in the normal range (in most) or only slightly elevated (in a minority).32-39 Serum TPO levels in ET do not appear to be appropriately down-regulated as are their counterparts in other myeloproliferative disorders such as PV and CML. In ET, these levels are not decreased even in the presence of high platelet counts.39It is also possible that not the level of TPO but its rate of metabolism could be elevated in the ET cells, and this might give rise to MGDF/TPO hypersensitivity. In keeping with such a notion is the observation that circulating TPO levels showed a tendency toward an increase after therapy in some ET patients,36 but this did not reach statistical significance. Biologic responses are often mediated by receptor trans-signaling mechanisms involving 2 or more receptor systems. Hypersensitivity to MGDF/TPO could possibly occur as a result of different signaling pathways merging through receptor trans-signaling.40 Stem cell factor and MGDF/TPO signaling pathways, for instance, could theoretically merge and give rise to a hypersensitive response, given that stem cell factor and MGDF/TPO act synergistically.18 Spontaneous megakaryocytic colonies Spontaneous megakaryocytic colony formation has been previously reported in blood and bone marrow cell cultures from patients with ET,41,42 and c-Mpl, the receptor for TPO, has been implicated: c-Mpl messenger RNA (mRNA) was detected in cultured cells from ET patients who showed spontaneous megakaryocyte colony formation in semisolid culture, but not in the cells of those who showed no such colonies, and antisense oligonucleotide to c-Mpl decreased spontaneous megakaryocyte growth.42 Spontaneous megakaryocyte colony formation disappeared, presumably because of a lack of ligand, when serum-free cultures were used with highly purified CD34+ cells.42 Antibody to IL-3, IL-6, or GM-CSF did not eliminate spontaneous megakaryocyte colony formation.43 Recently, Taksin et al44 have found that in ET, soluble Mpl receptor markedly and specifically inhibited spontaneous megakaryocytic growth, but neutralizing antibody against Mpl ligand did not, suggesting an intracellular site of the interaction. The inhibition was reversed by the addition of PEG-rHu MGDF. The authors concluded that spontaneous megakaryocytic growth in ET is not related to autocrine stimulation by Mpl ligand. However, our findings of striking hypersensitivity of ET megakaryocytic progenitors to PEG-rHu MGDF under strictly serum-free conditions, together with the development of megakaryocytic colonies in the absence of added ligand under the same conditions (Table 6), make it likely that MGDF and its receptor are implicated in the pathogenesis of ET, presumably through a response to endogenously produced ligand.Serum-free megakaryocytic colony culture We believe that the use of a strictly serum-free culture medium was critical for showing that megakaryocytic progenitor cells in ET are hypersensitive to PEG-rHu MGDF. Serum is known to contain TPO in variable amounts. Had TPO not been eliminated in the present experiments, there could have been a constant risk of confusion between the concentration of exogenous TPO added to the cultures (the basis of our assay method for sensitivity of megakaryocyte progenitor cells to this cytokine) and the amount of endogenous TPO already present in the cultures before the exogenous TPO was added. Ensuring that the culture medium was stringently serum-free guaranteed that this variable amount of endogenous TPO was eliminated, and with it the confusion it could have engendered.It is not unusual in publications to see culture media referred to as serum-free when certain of the medium components, eg, albumin, may be known to be contaminated with serum-derived growth-promoting factors. Judgement as to whether a medium is in fact serum-free requires that the complete recipe for the medium and the sources of its constituents are explicitly disclosed. Our basal medium (which contains Sigma fatty acid-free, globulin-free BSA) does not promote megakaryocytic colony formation, and thus all growth observed in the cultures could be related directly to the cytokines added. Hypersensitivity to different cytokines in the different clonal myeloproliferative disorders This study brings to 3, of 3 so far investigated, the number of clonal chronic myeloproliferative disorders that have in common the property of hypersensitivity to a cytokine that is capable of stimulating proliferation, differentiation, and survival of normal progenitors in their respective lineages. First, in juvenile chronic myelogenous/myelomonocytic leukemia (JCML/JMML),34 a rare, clonal,5 fatal, pediatric disease, arising at the myeloid stem cell level or earlier, Emanuel et al9 found that dose-response curves relating GM colony number to concentration of ligand in culture showed hypersensitivity to GM-CSF around 10 times normal, whereas sensitivities to IL-3 and G-CSF remained unchanged. Activation of p21RAS is an essential component of the proliferative response to many hematopoietic growth factors,46 and the GM-CSF hypersensitivity seen in JCML/JMML is believed to be a direct consequence of Ras activation in a susceptible myeloid progenitor.47,48 This was the first demonstration of a myeloid leukemia in which hypersensitivity to a specific growth factor appeared to be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease.9Second, Correa et al10 found that in PV, erythroid progenitor cells were hypersensitive to IGF-I, but not to Epo. IGF-I, like Epo, stimulates erythropoiesis.49 IGF-I sensitivities were at least 100 times,10 and as high as more than 10 000 times greater than normal (D.E., A.A., unpublished observations). Under conditions that were not strictly serum-free, sensitivities of purified blood and marrow BFU-E to IL-3 of 117 and 38 times normal, respectively,50,51 and of purified marrow BFU-E to GM-CSF of 48 times normal51 have been reported in PV by the Krantz group. We have provided evidence that an aberration in the IGF-I
receptor signal transduction pathway is somehow involved in PV, because
monoclonal antibody to the receptor inhibited the hypersensitive response to ligand,10 and tyrosine phosphorylation of the
IGF-I receptor Third, in ET, megakaryocytic progenitor cells appeared to be approximately 53 times as sensitive as healthy volunteers to PEG-rHu MGDF, and this hypersensitivity was highly specific (Tables 4 and 5). Mutation or deletion in the c-Mpl receptor gene appears also to have been ruled out as a basis for the cytokine hypersensitivity in this disorder.53,44 As one mechanism underlying the selective amplification of different progenitor cells in the different myeloproliferative disorders, despite their origin in a single pluripotential stem cell, we propose a lineage-restricted hypersensitivity of hematopoietic progenitor cells to normal/endogenous cytokines. This notion could provide an attractive explanation for the unique clinicopathologic emphasis seen in each of these disorders: Acquisition of a lineage-restricted hypersensitivity to cytokine could bring about amplification of those cells whose progenitors had already become committed to a particular lineage; it could therefore be responsible for the specific emphasis in the pathologic differentiation that emerged. Essential thrombocythemia, an exclusion diagnosis At the current time, the diagnosis of ET is based essentially on exclusion, ie, other conditions giving rise to intense thrombocytosis must be ruled out before this diagnosis can be made. This is often difficult to achieve, and thus a positive test for distinguishing between ET and 2°T would be useful. The current findings could form the basis for development of such a test, provided that the reproducibility, sensitivity, and specificity of the PEG-rHu MGDF and TPO hypersensitivity of megakaryocytic progenitor cells seen during this work are confirmed in blind experiments with a larger series of patients having a variety of hematological conditions. This would greatly facilitate the diagnosis of ET.
We appreciate the patients' consenting to have their blood taken for these studies. We thank Drs D. Dotten and P. Anglin for providing some of the patients from their practices at St Michael's/Wellesley and Scarborough Centenary Hospitals, respectively. Our thanks go also to Mrs Maureen A. Anderson for arranging to make the patients available to us. The advice and assistance of Dr B. Fernandes during the study and in his critical reading of the manuscript are very much appreciated.
Submitted November 29, 1999; accepted July 13, 2000.
Portions of this work were presented at the American Society of Hematology Meeting, Miami Beach, FL, December 1998.
Supported by grant numbers MT 3969 and 14347 of the Medical Research Council of Canada.
The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. Therefore, and solely to indicate this fact, this article is hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. section 1734.
Reprints: Arthur A. Axelrad, Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Medical Biophysics, Medical Sciences Bldg, #1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8; e-mail: a.axelrad{at}utoronto.ca.
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Top
Abstract
Introduction
) are compared with those of healthy volunteers (
) with
respect to the numbers of megakaryocytic colonies (mean ± SEM) of
quintuplicate samples (A) and the percentage maximum of megakaryocytic
colonies (B) produced at various concentrations of PEG-rHu MGDF. The
cell number plated in microwells (upper panels) was
4 × 104 PBMNCs per 0.1 mL culture (experiment 218). The
cell number plated in mini-macro wells (lower panels) was
1.5 × 105 cells per 0.7 mL culture (experiment 188).
.001; X
0.16 ng/mL).
,
20 ng/mL MGDF; 
, 100 ng/mL MGDF. Values shown are mean ± SEM
colony numbers derived from quintuplicate cultures seeded with
4 × 104 PBMNCs in 0.1 mL medium (experiment
255).
subunit occurred earlier, reached greater intensity, and responded to substantially lower ligand concentration in PV than it
did in healthy volunteers.
from basic research to clinical applications.
Int J Clin Lab Res.
1995;25:121-127