SEARCH:   Advanced

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Rights and Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via CrossRef Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Maguer-Satta, V. Articles by Eaves, C. J. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Maguer-Satta, V. Articles by Eaves, C. J. Related Collections Hematopoiesis and Stem Cells Apoptosis Social Bookmarking                   What's this?  Previous Article  |  Table of Contents  |  Next Article  Blood, 15 December 2000, Vol. 96, No. 13, pp. 4118-4123 HEMATOPOIESIS Evidence that ceramide mediates the ability of tumor necrosis factor to modulate primitive human hematopoietic cell fates Veronique Maguer-Satta, Robert Oostendorp, Dianne Reid, and Connie J. Eaves From the Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada.     Abstract Top Abstract Introduction Materials and methods Results Discussion References In this study, it is shown that short-term exposure of normal human marrow CD34+CD38 cells to low concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in the presence of 100 ng/mL Flt3 ligand and Steel factor and 20 ng/mL interleukin-3 (IL-3), IL-6, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, in either bulk or single-cell serum-free cultures, markedly reduces their ability subsequently to generate colony-forming cells (CFCs) in 6-week stromal cell-containing long-term cultures without affecting their viability, mitogenic response, or short-term ability to produce CFCs. A similar differential effect on the functional attributes of CD34+CD38 cells was seen when C2- or C6-ceramide, but not dihydro-C2-ceramide (an inactive analog of ceramide), was substituted for TNF. The addition of D-erythro-MAPP (a specific inhibitor of intracellular ceramide degradation) enhanced the ability of TNF to selectively eliminate long-term culture-initiating cell (LTC-IC) activity. These findings indicate that TNF can directly modulate the ability of CD34+CD38 cells to maintain their LTC-IC function at doses below those required to initiate apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, or both, and they suggest that this may be mediated by the TNF-induced generation of intracellular ceramide. Identification of a signaling intermediate that can influence primitive hematopoietic cell fate decisions offers a new approach to the investigation of signaling mechanisms in normal stem cell populations and to how these may be altered in leukemic cells. (Blood. 2000;96:4118-4123) © 2000 by The American Society of Hematology.     Introduction Top Abstract Introduction Materials and methods Results Discussion References Normal adult human bone marrow contains a small population of transplantable totipotent hematopoietic stem cells, each with the capacity to generate a large and diverse population of mature progeny over prolonged periods of time in vivo1-3. These stem cells are closely related to cells that can sustain the production of hematopoietic cells in cultures provided with certain types of fibroblasts for at least 5 weeks2,4,5hence the designation of the original input cells as long-term culture-initiating cells (LTC-ICs).6 In mice and humans, LTC-ICs and transplantable stem cells can be physically separated from most colony-forming cells (CFCs) that proliferate and differentiate in semisolid media in response to appropriate growth factor stimulation.7-9 Interestingly, the distinction between repopulating stem cells, LTC-ICs, and CFCs is not fully explained by differences in the particular growth factors to which these different cell types can respond because a number of these, either alone or in combination, can stimulate all 3 types of cells.2,10-14 One key difference lies in the inability of primitive hematopoietic cells to proliferate in semisolid as opposed to liquid media.11,15-17 Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) has been shown to elicit a variety of responses, inhibitory and stimulatory, on primitive human and murine hematopoietic progenitor cells, depending on the cell population exposed and the other growth factors present.18-22 Some of these effects may be indirectly mediated owing to the ability of TNF to induce the production and release of other cytokines.20,22-24 However, direct inhibitory and stimulatory effects on primitive hematopoietic cells have also been demonstrated.21,25,26 Production of intracellular ceramide is a well-described consequence of TNF stimulation,27,28 and the apoptosis-inducing effect of TNF on many cells, including hematopoietic cells, is mimicked by exposure to C2-ceramide, a diffusible analog of ceramide that enters cells passively.29,30 In previous studies, we showed that TNF in the presence of Flt3 ligand (FL), Steel factor (SF), interleukin-3 (IL-3), IL-6, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) can, at low concentrations, markedly decrease the output of cells with LTC-IC activity. This was seen in short-term cultures of normal human CD34+CD38 marrow cells under conditions that did not appear to affect the production of CFCs.12 These observations raised the possibility that TNF, like suboptimal concentrations of FL, SF, IL-3, IL-6, and G-CSF or excessive concentrations of IL-3,31 may activate intracellular events that strongly promote the differentiation of primitive human CD34+CD38 hematopoietic cells without influencing their viability or proliferative activity. The studies described here were designed to investigate this hypothesis and to determine whether increased levels of intracellular ceramide might be involved in mediating the effects observed.     Materials and methods Top Abstract Introduction Materials and methods Results Discussion References Cells Heparinized aspirate cells were obtained with informed consent from healthy donors of marrow for allogeneic bone marrow transplantation at our center or were from cadaveric sources (Northwest Tissue Center, Seattle, WA). Low-density (less than 1.077 g/cm3) cells were stored overnight at 4°C in Iscove medium containing 50% fetal calf serum (FCS; StemCell Technologies, Vancouver, BC, Canada) for fractionation by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS, see below) or were frozen in 90% FCS and 10% dimethyl sulfoxide and stored at 135°C before further use. Highly purified (more than 99% pure) CD34+CD38 populations were isolated from fresh or thawed cell samples by FACS and collected in bulk in tubes or as single cells in the individual wells of a 96-well microtiter plate using the single-cell deposition unit of the FACS, as previously described.15,31 Briefly, cells to be sorted were washed once in phosphate-buffered saline (StemCell) and once in Hanks HEPES-buffered salt solution. In some cases, they were then resuspended in Hanks HEPES-buffered salt solution containing 0.1 µg/mL fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated Annexin V (Bio-Whittaker, La Jolla, CA) in addition to 2 µg/mL propidium iodide (PI; Sigma Chemical Co, St Louis, MO) to improve the yield of viable cells. Annexin V PI cells were isolated using a FACStar Plus (Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA) equipped with a 5-W argon laser and a helium-neon laser before they were stained with antibodies specific for CD34 (8G12-Cy5) and CD38 (Leu17-phycoerythrin; Becton Dickinson). After one wash in Hanks HEPES-buffered salt solution containing 2% FCS (HF) and another in HF containing 2 µg/mL PI (Sigma), the CD34+CD38 subset of Annexin V PI cells was isolated. In other cases, the first staining with Annexin V was omitted, and PI CD34+CD38 cells were isolated in a single step. Alternatively, the cells were first incubated with a 5-growth factor cocktail (see below) for 2 days, then restained with Annexin V-FITC to allow newly appearing Annexin V+ (apoptotic) cells to be removed. In all cases, cells were kept at 4°C throughout the labeling procedures, and positive cells were selected as those exhibiting a level of fluorescence that excluded 99% of cells incubated with control antibodies of the same isotype and labeled with the same fluorochrome. Serum-free liquid cultures of primary cells Sorted cells were cultured in suspension in 96-well plates at 1 or 100 to 200 cells/well in 100-µL volumes (or in 24-well plates at 500 cells/well in 500 µL volumes) of serum-free Iscove medium supplemented with 104 mol/L 2-mercaptoethanol, 10 mg/mL bovine serum albumin plus 10 µg/mL human insulin and 200 µg/mL human transferrin (BIT; StemCell), 40 µg/mL low-density lipoproteins (Sigma), and, as indicated, 100 ng/mL FL (Immunex, Seattle, WA), 100 ng/mL SF (Terry Fox Laboratory), 20 ng/mL IL-3 (Novartis, Basel, Switzerland), 20 ng/mL G-CSF (StemCell), 20 ng/mL IL-6 (Cangene, Mississauga, ON, Canada), and TNF (R&D System, Minneapolis, MN) with or without D-erythro-MAPP (Kamiya Biomedical Co, Seattle, WA), C2-ceramide (Sigma), C6-ceramide (Calbiochem, La Jolla, CA), or dihydro-C2-ceramide (Calbiochem). Cells were incubated undisturbed at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air before they were harvested and assayed at the times indicated in each experiment. CFC assays CFC numbers were determined by plating 1.1-mL aliquots of washed cells suspended in Iscove methylcellulose medium (MethoCult H4330; StemCell) supplemented with 3 U/mL human erythropoietin (StemCell), 50 ng/mL SF, and 20 ng/mL each of IL-6, GM-CSF (Novartis), G-CSF, and IL-3 in 35-mm Petri dishes. Erythroid, granulocyte-macrophage, and mixed-lineage colonies were enumerated in situ after 16 days of incubation at 37°C using standard scoring criteria to identify pure and mixed erythroid and granulocyte-macrophage colonies (from BFU-E, CFU-GM, and CFU-GEMM). Total CFC counts refer to the sum of all of these. LTC-IC assays Cells to be tested were co-cultivated, as described previously,9 with irradiated (8000 cGy) mouse fibroblast feeders (3 × 105 cells/35-mm dish) engineered to produce 10 ng/mL human IL-3, 130 ng/mL human G-CSF, and 10 ng/mL human SF, with subsequent weekly replacement of half the medium (human long-term culture medium, HCC-5100, StemCell; supplemented just before use with 106 mol/L freshly dissolved hydrocortisone sodium hemisuccinate, Sigma). Cultures were then maintained at 37°C, usually for 6 weeks, at the end of which both the nonadherent and the adherent cells were harvested, combined, washed, and assayed for their CFC content. These 6-week CFC output values provided a relative measure of the number of LTC-ICs in the original input suspension and could thus be used directly to compare the effects of different treatments on LTC-IC activity. Although limiting-dilution LTC-IC assays were not performed to allow formal distinction between the effects on LTC-IC frequency and the effects on their CFC-producing activity, previous experiments have shown that the latter parameter is not affected when CD34+CD38 cells are cultured under the serum-free conditions described here.9,31 In one set of experiments, some LTCs were harvested at the end of 3 weeks of incubation, and their CFC contents were similarly determined. Statistics Differences between progenitor numbers in different treatment groups were assessed using the Student t test.     Results Top Abstract Introduction Materials and methods Results Discussion References Dose- and time-dependence of TNF-induced suppression of LTC-ICs in short-term cultures of human marrow CD34+CD38 cells stimulated with FL, SF, IL-3, IL-6, and G-CSF In a first series of experiments, 1000 to 2000 PI/CD34+CD38 cells isolated from normal adult human marrow were placed in culture at 500 to 1000 cells/mL in serum-free medium supplemented with FL (100 ng/mL), SF (100 ng/mL), IL-3 (20 ng/mL), IL-6 (20 ng/mL), and G-CSF (20 ng/mL) and varying concentrations of TNF. After 3, 10, and in some cases 20 days, the LTC-IC, CFC, and total cell numbers were evaluated. Under these conditions, TNF inhibited the total cell expansion (data not shown) and the expansion of CFCs and LTC-ICs in a time- and dose-dependent fashion (Figure 1). However, the loss of LTC-IC activity was the most TNF-sensitive response. Thus, exposure of CD34+CD38 cells for 10 days to a concentration of TNF as low as 0.1 ng/mL caused a rapid and marked reduction in LTC-IC activity (more than 10-fold below input values; P < .05) in the absence of any effect on CFC production. The addition of 0.1 ng/mL TNF also had little effect on the total number of cells generated in these cultures (less than 2-fold reduction; P > .05; data not shown). Moreover, the selective effect of TNF on LTC-IC activity was not abrogated if the addition of the TNF was delayed for 2 days, as indicated by the similar results obtained in 2 such experiments, one of which one is shown in Table 1. On the other hand, a similar but an even more rapid effect (within 24 hours) could be demonstrated when the input cells were exposed to higher concentrations of TNF (20 to 100 ng/mL, data not shown, but see also Figure 3, discussed below). View larger version (17K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 1. Time-course of changes in CFC and 6-week LTC-IC (expressed as LTC-IC-derived CFC) numbers in suspension cultures of CD34+CD38 human marrow cells incubated in serum-free medium containing 100 ng/mL FL and SF and 20 ng/mL IL-3, IL-6, and G-CSF with varying amounts of TNF. 0 (X), 0.1 ng/mL (), 1 ng/mL (), and 10 ng/mL () of TNF added. Values shown are the mean ±SEM of data from 4 to 11 experiments, each with a different marrow source. At each time point, the progeny of 200 (n = 2), 500 (n = 3), or 1000 (n = 6) CD34+CD38 cells were analyzed. Input CFC and total LTC-IC-derived CFC values (per 1000 CD34+CD38 cells) were 37 ± 10 and 2500 ± 960, respectively.                                View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   Table 1. Differential effect of tumor necrosis factor on different progenitor activities measured in assays of cells from 7-day cultures of CD34+CD38 human marrow cells To determine whether the effects of TNF pretreatment on LTC-IC activity might influence CFC production within the first 3 weeks in culture, additional experiments were performed in which the LTCs were harvested at this earlier time point. In addition, in these experiments, some cells were incubated with TNF for only part of the pretreatment phase in suspension culture with FL, SF, IL-3, IL-6, and G-CSF and were then cultured for another 2 or 4 days in the same medium but without TNF (removed by washing). The purpose of this protocol was to determine whether the effect of exposing LTC-ICs to TNF for a given period could be reversed by further incubation in the TNF-free medium with high concentrations of stimulatory cytokines before assessing residual LTC-IC activity. The results of these experiments (performed in triplicate, ie, with CD34+CD38 cells isolated from 3 different normal bone marrows) are shown in Table 2. It can be seen that, in spite of the expected minimal effects of TNF (0.1 ng/mL) pretreatment on directly assayed CFCs (groups 1 and 4 vs groups 3 and 6, respectively, in Table 2; P > .05), the CFC content of 3-week-old LTCs initiated with cells cultured in the presence of TNF was significantly lower than the CFC content of 3-week-old LTCs initiated with cells cultured in the absence of TNF (groups 1 and 4 vs groups 3 and 6, respectively, in Table 2; P < .05). Moreover, there was no evidence that the loss of CFC-generating potential in LTCs could be reversed by further culture in TNF-free but growth factor-supplemented medium before plating the cells in LTC (group 3 vs group 5 in Table 2). Indeed, the data indicate that the TNF effect is fixed fairly rapidlyexposure for 3 versus 5 days (group 2 vs group 3 in Table 2) or for 5 versus 9 days (group 5 vs group 6 in Table 2) gave similar decreases in 3-week LTC-IC activity, with little effect on directly assayed CFCs in the same experiments.                                View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   Table 2. Differential effect of tumor necrosis factor on the generation of cells detectable directly as colony-forming cells or as cells able to generate colony-forming cells in 3-week-old long-term cultures TNF-induced loss of LTC-IC function does not result from a cytotoxic effect on a subset of CD34+CD38 cells Another series of experiments was undertaken to examine whether the differential TNF-induced loss of LTC-IC activity (but not CFC activity) might reflect modulation of the functional repertoire of the responding CD34+CD38 cells rather than selective killing of those that initially possessed LTC-IC activity. In these experiments, CD34+CD38 cells were cultured in serum-free medium plus FL, SF, IL-3, IL-6, and G-CSF plus 0.1 ng/mL TNF as before but as isolated single cells as well as in bulk cultures initiated with 500 cells each. Direct visualization of the single-cell cultures indicated no effect of this TNF dose on the viability of the input CD34+CD38 cells (proportion of wells with 1 or more refractile cell/well) or the ability of the input cells to divide (proportion of wells with 2 or more refractile cells/well), when the cultures were assessed after 3 or 10 days of incubation (Table 3).                                View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   Table 3. Lack of effect of low-dose tumor necrosis factor on the viability and clonal growth of individual CD34+CD38 human marrow cells assessed in single-cell cultures A comparison of the number of LTC-ICs, CFCs, and total cells measured in the single-cell and parallel-bulk cultures at the end of the 10-day period of incubation is presented in Figure 2. As can be seen, the presence of TNF had little effect (P > .05) on either CFC or total cell expansion, regardless of whether 1 or 500 cells were used to initiate the cultures. However, the negative effect of TNF on LTC-IC yields (P < .05) was more pronounced in the single-cell cultures. These results establish the ability of TNF to act directly on LTC-ICs to eliminate their function without concomitantly affecting their ability to survive and divide. View larger version (17K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 2. Effect of added TNF (0.1 ng/mL) on the changes measured in total viable cells, CFCs, and 6-week LTC-ICs (expressed as LTC-IC-derived CFCs) after 10 days in 5 experiments, in each of which parallel cultures were initiated with 500 (bulk) versus at least 96 single CD34+CD38 human marrow cells (SS) (same experiments as described in Table 3). Cells from the single-cell cultures were pooled at the end of the 10-day incubation before assay for their CFC and LTC-IC contents. Results shown are the mean ±SEM. , control data; , data for the TNF-treated cultures. Input CFCs and total LTC-IC-derived CFC values (per 1000 initial CD34+CD38 cells) in these experiments were 22 ± 7 and 3500 ± 1900, respectively. Evidence that the TNF-induced loss of LTC-IC function involves the sphingolipid pathway To investigate whether TNF might affect the cellular attributes required for LTC-IC function as a result of activation of the ceramide pathway, human marrow CD34+CD38 cells were cultured for 24 hours in serum-free media supplemented with the same 5-growth factor cocktail as before, in the presence (or not) of 20 ng/mL TNF with or without D-erythro-MAPP (an inhibitor of the alkaline ceramidase that breaks down ceramide to sphingosine), 30 µmol/L C2-ceramide, C6-ceramide (another active analog of ceramide whose structure is more closely related to the natural ceramide than C2-ceramide29), or dihydro-C2-ceramide, an inactive ceramide analog.32 After 24 hours, the cultures were assayed for CFCs and LTC-ICs. As shown in Figure 3, there was a similarly marked and selective decrease in LTC-IC activity in cultures to which TNF, C2-ceramide, or C6-ceramide had been added (P < .05), and the effect of TNF was slightly enhanced when D-erythro-MAPP was present. In contrast, exposure of the cells to dihydro-C2-ceramide had no significant (P > .05) effect on LTC-IC (or CFC) numbers by comparison with control cultures containing the standard 5-growth factor cocktail only. View larger version (21K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 3. Comparison of the effects of various reagents that can modulate the sphingomyelinase pathway on the maintenance of CFC and LTC-IC activity in 24-hour serum-free cultures of CD34+CD38 human marrow cells. Values shown are the mean ± SEM of data from 3 independent experiments (different marrow samples). All cultures contained 100 ng/mL FL and SF, 20 ng/mL IL-3, IL-6, and G-CSF, and 30 µmol/L concentrations of various ceramide analogs: dihydro-C2-ceramide (D-C2), C2-ceramide (C2), C6-ceramide (C6), or 5 µmol/L D-erythro-MAPP (D-MAPP), with or without 20 ng/mL TNF or diluent (0), as indicated. Input CFCs and 6-week LTC-IC-derived CFC values (per 1000 initial CD34+CD38 cells) were 45 ± 10 and 12 400 ± 1200, respectively. Of interest, it should be noted that in all the overnight cultures, including the control cultures, the number of CFCs detectable was twice the input value, even though CD34+CD38 cells from adult marrow do not begin to divide until the third day of incubation under these conditions (Petzer et al15 and Table 2). This shows that the 5-growth factor cocktail can "prime" CD34+CD38 cells in liquid culture to overcome their inability to proliferate in semisolid medium, even in the absence of cell division. A similar effect of mitogenic growth factors on primitive Lin CD34CD38 human marrow cells has also been demonstrated.17 Although the mechanism responsible has not yet been investigated, we speculate that an effect on the organization of the cellular cytoskeleton may be involved.     Discussion Top Abstract Introduction Materials and methods Results Discussion References In this study, we have demonstrated an ability of nontoxic concentrations of TNF to promote the loss of certain functional properties of primitive (CD34+CD38) human hematopoietic cells without altering their viability or capacity to become detectable as CFCs either before or after they proliferate in response to FL, SF, IL-3, IL-6, and G-CSF. This 5-growth factor cocktail was chosen because it has been shown to optimize the expansion of both LTC-IC and CFC populations from the input population studied here.12,31 Experiments with single cells showed that the response to TNF is directly mediated and can occur in the absence of effects on cell survival or proliferation. The increased LTC-IC activity obtained when CD34+CD38 cells are stimulated by FL in combination with SF, IL-3, IL-6, and G-CSF is due to the response of a substantial proportion (more than 30%) of the initial viable population.15 Therefore, any substantial loss of these cells, such as by apoptosis, should have been readily detectable by direct visual examination of single-cell cultures. The lack of such an observation argues strongly in favor of an alternative explanationthat, under the conditions of TNF exposure used here, CD34+CD38 cells are induced to alter certain biologic functions associated with their original undifferentiated state, including those that allow their detection as LTC-ICs. Convincing examples of a cytokine-determined alteration in primitive hematopoietic cell differentiation status, independent of effects on survival or mitogenesis, are rare and are largely restricted to studies with murine cells.33-35 However, we have recently reported similar findings in cultures of human marrow CD34+CD38 cells exposed either to suboptimal concentrations of FL, SF, IL-3, IL-6, and G-CSF or to excess concentrations of IL-3 (in the presence of low levels of FL and SF).31 Evidence of extrinsic determination of hematopoietic cell differentiation decisions has also been obtained in various transformed or immortalized hematopoietic cell lines of mouse and human origin.36-39 The current observations are of particular interest because they suggest the involvement of an intracellular signaling pathway that is activated by TNF and appears able to affect hematopoietic stem cell fate decisions. This is further supported by the observation that a closely related subpopulation of cells, the Thy-1+ subset of CD34+ cells in human cord blood, contains transcripts for both TNF receptor species (p55 and p75) and can be stimulated directly by TNF to enhance their proliferative response in combination with FL, SF, G-CSF, and GM-CSF.21 However, in that study, effects on LTC-IC activity were not analyzed. Previous investigations have identified a number of downstream targets of ceramide, including a proline-directed serine-threonine protein kinase (ceramide-activated protein kinase),40 the proto-oncogene Vav,41 a cytosolic ceramide-activated protein phosphatase,42 and protein kinase C-.43 Some of these are also known to be regulated by interactions with 1,2-diacylglycerol (DG). Interestingly, the outcome of raising the intracellular level of ceramide in T cells appears to be subject to modulation according to whether the cells are costimulated by receptors that activate intracellular DG.44 More recently, evidence of ceramide-induced phosphorylation of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein (and a related transcription factor, ATF-1) by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase has been reported.45 Moreover, the inhibition of this pathway had no effect on the induction of apoptosis by ceramide or TNF. This is consistent with the hypothesis that these agents may elicit different biologic responses by the activation of different intracellular intermediates. Accordingly, the cellular context in which TNF receptor activation occurs is likely to be an important determinant of the final biologic outcome it elicits in a given target cell. The ability to control over time the in vitro cytokine environment of highly purified populations of primitive hematopoietic cells should facilitate the future identification of events downstream of sphingomyelin degradation that may precipitate the accelerated differentiation of these cells and allow the potential relevance of the current findings to leukemic stem cell responses to be investigated.     Acknowledgments We thank the members of the Clinical Stem Cell Assay Service of the British Columbia Cancer Agency for assistance in accessing and initial processing of the human marrow samples, the staff of the Flow Cytometry Laboratory for assistance in cell sorting, and T. Palmater for manuscript preparation. We also thank Dr P. Lansdorp (Terry Fox Laboratory) and Amgen, Cangene, Immunex, Novartis, and StemCell for providing reagents.     Footnotes Submitted July 29, 1999; accepted June 20, 2000. Supported by grants from Novartis and the National Cancer Institute of Canada (NCIC), with funds from the Terry Fox Run. C.J.E. is a Terry Fox Cancer Research Scientist of the NCIC. The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. Therefore, and solely to indicate this fact, this article is hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. section 1734. Reprints: Connie J. Eaves, Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 601 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; e-mail: connie{at}terryfox.ubc.ca.     References Top Abstract Introduction Materials and methods Results Discussion References 1. Turhan AG, Humphries RK, Phillips GL, Eaves AC, Eaves CJ. Clonal hematopoiesis demonstrated by X-linked DNA polymorphisms after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. N Engl J Med. 1989;320:1655-1661[Abstract]. 2. Conneally E, Cashman J, Petzer A, Eaves C. Expansion in vitro of transplantable human cord blood stem cells demonstrated using a quantitative assay of their lympho-myeloid repopulating activity in nonobese diabetic-scid/scid mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94:9836-9841[Abstract/Free Full Text]. 3. Bhatia M, Wang JCY, Kapp U, Bonnet D, Dick JE. Purification of primitive human hematopoietic cells capable of repopulating immune-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94:5320-5325[Abstract/Free Full Text]. 4. Conneally E, Eaves CJ, Humphries RK. Efficient retroviral-mediated gene transfer to human cord blood stem cells with in vivo repopulating potential. Blood. 1998;91:3487-3493[Abstract/Free Full Text]. 5. Hao QL, Thiemann FT, Petersen D, Smogorzewska EM, Crooks GM. Extended long-term culture reveals a highly quiescent and primitive human hematopoietic progenitor population. Blood. 1996;88:3306-3313[Abstract/Free Full Text]. 6. Sutherland HJ, Lansdorp PM, Henkelman DH, Eaves AC, Eaves CJ. Functional characterization of individual human hematopoietic stem cells cultured at limiting dilution on supportive marrow stromal layers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990;87:3584-3588[Abstract/Free Full Text]. 7. Ploemacher RE, Brons NHC. Isolation of hemopoietic stem cell subsets from murine bone marrow, II: Evidence for an early precursor of day-12 CFU-S and cells associated with radioprotective ability. Exp Hematol. 1988;16:27-32[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 8. Lemieux ME, Rebel VI, Lansdorp PM, Eaves CJ. Characterization and purification of a primitive hematopoietic cell type in adult mouse marrow capable of lympho-myeloid differentiation in long-term marrow "switch" cultures. Blood. 1995;86:1339-1347[Abstract/Free Full Text]. 9. Hogge DE, Lansdorp PM, Reid D, Gerhard B, Eaves CJ. Enhanced detection, maintenance and differentiation of primitive human hematopoietic cells in cultures containing murine fibroblasts engineered to produce human Steel factor, interleukin-3 and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Blood. 1996;88:3765-3773[Abstract/Free Full Text]. 10. Ogawa M. Differentiation and proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells. Blood. 1993;81:2844-2853[Abstract/Free Full Text]. 11. Trevisan M, Yan X-Q, Iscove NN. Cycle initiation and colony formation in culture by murine marrow cells with long-term reconstituting potential in vivo. Blood. 1996;88:4149-4158[Abstract/Free Full Text]. 12. Petzer AL, Zandstra PW, Piret JM, Eaves CJ. Differential cytokine effects on primitive (CD34+CD38) human hematopoietic cells: novel responses to flt3-ligand and thrombopoietin. J Exp Med. 1996;183:2551-2558[Abstract/Free Full Text]. 13. Zandstra PW, Conneally E, Piret JM, Eaves CJ. Ontogeny-associated changes in the cytokine responses of primitive human haematopoietic cells. Br J Haematol. 1998;101:770-778[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 14. Bhatia M, Bonnet D, Kapp U, Wang JCY, Murdoch B, Dick JE. Quantitative analysis reveals expansion of human hematopoietic repopulating cells after short-term ex vivo culture. J Exp Med. 1997;186:619-624[Abstract/Free Full Text]. 15. Petzer AL, Hogge DE, Lansdorp PM, Reid DS, Eaves CJ. Self-renewal of primitive human hematopoietic cells (long-term-culture-initiating cells) in vitro and their expansion in defined medium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93:1470-1474[Abstract/Free Full Text]. 16. Sitnicka E, Lin N, Priestley GV, et al. The effect of thrombopoietin on the proliferation and differentiation of murine hematopoietic stem cells. Blood. 1996;87:4998-5005[Abstract/Free Full Text]. 17. Fujisaki T, Berger MG, Rose-John S, Eaves CJ. Rapid differentiation of a rare subset of adult human linCD34CD38 cells stimulated by multiple growth factors in vitro. Blood. 1999;94:1926-1932[Abstract/Free Full Text]. 18. Degliantoni G, Murphy M, Kobayashi M, Francis MK, Perussia B, Trinchieri G. Natural killer (NK) cell-derived hematopoietic colony-inhibiting activity and NK cytotoxic factor: relationship with tumor necrosis factor and synergism with immune interferon. J Exp Med. 1985;162:1512-1530[Abstract/Free Full Text]. 19. Broxmeyer HE, Williams DE, Lu L, et al. The suppressive influences of human tumor necrosis factors on bone marrow hematopoietic progenitor cells from normal donors and patients with leukemia: synergism of tumor necrosis factor and gamma interferon. J Immunol. 1986;136:4487-4495[Abstract]. 20. Jacobsen SEW, Ruscetti FW, Dubois CM, Keller JR. Tumor necrosis factor directly and indirectly regulates hematopoietic progenitor cell proliferation: role of colony-stimulating factor receptor modulation. J Exp Med. 1992;175:1759-1772[Abstract/Free Full Text]. 21. Bello-Fernandez C, Matyash M, Strobl H, Scheinecker C, Knapp W. Analysis of myeloid-associated genes in human hematopoietic progenitor cells. Exp Hematol. 1997;25:1158-1166[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 22. Caux C, Saeland S, Favre C, Duvert C, Mannoni P, Banchereau J. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha strongly potentiates interleukin-3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-induced proliferation of human CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells. Blood. 1990;75:2292-2298[Abstract/Free Full Text]. 23. Munker R, Gasson J, Ogawa M, Koeffler HP. Recombinant human TNF induces production of granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor. Nature. 1986;323:79-82[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 24. Broudy VC, Kaushansky K, Segal GM, Harlan JM, Adamson JW. Tumor necrosis factor type  stimulates human endothelial cells to produce granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986;83:7467-7471[Abstract/Free Full Text]. 25. Rusten LS, Smeland EB, Jacobsen FW, et al. Tumor necrosis factor- inhibits stem cell factor-induced proliferation of human bone marrow progenitors cells in vitro. J Clin Invest. 1994;94:165-172. 26. Ramsfjell V, Borge OJ, Cui L, Jacobsen SEW. Thrombopoietin directly and potently stimulates multilineage growth and progenitor cell expansion from primitive (CD34+CD38) human bone marrow progenitor cells. J Immunol. 1997;158:5169-5177[Abstract]. 27. Nishizuka Y. Intracellular signaling by hydrolysis of phospholipids and activation of protein kinase C. Science. 1992;258:607-614[Abstract/Free Full Text]. 28. Kolesnick R, Golde DW. The sphingomyelin pathway in tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 signaling. Cell. 1994;77:325-328[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 29. Hannun YA, Obeid LM. Ceramide: an intracellular signal for apoptosis. Trends Biochem Sci. 1995;20:73-77[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 30. Maguer-Satta V, Burl S, Liu L, et al. BCR-ABL accelerates C2-ceramide-induced apoptosis. Oncogene. 1998;16:237-248[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 31. Zandstra PW, Conneally E, Petzer AL, Piret JM, Eaves CJ. Cytokine manipulation of primitive human hematopoietic cell self-renewal. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94:4698-4703[Abstract/Free Full Text]. 32. Wolff RA, Dobrowsky RT, Bielawska A, Obeid LM, Hannun YA. Role of ceramide-activated protein phosphatase in ceramide-mediated signal transduction. J Biol Chem. 1994;269:19605-19609[Abstract/Free Full Text]. 33. Metcalf D. Clonal analysis of proliferation and differentiation of paired daughter cells: action of granulocyte-macrophage colony- stimulating factor on granulocyte-macrophage precursors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980;77:5327-5330[Abstract/Free Full Text]. 34. Metcalf D. Lineage commitment of hemopoietic progenitor cells in developing blast cell colonies: influence of colony-stimulating factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991;88:11310-11314[Abstract/Free Full Text]. 35. Metcalf D. Lineage commitment in the progeny of murine hematopoietic preprogenitor cells: influence of thrombopoietin and interleukin 5. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95:6408-6412[Abstract/Free Full Text]. 36. Friend C, Scher W, Holland JG, Sato T. Hemoglobin synthesis in murine virus induced leukemic cells in vitro: stimulation of erythroid differentiation by dimethylsulfoxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1973;68:378-382. 37. Andersson LC, Jokinen M, Gahmberg CG. Induction of erythroid differentiation in the human leukaemia cell line K562. Nature. 1979;278:364-365[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 38. Dexter TM, Heyworth CM, Spooncer E, Ponting ILO. The role of growth factors in self-renewal and differentiation of haemopoietic stem cells. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Biol. 1990;327:85-98[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 39. Borzillo GV, Ashmun RA, Sherr CJ. Macrophage lineage switching of murine early pre-B lymphoid cells expressing transduced fms genes. Mol Cell Biol. 1990;10:2703-2714[Abstract/Free Full Text]. 40. Mathias S, Dressler K, Kolesnick RN. Characterization of  ceramide-activated protein kinase: stimulation by tumor necrosis factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991;88:10009-10013[Abstract/Free Full Text]. 41. Gulbins E, Gocceshall KM, Baier B, et al. Direct stimulation of Vav guanine nucleotide exchange activity for Ras by phorbol esters and diglycerides. Mol Cell Biol. 1994;14:4749-4758[Abstract/Free Full Text]. 42. Dobrowsky RT, Hannun YA. Ceramide stimulates a cytosolic protein phosphatase. J Biol Chem. 1992;267:5048-5051[Abstract/Free Full Text]. 43. Lozano J, Berra E, Municio MM, et al. Protein kinase C isoform is critical for B-dependent promoter activation by sphingomyelinase. J Biol Chem. 1994;269:19200-1902[Abstract/Free Full Text]. 44. Kolesnick R, Fuks Z. Ceramide: a signal for apoptosis or mitogenesis? J Exp Med. 1995;181:1949-1952[Free Full Text]. 45. Scheid MP, Foltz IN, Young PR, Schrader JW, Duronio V. Ceramide and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) induce cAMP-response element binding protein phosphorylation via distinct signaling pathways while having opposite effects on myeloid cell survival. Blood. 1999;93:217-225[Abstract/Free Full Text]. © 2000 by The American Society of Hematology.   CiteULike    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    What's this? This article has been cited by other articles: F. Rezzoug, Y. Huang, M. K. Tanner, M. Wysoczynski, C. L. Schanie, P. M. Chilton, M. Z. Ratajczak, I. J. Fugier-Vivier, and S. T. Ildstad TNF-{alpha} Is Critical to Facilitate Hemopoietic Stem Cell Engraftment and Function J. Immunol., January 1, 2008; 180(1): 49 - 57. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] L. Franchi, F. Malisan, B. Tomassini, and R. Testi Ceramide catabolism critically controls survival of human dendritic cells J. Leukoc. Biol., January 1, 2006; 79(1): 166 - 172. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] L. Yang, I. Dybedal, D. Bryder, L. Nilsson, E. Sitnicka, Y. Sasaki, and S. E. W. Jacobsen IFN-{gamma} Negatively Modulates Self-Renewal of Repopulating Human Hemopoietic Stem Cells J. Immunol., January 15, 2005; 174(2): 752 - 757. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] I. Dybedal, D. Bryder, A. Fossum, L. S. Rusten, and S. E. W. Jacobsen Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-mediated activation of the p55 TNF receptor negatively regulates maintenance of cycling reconstituting human hematopoietic stem cells Blood, September 15, 2001; 98(6): 1782 - 1791. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] J. Audet, C. L. Miller, S. Rose-John, J. M. Piret, and C. J. Eaves Distinct role of gp130 activation in promoting self-renewal divisions by mitogenically stimulated murine hematopoietic stem cells PNAS, February 13, 2001; 98(4): 1757 - 1762. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Rights and Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via CrossRef Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Maguer-Satta, V. Articles by Eaves, C. J. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Maguer-Satta, V. Articles by Eaves, C. J. Related Collections Hematopoiesis and Stem Cells Apoptosis Social Bookmarking                   What's this?

	Copyright © 2000 by American Society of Hematology         Online ISSN: 1528-0020