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CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS, INTERVENTIONS, AND THERAPEUTIC TRIALS
From the Departments of Medicine and Biostatistics,
University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.
The safety and efficacy of administering ex vivo expanded
peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPC) to patients with breast cancer
who undergo high-dose chemotherapy and PBPC transplantation was
investigated. Unselected PBPC were cultured in gas-permeable bags
containing 1-L serum-free media, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor,
stem cell factor, and pegylated megakaryocyte growth and development
factor for 9 days. Cell dose cohorts were assigned to have between 2 and 24 × 109 PBPC cultured at 1, 2, or
3 × 106 cells/mL. Twenty-four patients received
high-dose chemotherapy followed by infusion of the cultured PBPC and at
least 5 × 106 CD34+ uncultured cryopreserved
PBPC per kilogram. No toxicities resulted from infusions of the ex vivo
expanded PBPC. The study patients had shorter times to neutrophil
(P = .0001) and platelet (P = .01) recovery
and fewer red cell transfusions (P = .02) than 48 historical controls who received the same conditioning regimen and
posttransplantation care and at least 5 × 106
CD34+ PBPC per kilogram. Improvements in all these
endpoints were significantly correlated with the expanded cell dose.
Nine of 24 (38%) patients recovered neutrophil counts above 500/µL
by day 5 or 6 after transplantation, whereas none of the controls had
neutrophil recovery before the eighth day. Seven (29%) patients had
neutropenia for 3 or fewer days, and 9 (38%) patients did not
experience neutropenic fevers or require broad-spectrum antibiotics.
Therefore, ex vivo expanded PBPC are capable of ameliorating
posttransplantation neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia in
patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy.
(Blood. 2000;96:2385-2390) Patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy are at
risk for serious infections during the neutropenic phase induced by
their treatment. Various measures have been evaluated to minimize this risk. The substitution of peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPC) for
bone marrow as a source of hematologic reconstitution has been shown to
significantly reduce the duration of neutropenia after intensive
chemotherapy.1-4 In addition, doses of CD34+
cells equal to or exceeding 5 × 106/kg in the PBPC
product can ensure neutrophil recovery times within 7 to 10 days of
infusion.5,6 Various stem cell mobilization regimens have
been developed to optimize CD34+ cell collection, with the
objective of reducing neutropenia after transplantation.7-9 Despite this, high doses of
CD34+ cells have limited capability to reduce the
neutropenic period because of the time required for the PBPC to
differentiate into mature neutrophils in vivo.
Ex vivo culture of hematopoietic progenitor cells has been explored as
a way of producing large numbers of more mature cells that may be able
to accelerate the rate of recovery after myeloablative therapy. The
standard approach to ex vivo expansion has involved the culture of
purified CD34+ cells in a variety of cytokine combinations.
In the current study, we sought to develop a simple expansion
methodology using unselected PBPC and a limited number of hematopoietic
growth factors. Recent preclinical experiments from our
group10 demonstrated that efficient ex vivo expansion of
unselected PBPC into mature myeloid cells could be performed using
serum-free media containing granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
(GCSF), stem cell factor (SCF), and megakaryocyte growth and
development factor (MGDF). We now report the translation of these
laboratory studies into an effective method of ex vivo expansion for
patients with breast cancer undergoing high-dose chemotherapy and stem
cell rescue.
Study patients
Peripheral blood progenitor cell mobilization
Peripheral blood progenitor cell expansion Freshly collected PBPC were enumerated and injected into 1-L Teflon-coated gas-permeable bags (American Fluoroseal, Gaithersburg, MD) containing IMDM-based media with 1% human serum albumin and recombinant human transferrin (Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA), r-metHuSCF, pegylated recombinant human MGDF, and Filgrastim (all at 100 ng/mL; Amgen). The cells were maintained at 37°C in 5% CO2 in humidified incubators. Six cell dose cohorts, with 4 patients per cohort, were enrolled sequentially. The cohorts differed in the total number of cells cultured and the initial cell densities used: cohort 1, 2 × 109 cells at 1 × 106 cells/mL; cohort 2, 4 × 109 cells at 1 × 106 cells/mL; cohort 3, 8 × 109 cells at 2 × 106 cells/mL; cohort 4, 16 × 109 cells at 2 × 106 cells/mL; cohort 5, 18 × 109 cells at 3 × 106 cells/mL; and cohort 6, 24 × 109 cells at 3 × 106 cells/mL. After 9 days of culture, the cells were collected using a Cobe 2991 centrifuge (BioWhittaker, Walkersville, MD), washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) without calcium or magnesium and resuspended in DPBS at 108 to 109 cells/mL. The percentage of viable myeloid cells was determined by measuring the percentage granulocyte and monocyte fractions using a Coulter counter and multiplying the sum by the fraction of viable myeloid cells over total myeloid cells observed using trypan blue exclusion.Quality control Cultured cells were sampled for bacterial and fungal contamination on days 0, 6, and 9 of ex vivo incubation, and a Gram stain of a spun sample was performed on day 9. The washed cell product was cultured for Mycoplasma contamination and analyzed for the presence of endotoxin. Acceptability criteria for the cell products included negative cultures for bacteria and fungi and a negative Gram stain. Cell viability exceeded 80% before products were administered to the patients. Mycoplasma cultures and endotoxin assays were performed on the washed cell products on the day of infusion to monitor for quality control.Flow cytometry The CD34+ cells in the PBPC product were enumerated using the ProCOUNT 3-color assay (Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA) according to manufacturer's instructions. Ex vivo expanded cells were subjected to immunofluorescent staining on day 9 of culture using phycoerythrin-conjugated anti-CD11b, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated anti-CD15 (both from Becton Dickinson), and FITC-conjugated anti-CD66b (Serotec, Raleigh, NC). Immunofluorescent staining, data acquisition, and analysis were performed as previously described.10Administration of the ex vivo expanded cells The expanded cells were administered at least 4 hours after the cryopreserved PBPC. Patients were premedicated with 650 mg acetaminophen and 25 mg diphenhydramine, both by mouth, 30 minutes before the expanded cells were infused through a wide-open central venous catheter.Safety monitoring Vital signs, pulse oximetry, and cardiac rhythm were monitored for 24 hours after the ex vivo expanded cell infusions. In addition, urinalysis was performed on all voided specimens, or once every 4 hours, for 24 hours to monitor for hemoglobinuria. Serum chemistry level was measured before and 24 hours after infusion. All antiemetics administered for 24 hours before and after cell infusions were recorded.Laboratory evaluations Complete blood count with manual differential and platelet count were performed daily until recovery of the neutrophil count to more than 1000/µL and the platelet count to more than 20 000/µL without transfusion.Posttransplantation treatment Patients received Filgrastim 10 µg/kg per day subcutaneously until recovery of the neutrophil count to more than 3000/µL. Single donor platelets were administered for platelet counts lower than 10 000/µL in afebrile inpatients and lower than 20 000/µL in outpatients or febrile inpatients. Packed red blood cells were transfused for hemoglobin levels lower than 9 g/dL.Statistical analysis The fold expansion was calculated by dividing the number of viable myeloid cells harvested on day 9 by the number of CD34+ cells at culture initiation. Myeloid cell yield was determined by dividing the number of viable myeloid cells collected on day 9 by the total number of PBPC added to the culture on day 0. The effect of cell density on stem cell expansion and myeloid cell yield was evaluated using analysis of variance.Linear regression analysis was used to assess the effect of ex vivo
expanded cell (EVE) dose on various outcome measures: Yi = The historical control patients consisted of 48 breast cancer patients at high risk who had PBPC collections containing at least 5 × 106 CD34+ cells per kilogram and who were treated consecutively between January 1996 and August 1998 at UCLA Medical Center. All patients underwent PBPC collection using a GCSF-based mobilization regimen, then high-dose chemotherapy with the same regimen as the study patients, and then stem cell rescue with infusion of all of the cryopreserved PBPC. After stem cell infusion, all patients received Filgrastim 10 µg/kg per day subcutaneously until recovery of the neutrophil count to more than 3000/µL. Transfusion practices were the same as for the study patients. Comparisons between the treatment and outcome variables were performed using the Wilcoxon rank sum test.
Effect of cell density on cell expansion and cell yield The PBPC were cultured at 1, 2, or 3 × 106 cells/mL, using cells from 8 patients at each cell density. The fold expansion was calculated by dividing the number of myeloid cells obtained on day 9 by the number of CD34+ cells initially present in the cultured PBPC. Although the expanded product was derived from unselected PBPC and it was not possible to determine what cell population(s) engendered those present at the time of cell harvest, we previously demonstrated10 that the number of cells obtained using this culture method was proportional to the percentage of CD34+ cells at the start of culture. Therefore, the CD34+ cell population was considered a surrogate for the proliferative pool of cells that generated the myeloid cells present on day 9 of culture. The fold expansion calculated in this way was inversely proportional to the initial PBPC culture density (Figure 1A). There was significantly greater expansion of PBPC when they were seeded at either 1 or 2 × 106 cells/mL than when cultured at 3 × 106 cells/mL (P = .006 for 1 versus 3 × 106 cells/mL; P = .016 for 2 versus 3 × 106 cells/mL). The difference in fold expansion between PBPC cultured at 1 and 2 × 106 cells/mL was not significant (P = .6).
Culture outcome also was evaluated by calculating the myeloid cell yield. This was determined by dividing the number of myeloid cells obtained on day 9 of culture by the total number of PBPC added to the culture on day 0. The yield was significantly better when the cells were seeded at 1 or 2 × 106 cells/mL than when they were cultured at 3 × 106 cells/mL (P = .05 and P = .009, respectively). Equivalent yields were obtained for PBPC cultured at either 1 or 2 × 106 cells/mL (Figure 1B). The number of cells harvested on day 9 was always less than the number of PBPC seeded into the cultures because of the dynamics of the culture system. There were many mature cells and cells of limited proliferative capacity in the initial PBPC. By day 9, these cells and their progeny had died, but the cells derived from the more primitive progenitors had not yet increased to the degree that the total cell number in the culture was increased.10 The cells were intentionally harvested at this early time point so that some cell divisions would occur in vivo and refeeding of the cells would not be necessary. Ex vivo expanded cell immunophenotype Cells harvested on day 9 contained 32% ± 13% CD15+CD11b cells and 16% ± 2%
CD15+CD11b+ cells by flow cytometry
(representative histogram, Figure 2). The
initial PBPC culture density did not affect the immunophenotypes of the
cell products.
Safety of expanded cell administration Expanded cells were consistently negative for bacterial and fungal growth, both by culture and Gram stain. Mycoplasma spp were not cultured from any of the cell products. Endotoxin levels were lower than 1 ng/mL in all cell products. Infusion of the expanded cells was not associated with the development of abnormal vital signs, decreased oxygenation, or any symptoms reported by the patients. Serum chemistry monitoring and urinalysis did not detect any untoward effect of the expanded cells.Effect of ex vivo expanded cells on neutropenia and fevers Study patients receiving the cultured PBPC had significantly earlier neutrophil recovery than control patients with breast cancer (7.3 days versus 8.8 days; P = .0001; Table 1), even though the control patients received significantly fewer prior courses of chemotherapy (4.0 versus 5.7; P = .01) and significantly higher doses of cryopreserved CD34+ cells than the study patients (11.2 versus 8.4 × 106/kg; P = .01), respectively. There was a strong correlation between the dose of viable myeloid cells administered in the expanded product and the time to neutrophil recovery (r = 0.80; Figure 3). A similar relation was observed
between the expanded myeloid cell dose and the duration of neutropenia
(r = 0.74; Figure 4). After
controlling for the dose of cryopreserved CD34+ PBPC, the
dose of ex vivo expanded cells had a significant effect on the time to
neutrophil recovery (P = .0001) and the number of
neutropenic days (P = .0001). The number of
CD34+ cells per kilogram added to the cultures also was
correlated with the time to neutrophil recovery (r = .67; Figure
5) and the number of neutropenic days
(r = .62). There was a significant relation between the number of
CD34+ cells per kilogram at the start of culture and the
time to neutrophil recovery (P = .0003) and the number of
neutropenic days (P = .0015). However, linear regression
with a stepwise procedure for variable selection revealed that
the expanded cell dose, but not the number of CD34+ cells
per kilogram cultured on day 0, had a significant effect on neutrophil
recovery. In addition, there was no correlation between the number of
cryopreserved CD34+ cells infused and the time to
neutrophil recovery (r = .0002). The cryopreserved CD34+
PBPC dose did not significantly impact the number of neutropenic days
or the time to neutrophil recovery (P = .19 for each).
Although the maturing myeloid cell populations in the cultured cell
products were expected to contribute to early neutrophil recovery, the time to an absolute neutrophil count of more than 500/µL was weakly correlated with the number of CD15+CD11b
cells per kilogram (r = 0.41) or the
CD15+CD11b+ cells per kilogram
(r = 0.13) infused.
In 9 of the 24 (38%) patients, neutropenic fevers did not develop, and they did not require broad-spectrum antibiotics. However, the requirement for antibiotics was not statistically associated with the dose of expanded cells administered. Effect of ex vivo expanded cells on peripheral blood progenitor cell and platelet transfusions Study patients required significantly fewer PRBC transfusions than the control population (3.5 versus 4.2 units; P = .02; Table 1). The number of PRBC transfusions was correlated with the dose of expanded PBPC administered (r =0.61; Figure
6); this relation was statistically
significant (P = .002). Time to platelet recovery was
defined as the number of days after transplantation required to achieve
a platelet count of at least 20 000/µL for 2 days after the last
platelet transfusion. Study patients had a significantly shorter time
to platelet recovery than historical controls (9.3 versus 10.3 days,
P = .01). The ex vivo expanded cell dose and the duration
of thrombocytopenia were related (r = 0.49; Figure
7). Although the time to platelet
recovery was significantly associated with the expanded cell dose
(P = .002), the number of platelet units transfused was
not related (P = .3).
Effect of expanded cells on the duration of hospitalization Study patients had significantly shorter hospital stays than previously treated patients (15.4 versus 16.9 days; P = .0005). Lengths of hospital stay were correlated with the expanded cell doses infused (Figure 8; r =0.62).
This study demonstrated that ex vivo expanded PBPC reduced posttransplantation neutropenia in a dose-dependent fashion. Eight of 24 patients experienced neutrophil recovery on day 6 after infusion, and one recovered on day 5. This rate of neutrophil recovery has not been previously observed in 418 patients with breast cancer undergoing standard high-dose therapy and PBPC transplantation.7,11 In a recent multicenter study of 203 patients with breast cancer who underwent the same conditioning regimen and the supportive care measures used in this study, the time to neutrophil recovery was 9 or 10 days, and the range was 8 to 15 days.7 A control population of 48 patients with breast cancer who underwent high-dose chemotherapy and infusion of PBPC containing 5 × 106 or more CD34+ cells per kilogram at UCLA between January 1996 and August 1998 had a mean time to neutrophil recovery of 8.8 days, with a range of 8 to 10 days. Because the duration of neutropenia usually dictates the duration of hospitalization, the study patients also had significantly shorter hospital stays than the controls. Early trials of ex vivo expanded hematopoietic progenitor cells did not demonstrate any measurable clinical effect of the expanded cells on the duration of posttransplantation neutropenia. The failure to achieve an effect on neutrophil recovery in those studies may have been multifactorial. Brugger et al12 gave 4 to 23 × 106 expanded cells per kilogram, which were cell doses below those that had a definite effect in our patient cohort.12 Alcorn et al13 also administered relatively low doses of expanded cells, up to 7.7 × 109 total cells, without clinical benefit. Williams et al14 administered 0.8 to 157 × 106 expanded cells per kilogram, and 3 patients received more than 40 × 106 expanded cells per kilogram, which were cell doses effective in our patients. Nevertheless, no benefit of the expanded cells was apparent. The ex vivo culture duration in that study was 12 days, however, in contrast to our 9-day culture period. We chose to culture the PBPC for 9 days with the objective of optimizing the numbers of cells in the myelocyte and promyelocyte stages (ie, cells capable of additional proliferation after infusion). It is possible that more prolonged culture periods may deplete the expanded products of these cells and necessitate the administration of larger cell doses to have an equivalent effect. Two recent studies have shown that ex vivo expanded cells produced by culturing CD34-selected PBPC are capable of reducing the time to neutrophil recovery in patients with breast cancer or multiple myeloma.15,16 Neither trial reported an effect on transfusions or platelet recovery. Our study is the first to show that post-transplantation cytopenias can be ameliorated by administering PBPC cultured without prior CD34 selection. The objective of this study was to develop a simple and potentially cost-effective approach of ex vivo expansion. As a result, the PBPC were not subjected to CD34 selection before expansion, and the cultures were performed using a limited number of hematopoietic growth factors. We previously demonstrated that ex vivo expansion of unselected PBPC could be performed efficiently in serum-free media containing GCSF, MGDF, and SCF.10 There are several potential advantages to using unselected PBPC instead of CD34-selected progenitor cells in ex vivo expansion cultures. The process of CD34 selection is costly and time consuming. Because approximately 50% of the CD34+ cells are lost during this processing, additional apheresis procedures must be performed to obtain enough cells for expansion. The CD34 selection process also removes many myeloid progenitor cells that could potentially contribute to the yield of the expansion procedure. The removal of lymphoid cells during selection also eliminates a potential source of hematopoietic growth factors not added to the culture system. Therefore, the use of unselected PBPC rather than CD34-selected progenitors in expansion cultures has several theoretical advantages that may make the latter approach more economically viable. An unexpected finding in this trial was the reduction in red blood cell transfusions associated with increasing doses of ex vivo expanded cells. Preclinical data previously demonstrated that colony-forming units-erythroid increased 1.5-fold during the first 4 to 7 days of expansion culture.10 The reduction in red cell transfusions observed in this trial suggests that modestly increased numbers of erythroid progenitors in ex vivo cultured PBPC may be capable of inducing a clinical benefit. In addition, a dose-dependent reduction in the duration of thrombocytopenia was observed with the infusion of increasing numbers of expanded cells. The mean duration of thrombocytopenia in patients receiving more than 4.5 × 107 expanded cells per kilogram was 8.8 days compared to 9.8 days in patients receiving less than 4.5 × 107 cells per kilogram and 10.3 days in the historical control patients. Therefore, ex vivo expanded cells prepared using SCF, MGDF, and GCSF had a clinical impact on all 3 hematopoietic lineages. In conclusion, this trial demonstrated that a simple PBPC expansion procedure could significantly reduce neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, red blood cell transfusions, and duration of hospital stay in patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell rescue. This therapy has the potential to decrease morbidity, mortality, and costs associated with high-dose chemotherapy.
We thank Robert Briddell for his technical advice and assistance, David Woo for his regulatory help, and Brian Koziol for his review of the manuscript.
Submitted February 28, 2000; accepted June 7, 2000.
Supported by a grant from Amgen Inc and by the Perry Cohan Fund.
The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. Therefore, and solely to indicate this fact, this article is hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. section 1734.
Reprints: Ronald L. Paquette, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, 42-121 Center for the Health Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1678; e-mail: paquette{at}ucla.edu.
1. To LB, Roberts MM, Haylock DN, et al. Comparison of haematological recovery times and supportive care requirements of autologous recovery phase peripheral blood stem cell transplants, autologous bone marrow transplants and allogeneic bone marrow transplants. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1992;9:277-284[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 2. Faucher C, le Corroller AG, Blaise D, et al. Comparison of GCSF-primed peripheral blood progenitor cells and bone marrow auto transplantation: clinical assessment and cost-effectiveness. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1994;14:895-901[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 3. Schmitz N, Linch DC, Dreger P, et al. Randomised trial of filgrastim-mobilised peripheral blood progenitor cell transplantation versus autologous bone-marrow transplantation in lymphoma patients. Lancet. 1996;347:353-357[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve].
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Hartmann O, Le Corroller AG, Blaise D, et al.
Peripheral blood stem cell and bone marrow transplantation for solid tumors and lymphomas: hematologic recovery and costs.
Ann Intern Med.
1997;126:600-607 5. Bensinger W, Appelbaum F, Rowley S, et al. Factors that influence collection and engraftment of autologous peripheral-blood stem cells. J Clin Oncol. 1995;13:2547-2555[Abstract]. 6. Weaver CH, Hazelton B, Birch R, et al. An analysis of engraftment kinetics as a function of the CD34 content of peripheral blood progenitor cell collections in 692 patients after the administration of myeloablative chemotherapy. Blood. 1995;10:3961-3969.
7.
Shpall EJ, Wheeler CA, Turner SA, et al.
A randomized phase 3 study of peripheral blood progenitor cell mobilization with stem cell factor and filgrastim in high-risk breast cancer patients.
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Facon T, Harousseau JL, Maloisel F, et al.
Stem cell factor in combination with filgrastim after chemotherapy improves peripheral blood progenitor cell yield and reduces apheresis requirements in multiple myeloma patients: a randomized, controlled trial.
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Somlo G, Sniecinski I, ter Veer A, et al.
Recombinant human thrombopoietin in combination with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor enhances mobilization of peripheral blood progenitor cells, increases peripheral blood platelet concentration, and accelerates hematopoietic recovery following high-dose chemotherapy.
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Alcorn MJ, Holyoake TL, Richmond L, et al.
CD34-positive cells isolated from cryopreserved peripheral-blood progenitor cells can be expanded ex vivo and used for transplantation with little or no toxicity.
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Williams SF, Lee WJ, Bender JG, et al.
Selection and expansion of peripheral blood CD34+ cells in autologous stem cell transplantation for breast cancer.
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1996;87:1687-1691 15. McNiece I, Jones R, Cagnoni P, Bearman S, Nieto Y, Shpall EJ. Ex-vivo expansion of hematopoietic progenitor cells: preliminary results in breast cancer. Hematol Cell Ther. 1999;41:82-86[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 16. Reiffers J, Cailliot C, Dazey B, Attal M, Caraux J, Boiron JM. Abrogation of post-myeloablative chemotherapy neutropenia by ex-vivo expanded autologous CD34-positive cells. Lancet. 1999;354:1092-1093[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve].
© 2000 by The American Society of Hematology.
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  L. T. Huang, C. J. Paredes, E. T. Papoutsakis, and W. M. Miller Gene expression analysis illuminates the transcriptional programs underlying the functional activity of ex vivo-expanded granulocytes Physiol Genomics, September 11, 2007; 31(1): 114 - 125. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. J. Szilvassy, T. E. Meyerrose, P. L. Ragland, and B. Grimes Differential homing and engraftment properties of hematopoietic progenitor cells from murine bone marrow, mobilized peripheral blood, and fetal liver Blood, October 1, 2001; 98(7): 2108 - 2115. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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O. Kollet, A. Spiegel, A. Peled, I. Petit, T. Byk, R. Hershkoviz, E. Guetta, G. Barkai, A. Nagler, and T. Lapidot Rapid and efficient homing of human CD34+CD38{-}/lowCXCR4+ stem and progenitor cells to the bone marrow and spleen of NOD/SCID and NOD/SCID/B2mnull mice Blood, May 15, 2001; 97(10): 3283 - 3291. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Top
Abstract
Introduction
+ 
1(EVE dose)i + 
i , where i
represents subject 1, 2, · · · 24, Yi is outcome
measure for subject i, 
).
