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NEOPLASIA
From the Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokai
University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa; the Department of Biochemistry,
Fukushima Medical University, Japan; the Department of
Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva,
Switzerland; and the Institut National de la Santé
et de la Recherche Médicale U 399, Marseilles,
France.
Cryoglobulin activity associated with murine immunoglobulin G3
(IgG3) has been shown to play a significant role in the development of
murine lupuslike glomerulonephritis. A fraction, but not all, IgG3
monoclonal antibodies are capable of inducing a severe acute lupuslike
glomerulonephritis as a result of direct localization of IgG3
cryoglobulins, suggesting the importance of qualitative features of
cryoglobulins in their nephritogenic activities. Here a remarkable
difference is shown in the renal pathogenicity of 2 murine IgG3
monoclonal cryoglobulins, identical in the amino acid sequences of
their heavy and light chains but different in galactosylation patterns
of oligosaccharide side chains because of their synthesis in different
myeloma cells. The antibody lacking the capacity to induce severe
glomerulonephritis displayed an increased proportion of galactosylated
heavy chains. Changes in conformation, as revealed by gel filtration
analysis, reduced cryoglobulin activity, and accelerated clearance
could account for the lack of the renal pathogenicity of the more
galactosylated variant. This observation provides a direct
demonstration for the role of IgG galactosylation in the pathogenic
potential of cryoglobulins.
(Blood. 2001;97:3537-3543) Pathologic cryoglobulinemia occurs in
lymphoproliferative disorders, auto-immune diseases such as systemic
lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis, and various chronic
infectious diseases.1,2 Conventionally, cryoglobulins are
classified as type 1 or type 2; type 1 cryoglobulins are usually
monoclonal immunoglobulin M (IgM) or IgG; type 2 cryoglobulins are
rheumatoid factors (RF) that form cryoprecipitating complexes with
polyclonal IgG. The presence of these cryoglobulins could result in a
wide range of vascular, renal, and neurologic complications. However,
the precise cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the induction
of the cryoglobulin-associated disease have not been well defined.
Murine IgG3 is able to self-associate as a result of nonspecific IgG3
Fc-Fc interaction, and most IgG3 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) generate
cryoglobulins independently of their specificities.3,4 Variable and constant regions are likely to contribute to this property, as shown by the influence of charged residues in the variable
region of IgG3 antibodies.5,6 With regard to auto-immune cryoglobulin-associated disease, a fraction of IgG3 monoclonal auto-antibodies, such as anti-IgG2a RF and anti-DNA Alternatively, possible differences in the structure of carbohydrate
side chains present in the CH2 domain of IgG may have a determining
role for their nephritogenic activities. Asparagine-linked bi-antennary complex-type oligosaccharide chains attached there are thought to stabilize the IgG molecule and to contribute to various
effector functions associated with the Fc regions, such as complement
activation and Fc receptor interaction.16,17 Each of these
oligosaccharide chains, most of which are nonsialylated and neutral,
ends by 2 terminal galactose residues, one terminal galactose and one
terminal N-acetylglucosamine or 2 terminal
N-acetylglucosamines.18 It has been shown that
in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, the proportion of IgG lacking
galactose is significantly increased, in correlation with the
progression of the disease.18,19 The same pattern is
observed in lupus-prone MRL-lpr/lpr mice, which spontaneously develop glomerulonephritis,20,21 in which
IgG3 cryoglobulin formation correlates with the development of the disease.22-24 In a murine model of collagen-induced
arthritis, in vitro treatment of polyclonal IgG molecules
(containing anticollagen antibodies) with To explore more directly the possible relation between the pathogenic
potential of murine IgG3 cryoglobulins and their patterns of
glycosylation, we have generated by 2 different means (cell fusion and
transfection) 2 cell lines secreting hybrid IgG3 mAb made of the same
DNA constructions
Monoclonal antibodies
Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and cDNA sequencing RNA was prepared from cultured cell lines by Rneasy Mini kit (Qiagen AG, Basel, Switzerland). The first strand of cDNA was synthesized with an oligo(dT) primer and total RNA. For amplification with Taq DNA polymerase (Boehringer Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany), the following primers were used: V 6-19 leader
primer (5'-GTTGCCTCCTCAAATG-3') and C primer
(5'-TGGATGGTGGGAAGATG-3') for the 6-19  light chain;
V 1 J558 leader primer (5'-TCTCCTGGCTCTCAGCTCAG-3') and
C1 primer (5'-CTTCAGAGGAAGGTGGAAACAGGGTG-3') for the J558  1 light chain; VH1 back primer
(5'-AGGTSMARCTGCAGSAGTCWGG-3')29 and C 3-CH1
primer (5'-CGATAGACAGATGG-3') for the 6-19 3 heavy chain. Polymerase
chain reaction products were visualized after electrophoresis
through 2% agarose gels by staining with ethidium bromide.
For the nucleotide sequencing of the entire variable and constant
regions for the heavy and light chains of the L8D and 6-19J mAb, cDNA
was amplified with Pfu DNA polymerase (Stratagene Cloning Systems, La Jolla, CA), by using the following pairs of
oligonucleotides: 3'-UT VH primers (5'-CACTGACTTTCACCATG-3'
or 5'-CAGTTCTCTCTACAGTTA-3') and 3'-UT C In vivo studies To study the pathogenicity of IgG3 mAb, pristane-treated (MRL × BALB/c)F1 mice were injected intraperitoneally with 107 L8D or 6-19J cells and killed when moribund. Kidneys were obtained at autopsy, processed for histologic examination, and stained with periodic acid Schiff (PAS) or with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated rabbit antimouse IgG. Serum cryoglobulin activities were determined as described.8 To determine the clearance of L8D or 6-19J mAb, 0.2 mL (0.5 mg) each mAb was injected intravenously into immunoglobulin-deficient µMT C57BL/6 mice31 to facilitate the quantification of the injected mAb. Mice were bled at serial time points after the injection. Serum concentrations of L8D and 6-19J mAb were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The amount of each mAb remaining in blood was calculated relative to the value 1 minute after the injection.ELISA IgG3 concentrations in culture supernatants, sera, or cryoglobulins were quantitated by ELISA as described.8 For the detection of IgG3 bearing1-chains, -chains, or 6-19 idiotype
(Id), various concentrations of purified mAb (1-10 µg/mL) were added
to microtiter wells coated with a rat antimouse 3-chain mAb,
H139.61.1.32 Assays were developed with antimouse
1-chain, LS-136,33 antimouse -chain,
H139.52.1,32 or anti-6-19 Id34 mAb
conjugated with alkaline phosphatase, as described
previously.11 Anti-IgG2a RF activities were determined by
ELISA as described.8
Analysis of oligosaccharide structures IgG3 mAb or polyclonal IgG was purified from cultured supernatants or sera from C3H mice by protein A column chromatography, followed by fast-performance liquid chromatography (FPLC) using a Superdex 200 pg column (2.6 × 60 cm; Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden) equilibrated with 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) containing 0.15 M NaCl. The purity of IgG samples thus obtained was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Ouchterlony double-immunodiffusion assay. Purified IgG samples were then subjected to gas-phase hydrazinolysis for 3 hours at 90°C using Hydraclub S204 (Honen, Tokyo, Japan) followed by N-acetylation to quantitatively liberate N-linked oligosaccharides.35-37 The oligosaccharides liberated from the IgG samples were purified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a Shodex RSpak DC-613 column (0.6 × 15 cm; Showa Denko, Tokyo, Japan) and then labeled with P-aminobenzoic acid ethyl ester (ABEE; Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan) by reductive amination according to the method previously described.38 The ABEE-labeled oligosaccharides were subjected to HPLC using a Cosmogel diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) column (0.75 × 7.5 cm; Nacalai Tesque). The column was equilibrated with 0.5 mM sodium acetate, and the elution was performed by a linear gradient to a final concentration of 150 mM sodium acetate over 30 minutes at a flow rate of 1 mL/min at room temperature. ABEE-oligosaccharides from the IgG samples were separated into neutral, monosialo, and disialo oligosaccharide fractions.Neutral oligosaccharide mixtures obtained by sialidase treatment of ABEE-oligosaccharide fraction were subjected to HPLC using a Wakosil 5C18-200 octadecylsilane (ODS) column (0.46 × 25 cm; Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Kyoto, Japan). A mixture of solvent A (5% acetonitrile containing 50 mM acetic acid) and solvent B (15% acetonitrile containing 50 mM acetic acid) was used for the elution. The column was equilibrated with a mixture of solvents A:B, 70:30 (vol/vol), and, after injection of the sample, the elution was performed using a linear gradient to solvent A:B, 40:60 (vol/vol) over 60 minutes at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min at 60°C. Desialylated ABEE-oligosaccharides were separated into 8 oligosaccharide fractions eluted at the same position as a series of authentic bi-antennary complex-type oligosaccharides. Mannose-binding lectin-binding assay Human mannose-binding lectin (MBL) was purified from human sera, as described previously.39 To determine the MBL-binding by IgG in vitro, 5 µg IgG3 mAb in 0.1 mL binding buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.4, containing 0.15 M NaCl and 50 mM CaCl2) were dot-blotted on a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane (Bio-Rad Laboratories, CA). Then the membrane was heated at 100°C for 10 minutes, blocked with binding buffer containing 3% bovine serum albumin for 2 hours at room temperature, and incubated with sodium iodide (I125)-labeled MBL (3 × 105 cpm/mL binding buffer containing 0.1% bovine serum albumin) for 2 hours at 4°C. After the membrane was washed, binding of MBL to IgG sample dots was assessed by autoradiography as described previously.40,41
Differences in pathogenic activities of the L8D and 6-19J IgG3 mAbs identical in the amino acid sequences of their heavy and light chains To obtain cell lines secreting mAbs made of the same 6-193 heavy chains with potentially different glycosylation pattern, 2 approaches were used: (1) fusion of 6-19 RF hybridoma cells (derived
from MRL-lpr/lpr mice) with mutant myeloma cells (J558L) secreting only 1 light chains (derived from BALB/c mice), resulting in the L8D cell line11; (2) transfection of the J558L
myeloma cell line with a plasmid containing the LVDJH6-19-C3 DNA
sequence, resulting in the 6-19J cell line. Both L8D and 6-19J cloned
cell lines were selected for the secretion of comparable amounts
(approximately 10 µg/mL) of hybrid antibodies made only of 6-19 3
heavy chains and J558 1 light chains. As a consequence of
light-chain replacement, both hybrid mAbs lost 6-19 RF activity and
were no longer recognized by an anti-6-19 anti-Id mAb (Figure
1A). Notably, -chain-specific messenger RNA (mRNA) was undetectable in L8D and 6-19J cells, as
assessed by amplifying cDNA with V6-19- and C-specific primers (Figure 1B). Furthermore, cDNA nucleotide sequence analysis of the
entire variable and constant regions for the heavy and light chains of
the L8D and 6-19J mAbs revealed a complete identity (data not shown)
corresponding to the published nucleotide or amino acid sequences of
the 6-19 3 heavy chain and the J558 1 light
chain.11,27,42,43 This indicates that these 2 antibodies are identical in the amino acid sequences of their heavy and
light chains
Intraperitoneal implantation of L8D cells into (MRL × BALB/c)F1
mice induced a rapid increase in serum levels of IgG3 within 4 days
(1.3 ± 0.8 mg/mL), reaching 3 to 5 mg/mL at approximately 7 days. By
day 10, all 8 mice developed severe acute glomerulonephritis similar to
that induced by the original 6-19 RF hybridoma cells (Table
1, Figure
2A). In contrast, in mice inoculated
with 6-19J cells, increases in serum IgG3 were much slower and only
detectable on day 7 (0.9 ± 0.7 mg/mL). Nevertheless, within 2 to 3 weeks, serum levels of IgG3 became nearly comparable (2-4 mg/mL) to
those seen in mice 7 days after the injection of L8D cells (Table 1). Strikingly, none of the 6-19J-injected mice developed appreciable glomerular lesions when assessed approximately 3 weeks after the implantation of the cells (Table 1, Figure 2B). Significantly, the
amount of serum cryoglobulins, as determined at the time of euthanasia
(8-10 days and approximately 3 weeks after the injection of L8D and
6-19J cells, respectively), was lower in mice injected with 6-19J cells
than in L8D-injected mice (Table 1). The lower cryoglobulin
activity of the 6-19J mAb was confirmed by the analysis on purified
mAb. After overnight incubation of 1 mL purified mAb (1 mg/mL) at
4°C, only one third of the cryoprecipitates were recovered after
centrifugation of the 6-19J mAb (12 µg), compared with the L8D mAb
(43 µg). An essential difference in the pathogenic property of the
L8D and the 6-19J mAb was further confirmed by the observation of IgG
deposits within glomeruli of mice injected 24 hours earlier with 10 mg
L8D mAb, whereas only minimal glomerular deposits were seen in mice
injected with the 6-19J mAb (Figure 2C-D), though this dose of the L8D
mAb was not sufficient to provoke glomerular inflammation (data not
shown).
Different levels of galactosylation in the L8D and 6-19J IgG3 mAbs To determine whether the observed different pathogenic activities of the L8D and 6-19J mAbs can be attributed to a possible structural difference in the carbohydrate side chains present in the CH2 domain, the oligosaccharide structures liberated from the 2 mAbs were compared. Analysis by DEAE-HPLC showed comparable molar ratios of neutral asialo (N), acidic monosialo (A1), and acidic disialo (A2) oligosaccharides, and a very large majority of neutral nonsialylated oligosaccharides (Table 2). Neutral oligosaccharides obtained after sialidase treatment of total oligosaccharide fractions were then analyzed by ODS-HPLC. No significant differences in the level of fucosylation of the 3 mAbs were found; fucosylated oligosaccharides amounted to more than 90% of total oligosaccharides (Figure 3). In contrast, differences in galactosylation were observed. The content in nongalactosylated oligosaccharides (G0; no galactose, terminating in N-acetylglucosamine) was higher with the pathogenic L8D mAb than with the nonpathogenic 6-19J mAb, whereas the content of digalactosylated oligosaccharides (G2; 2 terminal galactose residues) was higher in 6-19J mAb than in L8D mAb (Figure 3, Table 2). Consequently, the ratio of the galactosylated (G1 + G2) versus nongalactosylated (G0) oligosaccharides was 2 times higher in the nonpathogenic 6-19J mAb than in the pathogenic L8D mAb. This ratio of 6-19J mAb was also greater than that found in polyclonal IgG isolated from nonautoimmune C3H mice (Table 2).
To confirm differences in the level of galactosylation between the L8D
and 6-19J mAbs, we assessed the capacity of these mAbs to bind MBL,
which is able to preferentially bind nongalactosylated IgG by
interacting with the terminal N-acetylglucosamine residues exposed by the lack of galactosylation.44-46 In good
correlation with the results obtained by the biochemical analysis on
oligosaccharides liberated from these 2 mAbs, the pathogenic L8D mAbs
exhibited marked binding to MBL, whereas little binding was observed
with the nonpathogenic 6-19J mAb (Figure
4). It should be stressed, however, that
significant binding to MBL was detectable only after the heat
denaturation of the L8D mAb.
Changes in conformation and accelerated clearance of the more galactosylated 6-19J IgG3 mAb The observed increase in relative content of galactose residues in the oligosaccharide side chains present on the 6-19J heavy chains could result in conformational changes of the 6-19J molecules, thereby abolishing their nephritogenic activity. To explore this possibility, the 6-19J and L8D mAbs were subjected to Superdex (Pharmacia) 200 HR gel filtration chromatography. Both IgG3 mAbs eluted as single peaks. However, the 6-19J mAb eluted at an unusual lower molecular mass of 89.3 kd, in marked contrast to the L8D mAb exhibiting a size consistent with monomeric IgG (151.8 kd) (Figure 5A). This difference was confirmed when both mAbs were simultaneously applied on gel filtration chromatography (Figure 5B). When analyzed by conventional nonreducing and reducing SDS-PAGE, the 6-19J mAb migrated as typical IgG, heavy and light chains of expected sizes, excluding the generation of an abnormal truncated form of heavy chains by the 6-19J cells and an aberrant assembly of 6-19J heavy and light chains (Figure 6). These results indicated that the 6-19J mAb apparently has a unique conformation with a smaller hydrodynamic volume than the L8D mAb and is thereby eluted as the aberrantly lower molecular mass material by gel filtration chromatography.
To analyze the stability of the aberrant form of the 6-19J mAb in
vivo, we tested the clearance of the 6-19J and L8D mAbs in
immunoglobulin-deficient mice after intravenous injection. As shown in
Figure 7, serum levels of the L8D mAb
were gradually diminished with time, whereas this process was markedly
accelerated for the 6-19J mAb. Twenty-four hours after injection, the
6-19J mAb was hardly detectable (less than 1%), but approximately 40% of the L8D mAb was still present in the circulating blood. These results indicated that the 6-19J mAb was more rapidly eliminated in
vivo than the L8D mAb.
The present study was designed to define a possible role of IgG glycosylation in the pathogenic potential of murine IgG3 mAb with cryoglobulin activity. Our results have demonstrated a remarkable difference in pathogenic activities of 2 IgG3 mAbs, L8D and 6-19J, identical in the amino acid sequence of their heavy and light chains but different in galactosylation pattern because of their synthesis in different myeloma cells. The structural analysis of oligosaccharide side chains, the assessment of MBL-binding capacity, and the gel filtration analysis of these 2 mAbs indicate that the lack of the renal pathogenicity of the 6-19J mAb is associated with an increase in the relative content of galactose residues in the oligosaccharide side chains on their heavy chains, which apparently leads to conformational changes of the 6-19J molecules. Analysis of the oligosaccharide structures of the pathogenic L8D and the nonpathogenic 6-19J IgG3 mAb has shown that the only difference is the level of galactosylation in neutral nonsialylated oligosaccharides. Glycosylation of the IgG3 mAb studied should only occur in the constant region of their heavy chains because of the lack of potential glycosylation sites in their VH and VL regions.11,42 Notably, in murine IgG3, there is an additional potential glycosylation site in its CH3 domain.27 The presence of the CH3 oligosaccharides has been suggested by a recent demonstration that the self-associating ability was significantly reduced in a murine IgG3 RF mutant mAb lacking the glycosylation site in the CH3 domain.47 However, the interpretation of this result is still tentative because the observed difference could be due to the modification of amino acid sequence as a result of the mutation in the CH3 domain. Thus, it has not yet been formally proved whether murine IgG3 is indeed glycosylated in this domain. We did not find any significant differences between the total contents of oligosaccharides recovered from the 6-19J and L8D mAbs and those of IgG1 mAb lacking the CH3 potential glycosylation site (I.M. et al, unpublished data, May 2000), suggesting that the amounts of the CH3 oligosaccharide chains, if present, should be a minor component. It should be mentioned that the galactosylation and gel filtration patterns of the 6-19J mAb are somehow unique because the relative content of galactose residues in their oligosaccharide chains is still higher than that seen in polyclonal IgG from nonautoimmune C3H mice and because the presence of IgG molecules with the smaller hydrodynamic volume has not been readily observed in sera. The presence of immunoglobulin molecules with the aberrant conformation resulting from increased galactosylation may occur more frequently. However, such IgG molecules may be hard to detect, probably because of their rapid elimination from the circulating blood. In fact, we observed a markedly accelerated clearance of the aberrant 6-19J mAb compared with the L8D mAb, which is consistent with a much slower increase in serum IgG3 levels in mice injected with 6-19J cells than in those with L8D cells. Thus, the increased galactosylation may be a mechanism that promotes the clearance and degradation of potentially more pathogenic antibodies, thereby avoiding deleterious immunopathologic consequences. Essentially all the 6-19J mAbs, despite the presence of 6-19J molecules bearing differently galactosylated oligosaccharide chains, were uniformly cleared more quickly than the L8D mAb. This could be related to the fact that murine IgG3 self-associates and forms IgG3-IgG3 complexes.3,4,48 Consequently, fewer galactosylated 6-19J molecules could be cleared rapidly together with more galactosylated 6-19J molecules. Thus, relative contents of galactosylated oligosaccharide chains of IgG3 antibodies likely play a determining role in the in vivo clearance, and hence the nephritogenic potential, of IgG3 cryoglobulins. What could be the mechanism(s) of the different pathogenicity for
glomeruli between the L8D and the 6-19J IgG3 mAbs? The demonstration of
an unusual lower molecular mass of the 6-19J mAb (a size of 89.3 kd) by
gel filtration chromatography strongly suggests that an increased
galactose content in the oligosaccharide chains of the 6-19J heavy
chains leads to conformational changes, which are likely to be
responsible for accelerated clearance in vivo. Consequently, such an
aberrant form of the IgG3 antibodies may be less efficient at inducing
their glomerular localization and the subsequent development of
glomerular inflammation. In addition, this could, in part, be related
to a reduced cryoglobulin activity of the 6-19J mAb, a property closely
associated with the nephritogenic potential of IgG3
mAb.6,14,49 On the other hand, it has recently been
suggested that the interaction of nongalactosylated IgG with MBL may
promote the pathogenicity of IgG antibodies through complement activation.46 However, the lack of effect of C3 depletion
on the development of glomerulonephritis by the 6-19 IgG3
mAb,50 which was undergalactosylated The observation that more galactosylated IgG has a lesser pathogenic
potential raises an important question: what controls IgG
galactosylation? It has been reported that B-lymphocytes from patients
with rheumatoid arthritis and from MRL-lpr/lpr mice have a
reduced galactosyltransferase activity,51-53 though this
was not confirmed in another study.54 Our recent study has
demonstrated a marked, but not complete, reduction in the proportion of
galactosylated IgG in mice deficient in
We thank Dr P. Vassalli for critically reading the manuscript and Ms G. Leyvraz and Mr G. Brighouse for their excellent technical help.
Submitted October 30, 2000; accepted January 28, 2001.
Supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture and from the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan, Proposal-Based New Industry Creative Type Technology R & D Promotion Program from the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization of Japan, the Swiss National Foundation for Scientific Research, and the Association pour la Recherche sur le Cancer.
T.M., Y.P., and K.S. contributed equally to this work.
The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. Therefore, and solely to indicate this fact, this article is hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. section 1734.
Reprints: Shozo Izui, Department of Pathology, CMU, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; e-mail: shozo.izui{at}medecine.unige.ch.
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© 2001 by The American Society of Hematology.
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  I. Terai, K. Kobayashi, J.-P. Vaerman, and N. Mafune Degalactosylated and/or Denatured IgA, but Not Native IgA in Any Form, Bind to Mannose-Binding Lectin J. Immunol., August 1, 2006; 177(3): 1737 - 1745. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Trendelenburg, L. Fossati-Jimack, J. Cortes-Hernandez, D. Turnberg, M. Lewis, S. Izui, H. T. Cook, and M. Botto The Role of Complement in Cryoglobulin-Induced Immune Complex Glomerulonephritis J. Immunol., November 15, 2005; 175(10): 6909 - 6914. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Kuroda, A. Kuroki, S. Kikuchi, T. Funase, M. Nakata, and S. Izui A Critical Role for Sialylation in Cryoglobulin Activity of Murine IgG3 Monoclonal Antibodies J. Immunol., July 15, 2005; 175(2): 1056 - 1061. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Top
Abstract
Introduction
derived from lupus-prone mice
-galactosidase enhanced
their arthritogenic activity,
1-3 dextran antibodies. The assessment of renal pathogenicity
of these 2 mAbs, identical in the amino acid sequence of their heavy
and light chains, revealed that the lack of the pathogenic activity by
one of these IgG3 hybrid mAbs was associated with an increased level of
galactosylation, which apparently provoked conformational changes of
IgG3 molecules.
), 6-19J (
), and 6-19 (
) mAb (10 µg/mL) were
added to microtiter wells coated with rat antimouse 
, 6-19J; 
, L8D) was injected
intravenously into immunoglobulin-deficient µMT mice (3 mice per
group). Blood samples were collected at the time points indicated. The
amount of each mAb remaining in blood was calculated relative to the
value 1 minute after the injection. Error bars (± 1 SD) are shown only
on last points; fractional errors of other points are similar
or lower.