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HEMATOPOIESIS
From the Department of Pathology, Osaka University
Medical School, Suita, Japan.
The transcription factor encoded by the mi locus
(MITF) is a transcription factor of the basic-helix-loop-helix zipper
protein family. Mice of mi/mi genotype express a
normal amount of abnormal MITF, whereas mice of
tg/tg genotype do not express any MITFs due
to the transgene insertional mutation. The effect of normal (+) and
mutant (mi) MITFs on the expression of mouse mast cell protease (MMCP) 6 and 7 was examined. Both MMCP-6 and MMCP-7 are tryptases, and their coding regions with high homology are closely located on chromosome 17. Both MMCP-6 and MMCP-7 genes are expressed in
normal cultured mast cells (+/+ CMCs). Although the
transcription of MMCP-6 gene was severely suppressed in both
mi/mi and tg/tg CMCs, that
of MMCP-7 gene was severely suppressed only in mi/mi CMCs.
The study identified the most significant segment for the transcription
in the 5' flanking region of MMCP-7 gene. Unexpectedly, no CANNTG
motifs were found that are recognized and bound by +-MITF in this
segment. Instead, there was an AP-1 binding motif, and binding of c-Jun
to the AP-1 motif significantly enhanced the transcription of MMCP-7
gene. The complex formation of c-Jun with either +-MITF or
mi-MITF was demonstrated. The binding of +-MITF to c-Jun
enhanced the transactivation of MMCP-7 gene, and that of
mi-MITF suppressed the transactivation. Although the former complex was located only in the nucleus, the latter complex was predominantly found in the cytoplasm. The negative effect of
mi-MITF on the transcription of MMCP-7 gene appeared to be
executed through the interaction with c-Jun.
(Blood. 2001;97:645-651) We have been studying the involvement
of the transcription factor encoded by the mi locus (MITF)
in the transcription of genes expressed by mast cells. MITF is a member
of the basic-helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper (bHLH-Zip) protein of
transcription factors.1,2 The mutant mice of
mi/mi genotype were found by Hertwig among the offspring of
an X-irradiated male mouse.3,4 The mutant gene was
introduced into C57BL/6 background and has been kept in the Jackson
Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME). The MITF encoded by the mutant mi allele (hereafter mi-MITF) deletes 1 of 4 consecutive arginines in the basic domain.1,5,6 The
mi-MITF is defective in the DNA-binding
activity7 and the nuclear localization
potential.8
A VGA-9-tg/tg transgenic mouse possessing the
transgene-insertional mutation at the 5' flanking region of the
mi gene was produced.1,9 The expression of MITF
was undetectable in various cells of VGA-9-tg/tg mice,
including mast cells.1 We introduced the tg
transgene into C57BL/6 background and compared messenger RNA (mRNA)
expression between cultured mast cells (CMCs) derived from
C57BL/6-mi/mi mice and those of C57BL/6-tg/tg
mice.10 The transcription of 3 genes encoding mouse
mast cell proteases (MMCPs), MMCP-4, MMCP-5, and MMCP-6, was impaired
in CMCs of both mice. However, the transcription of the gene encoding
the c-kit receptor, tryptophan hydroxylase, or granzyme B
was remarkably reduced in CMCs of C57BL/6-mi/mi mice, but
the reduction was significantly smaller in CMCs of
C57BL/6-tg/tg mice, suggesting the inhibitory effect of
mi-MITF on the transactivation of particular genes in CMCs.10
MMCPs are serine proteases and are useful for studying the
mechanism of gene expression in mast cells because of their abundant expression. Nine MMCPs have been known.11-18
MMCP-1,11 MMCP-2,12 MMCP-4,11,13
MMCP-5,11,14 and MMCP-918 are chymases, and the genes encoding each of them reside on chromosome 14. Although the
expression of both MMCP-4 and MMCP-5 genes were impaired in mi/mi CMCs, the mechanism of the impaired expression was
different.19,20
MMCP-615 and MMCP-716 are tryptases, and the
genes encoding each of them reside on the chromosome 17. The coding
region of the MMCP-6 gene is highly homologous with that of
MMCP-7.16 Both MMCP-6 and MMCP-7 mRNAs are present in mast
cells of the skin but not in mast cells of the intestinal
mucosa.16 However, MMCP-6 and MMCP-7 showed some different
biological characteristics. Mast cells in the peritoneal cavity express
MMCP-6 mRNA but not MMCP-7 mRNA.16 A considerable amount
of MMCP-6 mRNA is expressed in CMCs throughout the culture period, but
the amount of MMCP-7 mRNA decreases markedly 3 weeks after starting the
culture of CMCs.16
We attempted to examine the effect of MITF on the expression of the
MMCP-7 gene. However, the MMCP-7 gene is not expressed in mast cells of
the C57BL/6 strain due to a point mutation at the first nucleotide of
exon 2/intron 2 splice site.21,22 Because the MMCP-7 gene
is normally expressed in the WB strain, we crossed WB-+/+ mice to
C57BL/6-mi/+ or C57BL/6-tg/+ mice and finally
obtained the mice possessing the WB strain-derived MMCP-7 gene and
double gene dose of either mi or tg mutant
allele. The expression of the WB strain-derived MMCP-7 gene remarkably
decreased in CMCs of the mi/mi mice but decreased only
slightly in CMCs of the tg/tg mice. The regulation of MMCP-7
gene expression appeared to be different from that of MMCP-6 gene. We
examined the mechanism and found that either +-MITF or
mi-MITF interacted with c-Jun and affected the expression of
the MMCP-7 gene through the c-Jun.
Mice
The mutant allele of MMCP-7 possessed by the C57BL/6 strain
was described as MMCP-7B6, and the normal allele
of the WB strain as MMCP-7WB. Mice of
(MMCP-7WB/MMCP-7WB,
mi/mi),
(MMCP-7WB/MMCP-7WB,
tg/tg), and control
(MMCP-7WB/MMCP-7WB, +/+)
genotype were necessary in the present experiment. First, we crossed
WB-(MMCP-7WB/MMCP-7WB,
+/+) mice with
C57BL/6-(MMCP-7B6/MMCP-7B6,
mi/+) mice or with
C57BL/6-(MMCP-7B6/MMCP-7B6,
tg/+) mice. Then we selected
(MMCP-7WB/MMCP-7B6,
mi/+) mice by the presence of a white belly
spot3,4 and (MMCP-7WB/MMCP-7B6,
tg/+) mice by the presence of a tg transgene.
Then we backcrossed these F1 hybrid mice to
WB-(MMCP-7WB/MMCP-7WB,
+/+) mice and selected
(MMCP-7WB/MMCP-7WB,
mi/+) and
(MMCP-7WB/MMCP-7WB,
tg/+) mice by examining the MMCP-7 genotype.22
We crossed together mice of each genotype and finally selected mice of
(MMCP-7WB/MMCP-7WB,
mi/mi) and of
(MMCP-7WB/MMCP-7WB,
tg/tg) with white coat and mice of
(MMCP-7WB/MMCP-7WB, +/+)
that had completely black coat and no tg transgene. Because all mice were homozygous at the MMCP-7WB allele,
we describe them hereafter just as mi/mi, tg/tg,
and +/+ mice.
Examination of genomic DNA
The region, including the exon 2/intron 2 splice site, of the MMCP-7 gene was amplified by PCR with the use of sense (5'-GCCCTGGCAGGTGAGCCTGC-3') and antisense (5'-TTGTTGGGGTCAGCAACATC-3') primers.22 The correctly sized PCR products were purified by QIAquick PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen, Santa Clarita, CA). The purified PCR products were directly sequenced with standard dideoxy sequencing techniques by Model 373A DNA sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Promoter region of MMCP-7 gene The isolation of the promoter region of MMCP-7 gene was performed with the Mouse Genome Walker Kit (Clonetech Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The isolated promoter region was cloned into Bluescript KS ( ) plasmids (pBS; Stratagene, La Jolla, CA).
Cells Pokeweed mitogen-stimulated spleen cell condition medium (PWM-SCM) was prepared according to the method described by Nakahata et al.24 Mice of mi/mi, tg/tg, and +/+ genotype were used at an age of 2 to 3 weeks to obtain CMCs. Mice were killed by decapitation after ether anesthesia, and the spleens were removed. Spleen cells of each genotype were cultured in -minimal essential medium (-MEM; ICN
Biomedicals, Costa Mesa, CA) supplemented with 10% PWM-SCM and 10%
fetal calf serum (FCS; Nippon Biosupp Center, Tokyo, Japan). Half of
the medium was replaced every 7 days. Three weeks after initiation of
the culture, more than 95% of cells were CMCs.25 These
CMCs were harvested and used for experiments.
FMA/3, mouse mastocytoma cell line, was maintained in Construction of expression and reporter plasmids The luciferase gene subcloned into pSP72 (pSPLuc) was kindly given by Dr K. Nakajima (Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan).27 To construct reporter plasmids, a DNA fragment containing a promoter region and the first exon (noncoding region) of the MMCP-7 gene (1892 to +20) was cloned into the upstream of
luciferase gene in pSPLuc. The deletion of the MMCP-7 promoter was done
by using the appropriate restriction enzyme or PCR. The mutation in the
AP-1 binding consensus motif was introduced by PCR with mismatch sense
(5'-TGGAGTCTGAGTTGCCCATT-3') and antisense (5'-AATGGGCAACTCAGACTCCA-3') primers. Deleted or mutated
products were verified by DNA sequencing.
pEF-BOS expression vector was kindly given by Dr S. Nagata (Osaka University Medical School).28 pEF-BOS containing the whole coding region of +-MITF or mi-MITF had been constructed in our laboratory.29,30 The Myc-tagged +- or mi-MITF constructs has been described.8 pBS containing the whole coding region of c-Jun complementary DNA (cDNA) (pBS-c-Jun) was constructed in our laboratory. c-Jun cDNA was subcloned into pEF-BOS and pcDNA3-FLAG. pEF-BOS containing the dominant negative c-Jun, TAM-67,31 was kindly given by Dr K. Shimozaki and Dr S. Nagata (Osaka University Medical School). Northern blot analysis Total RNAs (20 µg) were isolated with the lithium chloride-urea method.32 Northern blot analyses were performed using the fragments of MMCP-7, MMCP-6, MC-CPA, and GAPDH cDNAs as probes after being labeled with [32P]--dCTP
(DuPont/NEN Research Products, Boston, MA; 10mCi/mL) by random
oligonucleotide priming. The probe of MMCP-7 cDNA was a 247-base pair
(bp) MMCP-7 gene specific fragment that corresponds to the nucleotides
2071 to 2317 of the gene. The probes of MMCP-6, MC-CPA, and GAPDH have
been described.15,33 After hybridization at 45°C, blots
were washed to a final stringency of 0.2 × SSC (1 × SSC is 150 mM
NaCl, 15 mM trisodium citrate, pH 7.4) at 55°C and subjected to autoradiography.
Luciferase assay FMA/3 or Jurkat cells (5 × 106 cells in 300 µL of the culture medium in a 0.4-cm cuvette) were transfected with a luciferase-reporter plasmid (10 µg), effector plasmids (each 1 µg), and an expression vector containing -galactosidase gene (2 µg) by
electroporation (Gene Pulser; Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA) at a
setting of 975 µF/300V and at room temperature. The expression vector containing -galactosidase gene was used to normalize the varying transfection efficiencies. The compositions of transfected expression plasmids are described in figure legends. The total amount of transfected DNA was always kept at 20 µg, using a backbone plasmid, pEF-BOS. After 24 to 36 hours, cells were harvested, and luciferase activity was assayed with a luminometer LB96P (Berthold, GmbH, Wildbad,
Germany). By determining the -galactosidase activity and the total
protein concentration, the luciferase activity was normalized as
described previously.10
Overexpression of dominant negative c-Jun, TAM-67, in MST cells MST cells (2 × 107 cells) were transfected with 10 µg pEF-BOS containing dominant negative c-Jun, TAM-67, or empty pEF-BOS with the electroporation, as mentioned above. After 4 days of culture, total RNAs (20 µg) were extracted and subjected to Northern blot analysis.Electrophoretic mobility shift assay The production and purification of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) fusion protein has been described.7 The wild-type oligonucleotide of the MMCP-7 promoter sequence (5'-AGCTGTCCCTGGAGTCTGAGTCACCCATTTAGCT-3') was labeled with [32P]--dCTP by filling 5'-overhangs
and was used as a probe of Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA).
The DNA binding reaction and electrophoresis were done as described
previously.7 For the competition assay, unlabeled
wild-type oligonucleotide or mutated oligonucleotide (5'-AGCTGTCCCTGGAGTCTGAGTTGCCCATTTAGCT-3') was added.
In vitro binding assays The 35S-labeled c-Jun protein was synthesized, using the reticulocyte lysate system (TNT system, Promega, Madison, WI). c-Jun cDNA in pBluescript was transcribed with T7 RNA polymerase and translated in the presence of 35S-methionine. For the binding assays, the 35S-labeled c-Jun protein was incubated for 1 hour at room temperature, with GST-+-MITF, GST-mi-MITF, or GST alone immobilized on glutathione-agarose beads. The beads were washed 4 times. Proteins retained on the beads were subsequently analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and autoradiography. As controls, purified GST-+-MITF, GST-mi-MITF, or GST was subjected to SDS-PAGE, and the gel was stained with Coomassie brilliant blue.Preparation of nuclear and cytoplasmic extracts Nuclear and cytoplasmic extracts were prepared as described before.8 COS-7 cells were transfected with 5 µg each of the expression plasmids by calcium phosphate method. Forty-eight hours after transfection, the cells were collected and washed with PBS. Then the cells were resuspended in 100 µL buffer A (10 mM HEPES [pH 7.9], 10 mM KCl, 15 mM MgCl2, 0.1 mM EDTA, 1 mM dithiothreitol, and 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride [PMSF]). The cells were allowed to swell on ice for 3 minutes, and Nonidet P-40 was added to a final concentration of 0.1%. After vigorous vortexing for 10 seconds, the homogenate was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 3 minutes. The supernatant was used as cytoplasmic fraction. The pellet was resuspended in 100 µL buffer B (20 mM HEPES [pH 7.9], 400 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM dithiothreitol, and 1 mM PMSF). The homogenate was allowed to swell on ice for 30 minutes, subsequently diluted to 200 mM NaCl in the same buffer lacking NaCl, and centrifuged at 15 000 rpm for 20 minutes at 4°C. The supernatant was used as the nuclear extract.Immunoprecipitation The nuclear or cytoplasmic extracts prepared as described above were incubated with LIP buffer (10 mM HEPES, 250 mM NaCl, 0.1% Nonidet P-40, 5 mM EDTA, and 1 mM PMSF) and Protein G Sepharose (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Bucks, United Kingdom) for 1 hour with gentle rocking and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 3 minutes. The supernatants were transferred into new tubes and incubated with protein G Sepharose and anti-FLAG monoclonal antibody (mAb) (M2, Sigma, St. Louis, MO) or anti-Myc mAb (9E10, Pharmingen, San Diego, CA) for 1 hour in LIP buffer. Immunocomplexes were washed 4 times with LIP buffer, resuspended in loading buffer, boiled, and analyzed by Western blot with anti-Myc or anti-FLAG mAb.
Expression of MMCP-7 The expression of MMCP-7 gene is abnormal in the C57BL/6 strain because of the point mutation of an exon/intron splice site.22 However, the MMCP-7 gene is normally expressed in the WB strain.21 We crossed WB-mice (MMCP-7WB/MMCP-7WB, +/+) with C57BL/6-mice (MMCP-7B6/MMCP-7B6, mi/+) or with C57BL/6-mice (MMCP-7B6/MMCP-7B6, tg/+) and ultimately obtained mice of (MMCP-7WB/MMCP-7WB, mi/mi), (MMCP-7WB/MMCP-7WB, tg/tg), or (MMCP-7WB/MMCP-7WB, +/+) genotype. Because all mice used in the present experiment had MMCP-7WB/MMCP-7WB genotype, we hereafter describe them just as mi/mi, tg/tg, or +/+ mice.CMCs were obtained using spleens of mi/mi, tg/tg,
or +/+ mice. Total RNA was extracted from CMCs of each genotype, and
the expression of MMCP-7 gene was examined by Northern blot analysis. As controls, the expression of MMCP-6 and MC-CPA genes was also examined. The expression of MMCP-6 gene was severely impaired in both
mi/mi and tg/tg CMCs; that of MC-CPA gene was
normal in both mi/mi and tg/tg CMCs. However, the
expression of MMCP-7 gene was different between mi/mi and
tg/tg CMCs. It was severely reduced in mi/mi CMCs
but only slightly reduced in tg/tg CMCs (Figure 1).
The promoter region of the MMCP-7 gene McNeil et al16 reported the sequence of MMCP-7 gene 80 bp upstream of the transcription initiation site. We cloned further 1811 bp upstream region to examine the regulation of transcription (Figure 2). Although the coding regions of MMCP-7 and MMCP-6 genes showed a remarkable homology (73%),16 the promoter regions of these genes showed less homology (51%) (Figure 2).
We constructed the reporter plasmid that contained the luciferase gene
under the control of the MMCP-7 promoter starting from nt
Role of AP-1 binding motif and c-Jun Between nt185 and 85, no CANNTG motif that is
recognized and bound by MITF was present. However, an AP-1 binding
consensus motif was found (Figure 2). The reporter plasmid pP7-185 was
mutated at the AP-1 binding motif (hereafter called pP7-185-AP-1-mut) and transfected into FMA/3 cells. The mutation abolished the luciferase activity of pP7-185 (Figure 4A),
suggesting that the AP-1 binding motif was used for the transactivation
of MMCP-7 gene.
c-Jun cDNA was cotransfected with pP7-185 to FMA/3 cells as an effector molecule. The cotransfection increased the luciferase activity of pP7-185 58-fold when compared to the basal level (4.8-fold as compared with pP7-185 alone) (Figure 4A). However, when c-Jun cDNA and pP7-185-AP-1-mut were cotransfected, the transactivating effect of c-Jun was not detectable (Figure 4A). A dominant negative c-Jun, TAM-67, was used to examine whether endogenous c-Jun contributed to the promoter activity. TAM-67 is a variant of c-Jun in which amino acids 3 to 122 are deleted. TAM-67 may dimerize and bind DNA but lacks the transactivating potential.31 When various amounts of TAM-67 cDNA were cotransfected with pP7-185 into FMA/3 cells, the luciferase activity of pP7-185 decreased in a dose-dependent manner (Figure 4A). In the next experiment, TAM-67 was transfected into the MST cells, because they express MMCP-7 mRNA at an easily detectable level. After 4 days of culture, the expression of MMCP-7 gene was examined by Northern blot analysis. The overexpression of TAM-67, which dominantly inhibits the DNA binding of endogenous c-Jun, significantly reduced the amount of MMCP-7 mRNA (Figure 4B). This suggested that the endogenous c-Jun was involved in the transactivation of MMCP-7 gene. The binding of c-Jun with the MMCP-7 promoter was examined by EMSA. GST-c-Jun fusion protein bound the oligonucleotide probe containing the AP-1 binding motif (Figure 4C). The binding of c-Jun was specifically abolished by the excess amount of the normal (5'-AGCTGTCCCTGGAGTCTGAGTCACCCATTTAGCT-3') nonlabeled oligonucleotide but not by the mutated (5'-AGCTGTCCCTGGAGTCTGAGTTGCCCATTTAGCT-3') nonlabeled oligonucleotide. Functional cooperation between c-Jun and MITF The expression of MMCP-7 gene was enhanced through cis elements located between nt185 and 85. An AP-1 binding consensus motif
but no CANNTG motif was present between nt 185 and 85. Therefore,
c-Jun was considered to be involved in the transactivation of MMCP-7
through the AP-1 binding sequence. Then we examined whether MITF
affected the transactivation activity of c-Jun. When cDNA encoding
+-MITF was cotransfected with pP-185 to FMA/3 cells, the luciferase
activity increased 38-fold when compared to the basal level (3.2-fold
when compared to pP7-185 alone) (Figure 5A). However, the promoter activity of
pP-185 was reduced by the cotransfection of mi-MITF in a
dose-dependent manner (Figure 5A).
To remove the possible involvement of the endogenous MITF, we used the Jurkat human T-cell line that does not express MITF. The reporter plasmid pP7-185 was not transactivated by the endogenous factors in Jurkat cells (Figure 5B). The transfection of either c-Jun cDNA alone or +-MITF cDNA alone moderately increased the luciferase activity of pP7-185 (2.1-fold and 3.5- fold, respectively). The cotransfection of both c-Jun and +-MITF cDNAs remarkably increased the luciferase activity of pP7-185 (9.5-fold). Physical interaction between c-Jun and MITF Physical interaction between c-Jun and MITF was examined. The coprecipitation of 35S-labeled c-Jun with GST-+-MITF or with GST-mi-MITF was examined by SDS-PAGE. The complex of c-Jun and GST-+-MITF and that of c-Jun and GST-mi-MITF were detected, but the complex of c-Jun and GST was not (Figure 6A).
Inhibitory effect of mi-MITF on nuclear translocation of c-Jun Myc-tagged-+-MITF or Myc-tagged-mi-MITF cDNA was cotransfected with FLAG-tagged-c-Jun cDNA into COS-7 cells. Lysate of transfected cells was divided into nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions. Each fraction was subjected to immunoprecipitation with anti-Myc antibody and Western blot analysis with anti-Myc or anti-FLAG antibody. When Myc-tagged-+-MITF and FLAG-tagged-c-Jun were transfected, Myc-tagged-+-MITF and coprecipitated FLAG-tagged-c-Jun were detected only in the nuclear fraction (Figure 6B). However, when Myc-tagged-mi-MITF and FLAG-tagged-c-Jun were cotransfected, one third of Myc-tagged-mi-MITF and FLAG-tagged-c-Jun were detected in the nuclear fraction, and the remaining Myc-tagged-mi-MITF and FLAG-tagged-c-Jun were in the cytoplasmic fraction (Figure 6B).
Both MMCP-7 and MMCP-6 are tryptases,15,16 and genes encoding each of them reside on chromosome 17.34,35 The coding region of MMCP-7 gene is highly homologous with that of MMCP-6 gene,16 but the 5' flanking region of both genes showed a remarkable difference. Three MITF-binding consensus sequences are present in the promoter region of MMCP-6 gene, all of which are recognized and bound by +-MITF.30 In fact, +-MITF appeared to play important roles for the transcription of MMCP-6 gene.30 However, we could not find any MITF-binding consensus sequences in the most significant segment (pP7-185) of the MMCP-7 promoter. Although the transcription of MMCP-6 gene was severely impaired in both mi/mi and tg/tg CMCs, that of MMCP-7 gene was severely impaired only in mi/mi CMCs. The abnormal mi-MITF was expressed in mi/mi CMCs but practically no MITFs were expressed in tg/tg CMCs. Therefore, the presence of mi-MITF rather than the absence of +-MITF appeared to have a negative effect on the transcription of MMCP-7 gene. We investigated the mechanism of the negative effect of mi-MITF. In spite of the lack of the MITF-binding consensus sequence, presence of +-MITF enhanced the promoter activity of pP7-185 and that of mi-MITF suppressed it. Both +-MITF and mi-MITF appeared to influence the promoter function through binding to other transcription factors. There is an AP-1 binding consensus motif in the pP-185 promoter. The mutation of the AP-1 binding motif abolished the promoter activity. The coexpression of normal c-Jun enhanced the promoter activity, and that of dominant negative mutant of c-Jun suppressed it. The binding of c-Jun to the AP-1 binding motif activated the promoter, and binding of +-MITF to the c-Jun further enhanced the promoter and that of mi-MITF suppressed it. In fact, we demonstrated the physical interaction of c-Jun with either +-MITF or mi-MITF. The complex of c-Jun and +-MITF was detectable only in the nuclear fraction, but that of c-Jun and mi-MITF was observed in both nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions. A possible explanation of suppressing potential of mi-MITF may be its deficient nuclear localization potential. Not only mi-MITF by itself but also the complex of mi-MITF and c-Jun appeared to have deficient nuclear translocation potential. Hemesath et al5 showed a deficient DNA-binding ability of the heterodimer of mi-MITF and TEFB. Because TFEB is another bHLH-Zip-type transcription factor, this mechanism may be understandable. However, because there was no CANNTG consensus sequence that may be recognized and bound by bHLH-Zip-type transcription factors in the pP-185 promoter, it is difficult to explain the negative effect of mi-MITF by the deficient DNA binding potential. We produced a cDNA library from +/+ CMCs.34 By subtracting mRNAs expressed by mi/mi CMCs or tg/tg CMCs, we obtained (+/+-mi/mi) and (+/+-tg/tg) subtraction libraries.10,36 The number of clones that may hybridize cDNAs contained by the cDNA library of +/+ CMCs was significantly greater in the (+/+-mi/mi) library than in the (+/+-tg/tg) library.10 This is consistent with the present result. In addition to the loss of transactivation potential, the presence of mi-MITF suppressed the transactivation potential through other transcription factors. The transcription of c-kit, granzyme B, and tryptophan hydroxylase genes was also suppressed by the presence of mi-MITF.10 Probably a similar suppressing mechanism may play a role, but counterpart transcription factors that make a complex with mi-MITF may be different in each case. Comparison of +/+, mi/mi, and tg/tg CMCs may be a convenient method to examine the influence of MITF on the expression of genes that are expressed in CMCs. By screening the (+/+-mi/mi) subtraction library, the maximum number of possible target genes of MITF may be obtained. The following 2 types of genes are included: (1) genes for which transcription +-MITF is essential and (2) genes of which transcription was suppressed by mi-MITF. When the expression of type 2 genes was compared between +/+ CMCs and tg/tg CMCs, the expression in tg/tg CMCs was slightly but significantly lower than that of +/+ CMCs. Even if such genes were not detected in the (+/+-tg/tg) subtraction library, +-MITF may enhance their expression. Taken together, the mechanism of the transcription regulation by MITF was different between MMCP-6 and MMCP-7 genes, and the comparison of expression among +/+, mi/mi, and tg/tg CMCs may be useful for understanding the mechanism.
The authors thank Dr J. D. Esko of University of California, San Diego for MST cells, Dr H. Arnheiter of National Institutes of Health for tg/tg mice, Dr K. Shimozaki and Dr S. Nagata of Osaka University for TAM-67 in pEF-BOS, Dr S. Nagata of Osaka University for pEF-BOS, Dr I. Matsumura of Osaka University for pcDNA3-FLAG, and T. Jippo and S. Adachi of Osaka University and T. Sawado of Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center for helpful discussion.
Submitted May 15, 2000; accepted October 5, 2000.
Supported by grants from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, the Ministry of Health and Welfare, the Organization for Pharmaceutical Safety and Research, and the Welfide Medicinal Research Foundation.
The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. Therefore, and solely to indicate this fact, this article is hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. section 1734.
Reprints: Yukihiko Kitamura, Department of Pathology, Osaka University Medical School, Yamada-oka 2-2, Suita 565-0871, Japan; e-mail: kitamura{at}patho.med.osaka-u.ac.jp.
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© 2001 by The American Society of Hematology.
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  E. Morii and K. Oboki MITF Is Necessary for Generation of Prostaglandin D2 in Mouse Mast Cells J. Biol. Chem., November 19, 2004; 279(47): 48923 - 48929. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 E. Morii, K. Oboki, K. Ishihara, T. Jippo, T. Hirano, and Y. Kitamura Roles of MITF for development of mast cells in mice: effects on both precursors and tissue environments Blood, September 15, 2004; 104(6): 1656 - 1661. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 E. Morii, A. Ito, T. Jippo, Y.-i. Koma, K. Oboki, T. Wakayama, S. Iseki, M. L. Lamoreux, and Y. Kitamura Number of Mast Cells in the Peritoneal Cavity of Mice: Influence of Microphthalmia Transcription Factor through Transcription of Newly Found Mast Cell Adhesion Molecule, Spermatogenic Immunoglobulin Superfamily Am. J. Pathol., August 1, 2004; 165(2): 491 - 499. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Funaba, T. Ikeda, M. Murakami, K. Ogawa, K. Tsuchida, H. Sugino, and M. Abe Transcriptional Activation of Mouse Mast Cell Protease-7 by Activin and Transforming Growth Factor-{beta} Is Inhibited by Microphthalmia-associated Transcription Factor J. Biol. Chem., December 26, 2003; 278(52): 52032 - 52041. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. Levy, A. Sonnenblick, and E. Razin Role Played by Microphthalmia Transcription Factor Phosphorylation and Its Zip Domain in Its Transcriptional Inhibition by PIAS3 Mol. Cell. Biol., December 15, 2003; 23(24): 9073 - 9080. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Morii, K. Oboki, T. Jippo, and Y. Kitamura Additive effect of mouse genetic background and mutation of MITF gene on decrease of skin mast cells Blood, February 15, 2003; 101(4): 1344 - 1350. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. R. Migliaccio, R. A. Rana, M. Sanchez, R. Lorenzini, L. Centurione, L. Bianchi, A. M. Vannucchi, G. Migliaccio, and S. H. Orkin GATA-1 as a Regulator of Mast Cell Differentiation Revealed by the Phenotype of the GATA-1low Mouse Mutant J. Exp. Med., February 3, 2003; 197(3): 281 - 296. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Gu, M. C. Byrne, N. C. Paranavitana, B. Aronow, J. E. Siefring, M. D'Souza, H. F. Horton, L. A. Quilliam, and D. A. Williams Rac2, a Hematopoiesis-Specific Rho GTPase, Specifically Regulates Mast Cell Protease Gene Expression in Bone Marrow-Derived Mast Cells Mol. Cell. Biol., November 1, 2002; 22(21): 7645 - 7657. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Saito, K.-i. Yasumoto, K. Takeda, K. Takahashi, A. Fukuzaki, S. Orikasa, and S. Shibahara Melanocyte-specific Microphthalmia-associated Transcription Factor Isoform Activates Its Own Gene Promoter through Physical Interaction with Lymphoid-enhancing Factor 1 J. Biol. Chem., August 2, 2002; 277(32): 28787 - 28794. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Morii, K. Oboki, T. R. Kataoka, K. Igarashi, and Y. Kitamura Interaction and Cooperation of mi Transcription Factor (MITF) and Myc-associated Zinc-finger Protein-related Factor (MAZR) for Transcription of Mouse Mast Cell Protease 6 Gene J. Biol. Chem., March 1, 2002; 277(10): 8566 - 8571. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Morii, H. Ogihara, K. Oboki, T. R. Kataoka, K. Maeyama, D. E. Fisher, M. L. Lamoreux, and Y. Kitamura Effect of a large deletion of the basic domain of mi transcription factor on differentiation of mast cells Blood, October 15, 2001; 98(8): 2577 - 2579. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Abstract
Introduction
