|
|||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
HEMOSTASIS, THROMBOSIS, AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY
From the Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario
Negri and Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milano, Italy;
Universita' degli Studi dell' Insubria, Dipartimento di Scienze
Cliniche e Biologiche, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Varese,
Italy; Department of Immunology, ImClone Systems Incorporated, New
York, NY; Department of Neurochemistry and Neurotoxicology, Stockholm
University, Sweden; AG Molecular Recognition, GBF, Braunschweig,
Germany; and Department of Pathology, Weill Medical College of Cornell
University, New York, NY.
Vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) is an
endothelial cell-specific cadherin that plays an important role in the
control of vascular organization. Blocking VE-cadherin antibodies
strongly inhibit angiogenesis, and inactivation of VE-cadherin gene
causes embryonic lethality due to a lack of correct organization and remodeling of the vasculature. Hence, inhibitors of VE-cadherin adhesive properties may constitute a tool to prevent tumor
neovascularization. In this paper, we tested different monoclonal
antibodies (mAbs) directed to human VE-cadherin ectodomain for their
functional activity. Three mAbs (Cad 5, BV6, BV9) were able to increase
paracellular permeability, inhibit VE-cadherin reorganization, and
block angiogenesis in vitro. These mAbs could also induce endothelial
cell apoptosis in vitro. Two additional mAbs, TEA 1.31 and Hec 1.2, had
an intermediate or undetectable activity, respectively, in these
assays. Epitope mapping studies show that BV6, BV9, TEA 1.31, and Hec
1.2 bound to a recombinant fragment spanning the extracellular
juxtamembrane domains EC3 through EC4. In contrast, Cad 5 bound to the
aminoterminal domain EC1. By peptide scanning analysis and competition
experiments, we defined the sequences TIDLRY located on EC3 and
KVFRVDAETGDVFAI on EC1 as the binding domain of BV6 and Cad 5, respectively. Overall, these results support the concept that
VE-cadherin plays a relevant role on human endothelial cell properties.
Antibodies directed to the extracellular domains EC1 but also
EC3-EC4 affect VE-cadherin adhesion and clustering and alter
endothelial cell permeability, apoptosis, and vascular structure formation.
(Blood. 2001;97:1679-1684) Vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin)
is an endothelial cell-specific cadherin that plays a major role in
the organization of intercellular adherens junctions.1 A
null mutation of VE-cadherin gene induces embryonic lethality at day
9.5 to 10 of development due to a lack of assembly and remodeling of
the vasculature.2,3 In VE-cadherin The molecular basis of cadherin homophilic binding has not yet been
fully elucidated. Cadherins are single-pass transmembrane glycoproteins
that associate as cis-dimers on the cell surface and then combine to
form a linear zipperlike structure that promotes homophilic
intercellular adhesion.6-12
The extracellular region of classical cadherins is composed of 5 homologous domains (numbered EC1 to EC5).13 Several
studies are consistent with the concept that the aminoterminal region corresponding to domain EC1 of cadherins is responsible for homophilic recognition. Blocking monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed to E-, P-,
and N-cadherin have been found to bind within this
region.14 Studies using multiple-point mutations and
chimeric proteins showed that the aminoterminal 113 amino acid
(AA) region is responsible for homophilic adhesive specificity between
cadherins.14
The crystal structure of N-cadherin EC1 supported the idea that
homophilic adhesion of antiparallel cis-dimers occurs through N-terminal domains.10 In addition, recent studies brought
evidence that cis-dimers may form through the interaction of EC1 and
EC2.15
At variance with these reports, others suggest that the ectodomain of
cadherins may present multiple adhesive contacts and that other regions
may influence cadherin-adhesive properties.16
In this paper, we analyze 5 mAbs directed to the human VE-cadherin
extracellular region for their activity on a set of in vitro biologic
assays using human endothelial cells. We found that 3 mAbs have a
significant effect on endothelial cell permeability, in vitro
angiogenesis, and endothelial cell apoptosis. One of these mAbs, Cad 5, bound to a peptidic region contained in the extracellular domain EC1;
and BV6 and BV9, bound in EC3 or EC3-EC4, respectively. These
data support the idea that VE-cadherin sequence contains multiple
domains able to modulate its adhesive and clustering properties.
VE-cadherin blocking mAbs may be useful tools to study the role of
endothelial cell junctions in permeability control and angiogenesis.
Cell culture
Antibodies and reagents
Rhodamine-conjugated secondary antibodies (reactive with either mouse or rabbit IgG) were purchased from Dakopatts (Glostrup, Denmark). Antihistidine mAb was purchased from Amersham-Pharmacia (Uppsala, Sweden). Peroxidase-conjugated goat antimouse IgG antibody was used for immunoblotting (Jackson Immunoresearch Laboratories, West Grove, PA). After sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and blotting, the biotynilated proteins were detected by streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase (Biospa Division, Milan, Italy). Development of peroxidase activity was performed using an enhanced chemiluminescence kit (Amersham-Pharmacia). Immunofluorescence staining The procedure for immunofluorescence microscopy analysis of endothelial cell monolayer has been described previously.17 Briefly, endothelial cell monolayers were cultured on fibronectin-coated glass coverslips, fixed, permeabilized, and then labeled with a VE-cadherin antibody followed by rhodamine-conjugated secondary antibody. Fluorescence was detected with a Zeiss Axiophot microscope and photographed using T-Max 3200 film.Fluorescence flow cytometric analysis was performed by a FACStar Plus apparatus (Becton Dickinson, Mountain View, CA) using a fluorescein isothiocynate (FITC)-conjugated goat antimouse antiserum (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories) as described in detail elsewhere.21 Calcium switch assay Cells grown to confluency on glass coverslips as described previously22 were incubated with 5 mM ethyleneglycotetraacetic acid (EGTA) at 37°C for 30 minutes. EGTA was then removed and Ca++ restored adding fresh medium either in the presence or in absence of mAbs (50 µg/mL). One hour later, cells were fixed and processed for immunofluorescence as described above.Permeability assay Permeability across endothelial cell monolayers was measured in Transwell units (with polycarbonate filter, 0.4 µm pore; Corning Costar, Cambridge, MA) as described previously.18,23 Briefly, endothelial cells were cultured for 3 to 4 days to confluency, and then mAbs (50 µg/mL) were added in the upper compartment followed by the addition of FITC-dextran (1 mg/mL, average molecular mass 40 000; Sigma Chemical). At the indicated time points, 50 µL samples were taken from the lower compartment and the fluorescence was measured (492/520 nm, absorption/emission wavelengths).In some experiments, EGTA (5 mM, final concentration) was added both to the lower and upper compartments for 30 minutes at 37°C. Then, as described above, EGTA was removed and Ca++ restored in the presence or absence of mAbs (50 µg/mL). FITC-dextran was added 1 hour after addition of the mAbs, and aliquots were collected from the lower compartment at the indicated time points and assayed by fluorimetry. Expression and purification of VE-cadherin recombinant fragments VE1, VE2, VE3, and VE4 fragments, corresponding to the 1 to 486, 1 to 320, 281 to 486, and 48 to 218 AA residues, respectively, of human VE-cadherin (Figure 5) were cloned by polymerase chain reaction amplification. Complementary DNAs were subcloned into the bacterial pQE-32 expression vector (Qiagen, Germany) to produce HIS-tagged VE-cadherin fragments. The fragments were expressed and purified according to the published Qiagen protocol.The same fragments were also expressed using the TNT Quick Coupled Transcription/Translation System (Promega, Madison, WI). Using this system, biotinylated lysine residues are incorporated into nascent protein during translation. In few experiments (Figure 6), VE1 fragment was produced as a chimeric protein fused to the Fc portion of human IgG1. VE1-Ig chimera was constructed by cloning the complementary DNA encoding the extracellular portion corresponding to the 1-to-486 AA into the pIg1 eukaryotic expression vector24 using a previously described method24,25 for the expression and purification steps. Epitope mapping Peptide scanning was performed following the previously described procedure.26 Peptides were chemically synthesized as arrays of N-terminally acetylated and C-terminally covalently immobilized products on cellulose sheets derivatized with amino-polyethylene glycol anchors by the SPOT synthesis technique using a model ASP222 spotting robot (Abimed Analysen-Technik, Langenfeld, Germany). Peptide arrays included overlapping pentadecapeptides, with an offset of 3 AA residues, spanning the entire extracellular domain of VE-cadherin. Binding of mAbs to peptide spots was detected using a goat antimouse IgG peroxidase-conjugated antibody and followed by enhanced chemiluminescence detection system.Peptide competition experiments were described elsewhere.24 Briefly, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) plates were coated with recombinant VE1-Ig chimera (1 µg/mL) and then blocked with 2% bovine serum albumin. BV6 and BV9 mAbs (0.5 µg/mL) were preincubated for 1 hour with different peptides (range 1-500 µM) and were then added to coated plates, followed by peroxidase-conjugated goat antimouse IgG (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories). Apoptosis To induce apoptosis, endothelial cells were seeded at 2 × 105 cells in 24-well dishes in 1 mL serum-free MCDB-131 medium (Life Technologies, Paisley, United Kingdom) supplemented with 1% bovine serum albumin and insulin-transferrin-selenium (Life Technologies). Cells were cultured for 72 hours either in the absence or in the presence of VEGF-A (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN), 30 ng/mL. Antibodies to VE-cadherin (50 µg/mL) were added 24 hours after seeding and daily thereafter. Apoptosis was quantitated by measuring DNA fragmentation (TUNEL detection method, Boehringer Mannheim, Germany).2Capillary tube assay Capillary tube formation was assessed as previously described.4,27Briefly, human fibrinogen (5 mg/mL solution in distilled water, Sigma
code F4883) was dialyzed against triethanolamine-buffered saline (10 mM
Tris-HCl, pH 7.4; 150 mM NaCl) to eliminate sodium citrate and stored
in aliquots at
Effects of VE-cadherin mAbs on adherens junction organization and permeability As shown in Figure 1A, mAbs BV6, BV9, and Cad-5 induced redistribution of VE-cadherin from intercellular junctions, while Hec 1.2 and TEA were inactive. Previous work28 showed that VE-cadherin disappearance from junctions was due to diffusion of the molecule on the cell membrane and not to its internalization. Paracellular permeability of endothelial cell monolayers to FITC-dextran was significantly increased by mAbs Cad 5, BV9, and BV6 (Figure 1B). The time course of the effect showed a detectable increase in permeability within 1 hour after the addition of the mAbs, with maximal permeability reached at 5 hours. In contrast, mAb TEA 1.31 showed only a slight effect on permeability, and Hec 1.2 had no effect.
A saturating concentration of the mAbs (50 µg/mL) was used in all the assays. Higher concentrations did not produce a more marked effect (not shown). The mAbs were further studied in a Ca++ switch assay.
Endothelial cells were exposed to EGTA for 30 minutes to fully disrupt VE-cadherin clustering at cell-to-cell contacts28 (Figure
2A). Calcium concentration was then
restored, and the capacity of the cells to reorganize VE-cadherin at
junctions was examined in the absence or presence of mAbs. As shown in
Figure 2A, Hec 1.2 and TEA 1.31 did not prevent VE-cadherin
reclustering, while the presence of BV9, Cad 5 and, to a lower extent,
BV6 inhibited a full reorganization of intercellular adherens
junctions.
This effect was quantified by measuring FITC-dextran passage through endothelial monolayers after Ca++ restoration (Figure 2B). The presence of BV6, BV9, or Cad 5 prevented a full reestablishment of paracellular barrier function. TEA 1.31 had a moderate but detectable effect, while Hec 1.2 had no activity. Effect of VE-cadherin mAbs on endothelial cell apoptosis We recently reported that blocking VE-cadherin mAbs prevented the protective effect of VEGF on endothelial cell apoptosis induced by the absence of serum.2As reported in Figure 3, in the
presence of VEGF, BV6, BV9, and Cad 5 strongly increased endothelial
cell apoptosis. TEA 1.31 showed a poor but still measurable activity,
while Hec 1.2 was inactive.
Effect of VE-cadherin mAbs on the formation of vascularlike structures in vitro In fibrin gels, Cad 5, BV6, and BV9 blocked cord formation, and TEA 1.31 and Hec 1.2 did not induce any detectable change in comparison to control cultures (Figure 4). In this assay, the cells were kept in the presence of serum (see "Materials and methods") to reduce apoptosis induced by the mAbs (Figure 3). Within 48 hours, apoptosis induced by addition of BV6 or BV9 was still low and not significantly increased in this system (not shown).
Identification of binding epitope of VE-cadherin mAbs To identify the epitope of VE-cadherin mAbs, recombinant fragments of the protein were produced (Figure 5A). By Western blot and immunoprecipitation analysis (Figure 5B,C), TEA 1.31, BV6, and BV9 recognized a VE-cadherin fragment containing EC3 and EC4 (fragment VE3) but not EC1 and EC2 (fragments VE2 and VE4). In contrast, Cad 5 mAb bound only to EC1 and EC2 (VE2, VE4) and not to EC3 and EC4 (VE3) (Figure 5A). The boundaries among domains 1 to 5 reported in Figure 5A derive from alignment of the VE-cadherin AA sequence with that of other classic cadherins (E-, N-, and P-cadherins) as reported previously29 and in a review by Yagi and Takeichi.13
To identify more precisely the epitopes of the mAbs, we studied their
capacity to bind different peptidic sequences spanning the
extracellular domain of VE-cadherin. As reported in Figure 6A, BV6 bound to 4 peptides sharing the
same 6-AA sequence Thr-Ile-Asp-Leu-Arg-Tyr (TIDLRY). This
sequence spans 343 to 348 AA of domain EC3 of VE-cadherin ectodomain.
Cad 5 bound to KVFRVDAETGDVFAI. This mAb was raised against a fragment spanning 26 to 194 AA of VE-cadherin EC1, and the identified peptidic epitope is contained in this sequence. To confirm BV6 binding specificity for TIDLRY, 2 peptides containing this sequence and a scrambled peptide were tested in competition experiments. As reported in Figure 6Bi, TIDLRY-containing peptides but not the scrambled peptide were able to block the binding of BV6 to a recombinant VE1-Ig chimera. Different concentrations of the peptides were used ranging from 1 to 500 µM, and the calculated inhibitory concentration of 50% for TIDLRY peptides was 12.6 to 13.4 µM. The scrambled peptide did not show dose-dependent competition for BV6 binding. The 3 peptides were inactive on BV9 binding up to 500 µM. Besides purified recombinant fragments, TIDLRY-containing peptides blocked BV6 binding to native VE-cadherin, ie, expressed on cultured endothelial cells measured by flow cytometry analysis (Figure 6Bii). The TIDLRY peptides or the scrambled peptide (up to a concentration of 500 µM) did not change paracellular permeability of endothelial monolayers (measured as in Figure 1) (data not shown), and they did not prevent VE-cadherin reassembly at intercellular contacts after Ca++ switch (measured as in Figure 2) (data not shown). A general summary of the results is reported in
Table 1.
VE-cadherin has multiple functions in endothelial cells.1,2 Different blocking antibodies may interfere with these activities to a different extent, and this may be related to the specific region of the molecule to which they bind. In this paper, we first compared 5 available mAbs directed to the extracellular region of VE-cadherin for their effect on several endothelial cell biologic tests. We found that 3 mAbs (Cad 5, BV9, and BV6) were significantly active in all the assays, while the 2 remaining mAbs, TEA 1.31 and Hec 1.2, showed moderate or no activity, respectively. Comparing the effect of the mAbs on VE-cadherin clustering (Figures 1A, 2A), the most active (Cad 5, BV9, and BV6) were also those more effective in increasing permeability (Figures 1B and 2B). This was true measuring disruption of preorganized junctions (Figure 1) or measuring the ability of the mAbs to prevent the reorganization of EGTA-disrupted VE-cadherin clusters (Figure 2). TEA 1.31 is an exception because it did not visibly inhibit VE-cadherin localization at junctions in both conditions (Figures 1A and 2A) yet slightly increased paracellular permeability. Possibly, immunofluorescence microscopy does not detect subtle changes in VE-cadherin clustering and organization, which may, however, lead to a significant increase in permeability to high molecular weight solutes. Also, in other conditions, as upon histamine activation of endothelial cells, a marked increase in paracellular permeability could be observed without major changes in VE-cadherin distribution at junctions.23 TEA 1.31 showed a slightly more marked effect on permeability when the cells were pretreated with EGTA. This means that this mAb is more effective in preventing correct homophilic interactions of VE-cadherin molecules during the organization of the cluster than in disrupting preconstituted junctional structures. The mechanism of action of VE-cadherin in promoting angiogenesis and vasculogenesis in the embryo was explained in part by the capacity of this molecule to protect endothelial cells from apoptosis.2 It was therefore important to test whether the mAbs could inhibit VE-cadherin antiapoptotic effect in human cells. We found that mAbs BV6, BV9, and Cad 5 were indeed able to prevent the protective effect of VEGF on apoptosis. The mAbs also inhibited endothelial tube formation in fibrin gels. The effect of the mAbs may be due to inhibition of VE-cadherin adhesive properties but also to induction of apoptosis. The presence of serum in this assay significantly reduced the susceptibility of the cells to apoptosis, and BV6 and BV9 did not increase significantly this parameter. This suggests that the effect observed in this particular assay is mostly due to the block of VE-cadherin-mediated adhesion. Others found that a VE-cadherin blocking mAb (Cad 5) was able to inhibit tube formation in a fibrin gel, and they brought direct evidence for VE-cadherin binding to fibrin.4,30 It is possible that the block of this interaction leads to a lack of a correct anchorage of the cells to the matrix, causing disruption of vascularlike structures. In the attempt to define the molecular basis of mAb activity, we analyzed their binding to different recombinant fragments of the protein. The mAbs TEA 1.31, Hec 1.2, BV6, and BV9 bound to a membrane domain of VE-cadherin spanning EC3 and EC4. Peptide scanning analysis showed that BV6 recognizes the peptidic sequence TIDLRY on EC3. In contrast, Cad 5 mAb bound to the fragment that includes EC1 and, by peptide scan, it recognizes a peptide contained in this region. We have been unable to precisely define the epitope of the other blocking mAb BV9 by peptide scanning. A possibility is that BV9 binds to a conformational epitope that may be lost in short peptides of VE-cadherin. Competition experiments with peptides containing TIDLRY showed that BV9 binding to VE-cadherin was unaffected, indicating that it recognizes a different domain. In general, the mechanisms underlying homophilic binding functions of cadherins are poorly understood. The precise mechanism through which BV9 and BV6 binding to EC3-EC4 influences VE-cadherin homophilic adhesion is still unknown, but different possibilities may be considered. Monoclonal antibody binding may change VE-cadherin conformation and, as a consequence, the availability of the aminoterminal region for homophilic binding. Conformational changes of other adhesive molecules by antibody/ligand binding were reported to induce activation or inhibition of their adhesive properties.31-37 BV6 or BV9 may also affect VE-cadherin association in cis by steric hindrance and alter the formation of the zipper structure promoting cell-to-cell recognition and binding. Indeed, data obtained in the Ca++ switch assay indicate that BV6 and BV9 may inhibit the reassembly of VE-cadherin at intercellular junctions. Another interesting possibility comes from the recent paper of Sivasankar et al.16 This work brings evidence that C-cadherin presents multiple adhesive contacts along the extracellular domain for the interdigitated antiparallel proteins. The block of one of these sites may affect the strength of recognition of cadherin molecules and facilitate the junctional rupture. Other data in the literature may be accommodated in this last picture. The mAb DECMA directed to E-cadherin38,39 or a mAb to chicken N-cadherin, which are strong inhibitors of intercellular adhesion,40 both bind to regions outside EC1 and EC2 and closer to the cell membrane. It is possible that EC1 interacts with EC3-EC4 and depending on their orientation form dual or multimeric aggregates. Thus, antibodies directed against either one of these epitopes may inhibit VE-cadherin-adhesive properties. Binding may involve a 2-stage process of initial docking or alignment of the 2 molecules along their length followed by specific engagement of the binding sites in domain EC1 and EC3-4. In conclusion, inhibition of VE-cadherin adhesion properties by blocking antibodies affects several endothelial cell-specific functions, which may include the maintenance of barrier properties or formation of vascular structures in vitro. Interestingly, antibodies directed to different epitopes of the molecules present a comparable inhibitory effect, suggesting that the protein has multiple biologically important domains.
We thank A. Tiepold for help in the SPOT peptide synthesis.
Submitted July 31, 2000; accepted October 26, 2000.
Supported in part by Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR grant 97.01299 PF49); the European Community (BMH4 CT983380, BIO4CT 980337, QLG1-CT-1999-01136, and QLK3-CT-1999-00020); and Ministero dello SANITA' RF99.72 and RF99.52 and MURST 9906317157-003.
The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. Therefore, and solely to indicate this fact, this article is hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. section 1734.
Reprints: Elisabetta Dejana, Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Via Serio 21, 20139 Milano, Italy; e-mail: dejana{at}ifom-firc.it.
1. Dejana E, Bazzoni G, Lampugnani MG. Vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin: only an intercelular glue? Exp Cell Res. 1999;252:13-19[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 2. Carmeliet P, Lampugnani MG, Moons L, et al. Targeted deficiency or cytosolic truncation of the VE-cadherin gene in mice impairs VEGF-mediated endothelial survival and angiogenesis. Cell. 1999;98:147-157[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve].
3.
Gory S, Dalmon J, Prandini ME, Kortulewski T, de Launoit Y, Huber P.
Requirement of a GT box (Sp1 site) and two Ets binding sites for vascular endothelial cadherin gene transcription.
J Biol Chem.
1998;273:6750-6755 4. Bach TL, Barsigian C, Chalupowicz DG, et al. VE-cadherin mediates endothelial cell capillary tube formation in fibrin and collagen gels. Exp Cell Res. 1998;238:324-334[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 5. Benjamin LE, Golijanin D, Itin A, Pode D, Keshet E. Selective ablation of immature blood vessels in established human tumors follows vascular endothelial growth factor withdrawal. J Clin Invest. 1999;103:159-165[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 6. Aberle H, Schwartz H, Kemler R. Cadherin-catenin complex: protein interactions and their implications for cadherin function. J Cell Biochem. 1996;61:514-523[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 7. Gumbiner BM. Cell adhesion: the molecular basis of tissue architecture and morphogenesis. Cell. 1996;84:345-357[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 8. Nagar B, Overduin M, Ikura M, Rini JM. Structural basis of calcium-induced E-cadherin rigidification and dimerization. Nature. 1996;380:360-364[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 9. Patel DJ, Gumbiner BM. Cell-cell recognition. Zipping together a cell adhesion interface [news; comment]. Nature. 1995;374:306-307[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 10. Shapiro L, Fannon AM, Kwong PD, et al. Structural basis of cell-cell adhesion by cadherins [see comments]. Nature 1995;374:327-337[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 11. Takeichi M. Cadherin in cancer: implications for invasion and metastasis. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1993;5:806-811[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 12. Tamura K, Shan WS, Hendrickson WA, Colman DR, Shapiro L. Structure-function analysis of cell adhesion by neural (N-) cadherin. Neuron. 1998;20:1153-1163[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve].
13.
Yagi T, Takeichi M.
Cadherin superfamily genes: functions, genomic organization, and neurologic diversity.
Genes Dev.
2000;14:1169-1180 14. Nose A, Tsuji K, Takeichi M. Localization of specificity determining sites in cadherin cell adhesion molecules. Cell. 1990;61:147-155[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 15. Pertz O, Bozic D, Koch AW, Fauser C, Brancaccio A, Engel J. A new crystal structure, Ca2+ dependence and mutational analysis reveals molecular details of E-cadherin homoassociation. EMBO J. 1999;18:1738-1747[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve].
16.
Sivasankar S, Brieher W, Lavrik N, Gumbiner B, Leckband D.
Direct molecular force measurements of multiple adhesive interactions between cadherin ectodomains.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.
1999;96:11820-11824
17.
Lampugnani MG, Corada M, Caveda L, et al.
The molecular organization of endothelial cell to cell junctions: differential association of plakoglobin, beta-catenin, and alpha-catenin with vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin).
J Cell Biol.
1995;129:203-217
18.
Breviario F, Caveda L, Corada M, et al.
Functional properties of human vascular endothelial cadherin (7B4/cadherin-5) an endothelial specific cadherin.
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol.
1995;15:1229-1239
19.
Lampugnani MG, Resnati M, Raiteri M, et al.
A novel endothelial-specific membrane protein is a marker of cell-cell contacts.
J Cell Biol.
1992;118:1511-1522 20. Ali J, Liao F, Martens E, Muller WA. Vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin): cloning and role on endothelial cell-cell adhesion. Microcirculation. 1997;4:267-277[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve].
21.
Martin-Padura I, Bazzoni G, Zanetti A, et al.
A novel mechanism of colon carcinoma cell adhesion to the endothelium triggered by beta 1 integrin chain.
J Biol Chem.
1994;269:6124-6132 22. Dejana E, Corada M, Lampugnani MG. Endothelial cell-to-cell junctions. FASEB J. 1995;9:910-918[Abstract].
23.
Andriopoulou P, Navarro P, Zanetti A, Lampugnani MG, Dejana E.
Histamine induces tyrosine phosphorylation of endothelial cell-to-cell adherens junctions.
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol.
1999;19:2286-2297
24.
Fawcett J, Buckley C, Holness CL, et al.
Mapping and homotypic binding sites in CD31 and the role of CD31 adhesion in the formation of interendothelial cell contacts.
J Cell Biol.
1995;128:1229-1241 25. Simmons DL. Functional analysis of cell adhesion molecules. In: Dejana E,Corada M, eds. Adhesion Protein Protocols. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 1999:39-63. 26. Frank R, Overwin H. SPOT-synthesis: epitome analysis with arrays of synthetic peptides prepared on cellulose membranes. In: Morris GE, ed. Epitope Mapping Protocols. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 1996:149-169. Methods in Molecular Biology; vol 66.
27.
Chalupowicz DG, Chowdhury ZA, Bach TL, Barsigian C, Martinez J.
Fibrin II induces endothelial cell capillary tube formation.
J Cell Biol.
1995;130:207-215
28.
Corada M, Mariotti M, Thurston G, et al.
Vascular endothelial-cadherin is an important determinant of microvascular integrity in vivo.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.
1999;96:9815-9820 29. Suzuki S, Sano K, Tanihara H. Diversity of the cadherin family: evidence for eight new cadherins in nervous system. Cell Regul. 1991;2:261-270[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve].
30.
Bach TL, Barsigian C, Yaen CH, Martinez J.
Endothelial cell VE-cadherin functions as a receptor for the beta15-42 sequence of fibrin.
J Biol Chem.
1998;273:30719-30728 31. Altieri DC, Edgington TS. A monoclonal antibody reacting with distinct adhesion molecules defines a transition in the functional state of the receptor CD11b/CD18 (Mac-1). J Immunol. 1988;141:2656-2660[Abstract].
32.
Arroyo AG, Garcia-Pardo A, Sanchez-Madrid F.
A high affinity conformational state on VLA integrin heterodimers induced by an anti-beta 1 chain monoclonal antibody.
J Biol Chem.
1993;268:9863-9868
33.
Chan BM, Hemler ME.
Multiple functional forms of the integrin VLA-2 can be derived from a single alpha 2 cDNA clone: interconversion of forms induced by an anti-beta 1 antibody.
J Cell Biol.
1993;120:537-543 34. Du XP, Plow EF, Frelinger AL 3d, O'Toole TE, Loftus JC, Ginsberg MH. Ligands "activate" integrin alpha IIb beta 3 (platelet GPIIb-IIIa). Cell. 1991;65:409-416[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 35. Dustin ML, Springer TA. T-cell receptor cross-linking transiently stimulates adhesiveness through LFA-1. Nature. 1989;341:619-624[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve].
36.
Faull RJ, Kovach NL, Harlan JM, Ginsberg MH.
Affinity modulation of integrin alpha 5 beta 1: regulation of the functional response by soluble fibronectin.
J Cell Biol.
1993;121:155-162
37.
van Kooyk Y, Weder P, Hogervorst F, et al.
Activation of LFA-1 through a Ca2(+)-dependent epitope stimulates lymphocyte adhesion.
J Cell Biol.
1991;112:345-354 38. Ozawa M, Hoschützky H, Herrenknecht K, Kemler R. A possible new adhesive site in the cell-adhesion molecule uvomorulin. Mech Dev. 1991;33:49-56. 39. Vestweber D, Kemler R. Identification of a putative cell adhesion domain of uvomorulin. EMBO J. 1985;4:3393-3398[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 40. Geiger B, Volberg T, Sabany I, Volk T. In: Edelman GM, Cunningham BA, Thiery JP, eds. Morphoregulatory Molecules. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; 1990:57-79. 41. Frank R. SPT-synthesis: an easy technique for the positionally addressable, parallel chemical synthesis on a membrane support. Tetrahedron. 1992;48:9217-9232[CrossRef].
© 2001 by The American Society of Hematology.
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 |
|
 |
|
  E. Regan-Klapisz, V. Krouwer, M. Langelaar-Makkinje, L. Nallan, M. Gelb, H. Gerritsen, A. J. Verkleij, and J. A. Post Golgi-associated cPLA2{alpha} Regulates Endothelial Cell-Cell Junction Integrity by Controlling the Trafficking of Transmembrane Junction Proteins Mol. Biol. Cell, October 1, 2009; 20(19): 4225 - 4234. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. B. Salter, S. K. Meadows, G. G. Muramoto, H. Himburg, P. Doan, P. Daher, L. Russell, B. Chen, N. J. Chao, and J. P. Chute Endothelial progenitor cell infusion induces hematopoietic stem cell reconstitution in vivo Blood, February 26, 2009; 113(9): 2104 - 2107. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. M. Kuchler, J. Pollheimer, J. Balogh, J. Sponheim, L. Manley, D. R. Sorensen, P. M. De Angelis, H. Scott, and G. Haraldsen Nuclear Interleukin-33 Is Generally Expressed in Resting Endothelium but Rapidly Lost upon Angiogenic or Proinflammatory Activation Am. J. Pathol., October 1, 2008; 173(4): 1229 - 1242. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Guo, J. W. Breslin, M. H. Wu, C. J. Gottardi, and S. Y. Yuan VE-cadherin and {beta}-catenin binding dynamics during histamine-induced endothelial hyperpermeability Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, April 1, 2008; 294(4): C977 - C984. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. M. Birdsey, N. H. Dryden, V. Amsellem, F. Gebhardt, K. Sahnan, D. O. Haskard, E. Dejana, J. C. Mason, and A. M. Randi Transcription factor Erg regulates angiogenesis and endothelial apoptosis through VE-cadherin Blood, April 1, 2008; 111(7): 3498 - 3506. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. E. Dewi, T. Takasaki, and I. Kurane Peripheral blood mononuclear cells increase the permeability of dengue virus-infected endothelial cells in association with downregulation of vascular endothelial cadherin J. Gen. Virol., March 1, 2008; 89(3): 642 - 652. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Vestweber VE-Cadherin: The Major Endothelial Adhesion Molecule Controlling Cellular Junctions and Blood Vessel Formation Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, February 1, 2008; 28(2): 223 - 232. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Xu, C. L. Waters, C. Hu, R. B. Wysolmerski, P. A. Vincent, and F. L. Minnear Sphingosine 1-phosphate rapidly increases endothelial barrier function independently of VE-cadherin but requires cell spreading and Rho kinase Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, October 1, 2007; 293(4): C1309 - C1318. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. J. Allingham, J. D. van Buul, and K. Burridge ICAM-1-Mediated, Src- and Pyk2-Dependent Vascular Endothelial Cadherin Tyrosine Phosphorylation Is Required for Leukocyte Transendothelial Migration J. Immunol., September 15, 2007; 179(6): 4053 - 4064. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Sircar, P. F. Bradfield, M. Aurrand-Lions, R. J. Fish, P. Alcaide, L. Yang, G. Newton, D. Lamont, S. Sehrawat, T. Mayadas, et al. Neutrophil Transmigration under Shear Flow Conditions In Vitro Is Junctional Adhesion Molecule-C Independent J. Immunol., May 1, 2007; 178(9): 5879 - 5887. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Viemann, K. Barczyk, T. Vogl, U. Fischer, C. Sunderkotter, K. Schulze-Osthoff, and J. Roth MRP8/MRP14 impairs endothelial integrity and induces a caspase-dependent and -independent cell death program Blood, March 15, 2007; 109(6): 2453 - 2460. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. G. Lampugnani, F. Orsenigo, M. C. Gagliani, C. Tacchetti, and E. Dejana Vascular endothelial cadherin controls VEGFR-2 internalization and signaling from intracellular compartments J. Cell Biol., August 14, 2006; 174(4): 593 - 604. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. D. Cohen, A. Klingenhoff, A. Boucherot, A. Nitsche, A. Henger, B. Brunner, H. Schmid, M. Merkle, M. A. Saleem, K.-P. Koller, et al. Comparative promoter analysis allows de novo identification of specialized cell junction-associated proteins PNAS, April 11, 2006; 103(15): 5682 - 5687. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Mehta and A. B. Malik Signaling Mechanisms Regulating Endothelial Permeability Physiol Rev, January 1, 2006; 86(1): 279 - 367. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Xiao, J. Garner, K. M. Buckley, P. A. Vincent, C. M. Chiasson, E. Dejana, V. Faundez, and A. P. Kowalczyk p120-Catenin Regulates Clathrin-dependent Endocytosis of VE-Cadherin Mol. Biol. Cell, November 1, 2005; 16(11): 5141 - 5151. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Shiraishi, K. Tsuzaka, K. Yoshimoto, C. Kumazawa, K. Nozaki, T. Abe, K. Tsubota, and T. Takeuchi Critical Role of the Fifth Domain of E-Cadherin for Heterophilic Adhesion with {alpha}E{beta}7, But Not for Homophilic Adhesion J. Immunol., July 15, 2005; 175(2): 1014 - 1021. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. D. van Buul, E. C. Anthony, M. Fernandez-Borja, K. Burridge, and P. L. Hordijk Proline-rich Tyrosine Kinase 2 (Pyk2) Mediates Vascular Endothelial-Cadherin-based Cell-Cell Adhesion by Regulating {beta}-Catenin Tyrosine Phosphorylation J. Biol. Chem., June 3, 2005; 280(22): 21129 - 21136. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. May, J. F. Doody, R. Abdullah, P. Balderes, X. Xu, C. P. Chen, Z. Zhu, L. Shapiro, P. Kussie, D. J. Hicklin, et al. Identification of a transiently exposed VE-cadherin epitope that allows for specific targeting of an antibody to the tumor neovasculature Blood, June 1, 2005; 105(11): 4337 - 4344. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. V. Crosby, P. A. Fleming, W. S. Argraves, M. Corada, L. Zanetta, E. Dejana, and C. J. Drake VE-cadherin is not required for the formation of nascent blood vessels but acts to prevent their disassembly Blood, April 1, 2005; 105(7): 2771 - 2776. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Lambeng, Y. Wallez, C. Rampon, F. Cand, G. Christe, D. Gulino-Debrac, I. Vilgrain, and P. Huber Vascular Endothelial-Cadherin Tyrosine Phosphorylation in Angiogenic and Quiescent Adult Tissues Circ. Res., February 18, 2005; 96(3): 384 - 391. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Tzima, J. S. Reader, M. Irani-Tehrani, K. L. Ewalt, M. A. Schwartz, and P. Schimmel VE-cadherin Links tRNA Synthetase Cytokine to Anti-angiogenic Function J. Biol. Chem., January 28, 2005; 280(4): 2405 - 2408. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. S. Parker, P. Argani, B. P. Cook, H. Liangfeng, S. D. Chartrand, M. Zhang, S. Saha, A. Bardelli, Y. Jiang, T. B. St. Martin, et al. Alterations in Vascular Gene Expression in Invasive Breast Carcinoma Cancer Res., November 1, 2004; 64(21): 7857 - 7866. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Iurlaro, F. Demontis, M. Corada, L. Zanetta, C. Drake, M. Gariboldi, S. Peiro, A. Cano, P. Navarro, A. Cattelino, et al. VE-Cadherin Expression and Clustering Maintain Low Levels of Survivin in Endothelial Cells Am. J. Pathol., July 1, 2004; 165(1): 181 - 189. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Iyer, D. M. Ferreri, N. C. DeCocco, F. L. Minnear, and P. A. Vincent VE-cadherin-p120 interaction is required for maintenance of endothelial barrier function Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, June 1, 2004; 286(6): L1143 - L1153. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. A. Vincent, K. Xiao, K. M. Buckley, and A. P. Kowalczyk VE-cadherin: adhesion at arm's length Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, May 1, 2004; 286(5): C987 - C997. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Spagnuolo, M. Corada, F. Orsenigo, L. Zanetta, U. Deuschle, P. Sandy, C. Schneider, C. J. Drake, F. Breviario, and E. Dejana Gas1 is induced by VE-cadherin and vascular endothelial growth factor and inhibits endothelial cell apoptosis Blood, April 15, 2004; 103(8): 3005 - 3012. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Guo, M. H. Wu, H. J. Granger, and S. Y. Yuan Transference of recombinant VE-cadherin cytoplasmic domain alters endothelial junctional integrity and porcine microvascular permeability J. Physiol., January 1, 2004; 554(1): 78 - 88. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. G. Lampugnani, A. Zanetti, M. Corada, T. Takahashi, G. Balconi, F. Breviario, F. Orsenigo, A. Cattelino, R. Kemler, T. O. Daniel, et al. Contact inhibition of VEGF-induced proliferation requires vascular endothelial cadherin, {beta}-catenin, and the phosphatase DEP-1/CD148 J. Cell Biol., May 26, 2003; 161(4): 793 - 804. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Xiao, D. F. Allison, M. D. Kottke, S. Summers, G. P. Sorescu, V. Faundez, and A. P. Kowalczyk Mechanisms of VE-cadherin Processing and Degradation in Microvascular Endothelial Cells J. Biol. Chem., May 23, 2003; 278(21): 19199 - 19208. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Kouklis, M. Konstantoulaki, and A. B. Malik VE-cadherin-induced Cdc42 Signaling Regulates Formation of Membrane Protrusions in Endothelial Cells J. Biol. Chem., April 25, 2003; 278(18): 16230 - 16236. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Matsumura, M. Hirashima, M. Ogawa, H. Kubo, H. Hisatsune, N. Kondo, S. Nishikawa, T. Chiba, and S.-I. Nishikawa Modulation of VEGFR-2-mediated endothelial-cell activity by VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 Blood, February 15, 2003; 101(4): 1367 - 1374. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. B. Adams, K. T. Chabner, R. B. Foxall, K. W. Weibrecht, N. P. Rodrigues, D. Dombkowski, R. Fallon, M. C. Poznansky, and D. T. Scadden Heterologous cells cooperate to augment stem cell migration, homing, and engraftment Blood, January 1, 2003; 101(1): 45 - 51. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. L. C. Albuquerque and A. S. Flozak Wound Closure in Sheared Endothelial Cells Is Enhanced by Modulation of Vascular Endothelial-Cadherin Expression and Localization Experimental Biology and Medicine, December 1, 2002; 227(11): 1006 - 1016. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Corada, L. Zanetta, F. Orsenigo, F. Breviario, M. G. Lampugnani, S. Bernasconi, F. Liao, D. J. Hicklin, P. Bohlen, and E. Dejana A monoclonal antibody to vascular endothelial-cadherin inhibits tumor angiogenesis without side effects on endothelial permeability Blood, July 18, 2002; 100(3): 905 - 911. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. T. Makagiansar, P. D. Nguyen, A. Ikesue, K. Kuczera, W. Dentler, J. L. Urbauer, N. Galeva, M. Alterman, and T. J. Siahaan Disulfide Bond Formation Promotes the cis- and trans-Dimerization of the E-cadherin-derived First Repeat J. Biol. Chem., May 3, 2002; 277(18): 16002 - 16010. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Liao, J. F. Doody, J. Overholser, B. Finnerty, R. Bassi, Y. Wu, E. Dejana, P. Kussie, P. Bohlen, and D. J. Hicklin Selective Targeting of Angiogenic Tumor Vasculature by Vascular Endothelial-cadherin Antibody Inhibits Tumor Growth without Affecting Vascular Permeability Cancer Res., May 1, 2002; 62(9): 2567 - 2575. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Bibert, M. Jaquinod, E. Concord, C. Ebel, E. Hewat, C. Vanbelle, P. Legrand, M. Weidenhaupt, T. Vernet, and D. Gulino-Debrac Synergy between Extracellular Modules of Vascular Endothelial Cadherin Promotes Homotypic Hexameric Interactions J. Biol. Chem., April 5, 2002; 277(15): 12790 - 12801. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Zanetti, M. G. Lampugnani, G. Balconi, F. Breviario, M. Corada, L. Lanfrancone, and E. Dejana Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Induces Shc Association With Vascular Endothelial Cadherin: A Potential Feedback Mechanism to Control Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 Signaling Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2002; 22(4): 617 - 622. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. G. Lampugnani, A. Zanetti, F. Breviario, G. Balconi, F. Orsenigo, M. Corada, R. Spagnuolo, M. Betson, V. Braga, and E. Dejana VE-Cadherin Regulates Endothelial Actin Activating Rac and Increasing Membrane Association of Tiam Mol. Biol. Cell, April 1, 2002; 13(4): 1175 - 1189. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. D. van Buul, C. Voermans, V. van den Berg, E. C. Anthony, F. P. J. Mul, S. van Wetering, C. E. van der Schoot, and P. L. Hordijk Migration of Human Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells Across Bone Marrow Endothelium Is Regulated by Vascular Endothelial Cadherin J. Immunol., January 15, 2002; 168(2): 588 - 596. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. van Wetering, J. D. van Buul, S. Quik, F. P. J. Mul, E. C. Anthony, J.-P. t. Klooster, J. G. Collard, and P. L. Hordijk Reactive oxygen species mediate Rac-induced loss of cell-cell adhesion in primary human endothelial cells J. Cell Sci., January 5, 2002; 115(9): 1837 - 1846. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Zanetti, M. G. Lampugnani, G. Balconi, F. Breviario, M. Corada, L. Lanfrancone, and E. Dejana Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Induces Shc Association With Vascular Endothelial Cadherin: A Potential Feedback Mechanism to Control Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 Signaling Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2002; 22(4): 617 - 622. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 |
 |
 |
|||||||
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
||
| Copyright © 2001 by American Society of Hematology Online ISSN: 1528-0020 | |||||||||
Top
Abstract
Introduction
/
20°C. To make the underlying fibrin gel, 500 µL fibrinogen solution (3 mg/mL in triethanolamine-buffered saline
with one-tenth volume 10 × minimal essential medium, pH 8.5) was
placed into each 24-well culture plate, and human thrombin (Sigma, code
T6884) was added to a final concentration of 3 U/mL. Endothelial cells
(2.5 × 105/mL per well) were seeded on the top of the
polymerized gel and cultured for 24 hours in medium 199 (Life
Technologies) with 20% newborn calf serum (Life Technologies)
containing endothelial cell growth supplement (50 µg/mL) and VEGF (30 ng/mL). Monclonal antibodies (50 µg/mL) were added for 30 minutes
when indicated. The medium was then aspirated and another fibrin gel
overlying the monolayer was prepared including mAbs (50 µg/mL) in the
fibrinogen solution before clotting, as described.
