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This article was retracted on March 5, 2009.
HEMATOPOIESIS
From INSERM U268 and Service Commun de
Cytométrie; Institut André LWOFF and Laboratoire de
Microscopie Electronique du service d'Anatomopathologie; Hôpital
Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France.
It is shown that the tetraspanin CD9 has a complex pattern of
distribution in hematopoietic cells and is heterogeneously expressed on
human bone marrow CD34+ cells.
CD34highCD38lowThy1+ primitive
progenitors are contained in the population with intermediate CD9
expression, thus suggesting that CD9 expression may precede CD38
appearance. Cell sorting shows that colony-forming unit (CFU)-GEMM and
CFU-GM are present in high proportions in this fraction and in the
fraction with the lowest CD9 expression. Cells with the highest level
of CD9 are committed to the B-lymphoid or megakaryocytic (MK) lineages,
as shown by the co-expression of either CD19 or CD41/GPIIb and by their
strong potential to give rise to CFU-MK. In liquid cultures,
CD9highCD41neg cells give rise to cells with
high CD41 expression as early as 2 days, and this was delayed by at
least 3 to 4 days for the CD9mid cells; few
CD41high cells could be detected in the CD9low
cell culture, even after 6 days. Antibody ligation of cell surface CD9
increased the number of human CFU-MK progenitors and reduced the
production of CD41+ megakaryocytic cells in liquid culture.
This was associated with a decreased expression of MK differentiation
antigens and with an alteration of the membrane structure of MK cells.
Altogether these data show a precise regulation of CD9 during
hematopoiesis and suggest a role for this molecule in megakaryocytic
differentiation, possibly by participation in membrane remodeling.
(Blood. 2001;97:1982-1989) The 24-kd CD9 antigen,1,2 a member of
the tetraspanin superfamily,3,4 was originally identified
on the surfaces of early B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
cells.5 Whereas further studies have extended its
distribution to other types of leukemia, its expression remains
predominant on B-lineage ALL and in promyelocytic M3
leukemia.6,7 This molecule is also expressed on various
types of normal hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic tissues. In the
peripheral blood, CD9 is highly expressed in basophils, eosinophils,
and platelets, but not in erythrocytes.8
The function of CD9 is still unknown. Extensive studies have been
performed in platelets that can be activated on the addition of CD9
monoclonal antibodies (mAbs).9,10 However, this activation does not directly reflect the function of CD9 because it is mediated through Fc Combining functional observations with biochemical data showing complex
cell surface molecular associations has led to the hypothesis that
tetraspanins may constitute a network of molecular interactions, the
tetraspan web,14,15 and may function as surface organizers14 or facilitators.16 The
organization of tetraspanins on the cell surface may allow the
cross-talk of different types of surface molecules, whereas the
functional properties of anti-tetraspanin mAbs might partially relate
to the engagement of associated molecules. One of the molecules
associated with CD9 is the integrin Monoclonal antibodies
Cell preparation
Immunomagnetic purification of CD34+ cells CD34+ cells were recovered from nonadherent LD cells by the immunomagnetic bead technique according to the description of the manufacturer (Isolation Kit CD34 MACS; Miltenyi Biotec, France). Briefly, nonspecific fixation was blocked with human immunoglobulin, and cells were labeled using a hapten-conjugated primary monoclonal anti-CD34 antibody (QBEND-10) and an anti-hapten antibody coupled to submicroscopic magnetic beads. The labeled cells were added to a sterile positive separation column (VS+; Miltenyi Biotech, Paris, France) placed in a magnetic field of the VarioMACS. CD34+ cells were flushed with PBS outside the column, removed from the magnetic field, and collected by centrifugation (700g). This purification procedure routinely yielded CD34+ cells that were more than 97% pure. Cell number and viability (greater than 97%) were assessed with a hemacytometer and trypan blue.Cell immunostaining and flow cytometric analysis Purified cells were stained with an mAb directed against the CD34 antigen (8G12 PE) and with fluorochrome-conjugated mAbs against other antigens to allow flow cytometric analysis or sorting of the cell subsets. Multiparameter analysis of the purified cells for cell surface antigen expression was performed as follows: 5 × 104 cells were labeled with 10 µg/mL (saturating concentration) of conjugated mAbs at 4°C for 30 minutes in 40 µL PBS/2% bovine serum albumin and washed twice. In some experiments, a biotin-labeled mAb was used and revealed by streptavidin conjugated to APC. Immunostained cells were analyzed using 4-color Facscalibur (Becton Dickinson). For each sample, 104 to 105 events were acquired in list mode. In multiple stainings, adjustment of the crossover of fluorescence signals was obtained by compensation of the 2 single-stained samples to limit the superposition of fluorochrome emission spectra. Forward-scatter light (FS), side-scatter (SS), and 2 to 4 fluorescence signals were determined for each cell, stored in list mode data files, and analyzed with CellQuest (Becton Dickinson) or WinMDI software.Cell sorting Immunostained cells were sorted using a Coulter Elite flow cytometer (Coulter- Immunotech). For cell sorting, immunomagnetic-purified CD34+ cells were gated on (1) the FS/SS, excluding low FS/SS B-progenitor cells,24 (2) CD34 labeling, and (3) CD9 expression level, which was arbitrarily defined as CD9 low (25%), CD9 middle (40%), and CD9 high (25%) according to gates A, B, and C, respectively (in which CD41+ were excluded). Five percent of cells at the limits between these populations were excluded from the sorting. In some experiments, CD34+ cells were also sorted according to both CD9 and CD41 expression levels. Two gates were defined: gate D corresponded to CD41midCD9mid cells (6% to 8%), and gate E corresponded to CD41highCD9high cells (2% to 4%).Progenitor colony assays Total CD34+ cells and sorted subpopulations were cultured in methylcellulose medium to assess the growth of colony-forming unit-granulocyte macrophage, erythroid, and megakaryocytic (CFU-GEMM), CFU-granulocyte macrophage (GM), burst-forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E), and CFU-mastocytic (Mast). Two thousand purified cells were plated in 35-mm dishes (Becton Dickinson) in 1 mL Iscove modified Dulbecco medium (ICN) containing 1% methylcellulose (Fluka, Buchs, Switzerland), 30% selected fetal calf serum (Flow Lab), 1% bovine serum albumin (Sigma, St Louis, MO), 10 5 M 2-mercaptoethanol (Sigma), 1% L-glutamine (GIBCO
BRL), 1% antibiotic (Genzyme, Cergy St-Christophe, France), 2 U
erythropoietin (EPO; Cilag, Italy), 10 ng stem cell factor (Amgen,
Neuilly/Seine, France), 100 U IL-1 (Genzyme), 2.5 ng IL-3 (Sandoz,
Basel, Switzerland), 1 ng IL-6 (Genzyme), 100 U GM-CSF (Sandoz), and
100 ng G-CSF (Dompe Biotechnology, Italy). We have previously
established that such a cytokine combination was optimal for maximal
colony formation from purified bone marrow CD34+
cells.25 Duplicate cultures were incubated at 37°C in a
humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2. CFU (50 or more
cells) were scored using an inverted microscope, after 12 to 14 days of
culture, on the basis of specific morphologic
criteria.26
CFU megakaryocyte (CFU-MK) and BFU bipotent erythroid-megakaryocyte (BFU-E/MK) progenitors were assessed in collagen matrix by using the Easymega kit (Hemeris, Grenoble, France) according to the manufacturer's instructions.27,28 Briefly, 4 × 103 to 104 sorted CD34+ cells were incubated in 1 mL serum-free Easymega medium supplemented by the following cytokines: 2.5 ng IL-3, 10 ng IL-6, and 50 ng thrombopoietin (Amgen). For BFU-E/MK assay, 2 U EPO was also added to the medium. In some experiments, purified CD34+ cells were incubated under similar semisolid culture conditions with or without a monoclonal anti-CD9 antibody (10 µg/mL) or an IgG1 isotype control (R&D Systems, Abingdon, UK). Duplicate cultures were incubated at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2. The different types of colony were scored according to the criteria already described28 using an inverted microscope after 10 to 20 days of culture. Standard cytology staining (May-Grünwald-Giemsa) or immunocytochemistry with a CD41 mAb followed by APAAP staining was also performed for reliable and accurate identification of megakaryocytic colonies. Megakaryocyte liquid culture Short-term liquid cultures of human megakaryocytes were set up in duplicate wells (105 sorted cells/mL) using the same medium as for semisolid culture except for the presence of collagen. In some experiments, purified CD34+ cells were incubated in the presence of the SYB-1 CD9 mAb (10 µg/mL) or an IgG1 isotype control (R&D Systems). At various time-points of the culture, cells were harvested, counted, and labeled with mAbs directed against MK surface glycoproteins. Smears and pellets were also prepared for cytologic and ultrastructural studies. The final cell concentration was readjusted at 105 cells/mL with fresh medium containing the same mAbs.Transmission electron microscopy Culture cells were fixed at 4°C in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in PBS buffer for 30 minutes, washed twice in PBS, postfixed in 2% osmium tetroxide, dehydrated in graded ethanol, and embedded in epoxy resin. Thin sections (84 nm) were cut and examined with a JEOL 100C electron microscope, after uranyl acetate and lead citrate staining. At least 100 MK cells were examined under each set of culture conditions.Statistical analysis The significance of differences between groups was determined by Student t test for paired samples. P < .05 was considered statistically significant.
Distribution of the CD9 antigen on bone marrow low-density cells The expression of CD9 in bone marrow cells has not been accurately studied. Our results show that a minor proportion of bone marrow LD cells expresses CD9 at levels varying from negative/low to high (Figure 1). Erythroid cells expressing the late differentiation marker, glycophorin A, are excluded from the CD9+ population. CD34+ cells heterogeneously express CD9 with an expression varying from low to high intensity. Interestingly, expression of the earliest megakaryocytic marker CD41 (GPIIb or integrin IIb) is correlated with CD9
expression. All CD41high cells express high levels of CD9
antigen. The pattern of CD9 distribution in CD19+ cells
(mainly B-lymphoid cells) is also heterogeneous (Figure 1). Multicolor
analysis with an mAb recognizing surface immunoglobulins (sIg) allows
the separation of CD19+ cells into
sIgCD9high and
sIg+CD9neg/low populations (data not
shown).
Antigenic characterization of the bone marrow CD34+ cells according to CD9 expression Phenotypic characterization of CD34+ cells in relation to the CD9 expression level was performed by multicolor fluorescence labeling using various lineage or differentiation-stage marker antibodies (Figure 2). As expected, the FS/SS plot showed 2 distinct CD34+ cell populations. The CD34 cells displaying the higher FS/SS value (gate R1) mainly included primitive and committed myeloid progenitors29 but few CD19+ cells. The other population, showing a lower FS/SS value (gate R2), was essentially composed of CD19+ pre-B cells (data not shown).24 In the bone marrow, the frequency of such a CD34+CD19+ cell subpopulation varied from one sample to another (10%-20%). In line with the results obtained on LD cells, when CD9/CD19 coexpression was analyzed either on R1 (Figure 2) or R2 populations (data not shown), most of the CD19+CD34+ cells expressed CD9 strongly.
We further studied the co-expression of CD9 with primitive and myeloid differentiation markers within the CD34+ population gated on the R1 plus R3 regions. Both CD38low 29 and HLA-DRlow 30 CD34+ populations have been reported to be enriched in primitive progenitor cells. The CD38/CD9 plot is triangular, indicating that the CD38low/neg cells are in the CD9mid population and suggesting that CD9 expression may precede CD38 appearance (Figure 2). The shape of the CD90(Thy1)/CD9 plot is reciprocal to the CD38/CD9 plot. The CD9/HLA-DR plot shows an even distribution of HLA-DR labeling according to CD9 expression, though a small fraction of the CD9mid cells, which contains the CD38low cells, expresses a reduced amount of HLA-DR (Figure 2). Two different mAbs were used to detect CD41 on CD34+ cells. Few cells were labeled with mAb P2 (data not shown). In contrast, approximately 10% of cells were stained by the mAb 5B12. All the CD34+CD41+ cells were stained by the CD9 mAb. The correlation between CD9 and CD41 expression observed in LD cells was confirmed in CD34+-purified cells: CD41high cells express high levels of CD9 whereas CD41low cells are preferentially CD9mid (Figure 2). Platelet contamination was excluded by the absence of labeling with a CD42/GPIb mAb (data not shown). CD15, which is viewed as a myeloid differentiation marker,31 is heterogeneously and mainly expressed in the CD9low/mid cells. The distribution of the early myeloid markers, CD13 and CD33, is partly biphasic in CD34+ cells, with an even distribution of the 2 populations along the CD9 gradient. A small fraction of CD34+ cells expresses the monocytic marker CD14 with a heterogeneous distribution pattern according to CD9 labeling. CD7, which is expressed on primitive lympho-myeloid progenitors,31 is observed on few cells, mainly among the CD9low/mid cells. Progenitor content according to CD9 expression CD34+ cells (excluding the R2 low FS/SSC pre-B-cell population) were sorted according to their CD9 and CD41 expression levels (Figure 3). CD34+CD41neg bone marrow cells were sorted into CD9low, CD9mid, and CD9high subpopulations according to gates defined in Figure 3 (gates A, B, C). Sorted cells were re-analyzed for CD9 expression and were cultured under semisolid or liquid conditions supplemented with various combinations of growth factors, as described in "Materials and methods."
As shown in Figure 4, the
CD9low fraction contained the highest proportion of
CFU-mast. Pluripotent CFU-GEMM, CFU-GM, and CFU-M progenitors were
preferentially found in the CD9low/mid fractions. Erythroid
progenitors (BFU-E) were detected within the 3 fractions, with a
slightly higher proportion in CD9low and CD9mid
populations. Furthermore, erythroid colonies present in the
CD9low/mid fractions were larger than those in the
CD9high factor (data not shown), suggesting that
CD9low/mid fractions contained more primitive BFU-E.
Interestingly, when cells from the CD9mid fraction were
sorted according to their CD41 expression, the proportion of BFU-E was
slightly higher in the CD41mid/low population than in the
CD41neg population (250 ± 4 and 190 ± 9,
respectively, for 2000 plated cells). CFU-GEMM were enriched in the
CD41neg fraction compared to the CD41mid/low
population (29 ± 2 and 9 ± 1 colonies, respectively, for 2000 plated cells).
CD9 expression and megakaryocytic lineage In contrast to the other myeloid progenitors, when CD34+CD41 bone marrow cells were sorted into
CD9low, CD9mid, and CD9high
subpopulations, CFU-MK were highly enriched in the CD9high
population (Figures 4, 5). Only a small
proportion of CFU-MK was detected in the CD9low fraction,
and an intermediate proportion was detected in the CD9mid
fraction. As indicated earlier, a small fraction of the
CD34+CD9+ cells expresses the CD41 antigen.
Therefore, we sorted CD9high and CD9mid cells
according to their CD41 expression level (Figure 3). The proportion of
CFU-MK was 4-fold higher in the CD9midCD41neg
fraction (gate B) than in the CD9midCD41mid/low
population (gate D) (24 ± 2 and 6 ± 1, respectively, for
104 plated cells). In contrast,
CD9highCD41high (gate E) only gave rise to a
small number of differentiated megakaryocytic clusters.
When EPO was added to these cultures, BFU-E/MK mainly arose from the differentiation of the CD9mid cells (21 ± 16 for 104 plated cells) compared to CD9high (7 ± 4 for 104 plated cells). Few BFU-E/MK were detected in the CD9low fraction and even then only in some experiments (data not shown). To confirm that CD41negCD9mid or CD9high could give rise to differentiated megakaryocytes, we monitored the kinetics of CD41 acquisition and CD9 modulation in 1-week liquid cultures. Two days after seeding, the cells in the CD9high cell culture exhibited cytologic features of mature megakaryocytes, and 10% had high levels of both CD41 and CD9 (Figure 5A-B). A similar evolution was observed in the CD9mid cell culture but was delayed by 3 to 4 days compared to the CD9high fraction. The CD9low population grew more slowly at the start of culture and, therefore, could not be analyzed by flow cytometry within the first 4 days. Few CD41high cells were detected in CD9low cells, even after 6 days of culture (Figure 5A-B). Antibody ligation of CD9 alters MK cell production and modifies the membrane system during in vitro megakaryocytic differentiation To address whether CD9 could be involved in MK differentiation, CD34+ cells were grown in liquid cultures, allowing the proliferation and differentiation of MK cells in the presence of CD9 mAb SYB-1 or of an isotype control.The addition of the CD9 mAb did not modify either the ploidy of
the MK cells (data not shown) or the proportion of CD41+
cells obtained during the culture. Actually, whether they were treated
with mAbs or not, CD41+ cells represented 80% to 90% of
the total number of cells on day 9 of the culture (Figure
6A). In contrast, CD9 ligation greatly reduced the production of CD41+ cells because there were
50% fewer cells in the CD9 mAb-treated sample on day 9 of the culture
(Figure 6B). Interestingly, these cells also showed a lower expression
of early and late MK differentiation markers such as CD41, CD61, CD42a,
CD42b, and CD62P (Figure 6C-D) compared to isotype-treated control
cells.
Electron microscope analysis of cells obtained after 8 to 14 days of
culture confirmed that most of the cells, treated or not with a control
mAb, had ultrastructural features typical of mature
MKs.32 These cells had multilobed and indented
nuclei, a well-developed and aligned demarcation membrane system,
multivesicular bodies, and numerous specific MK granules (Figure
7B). On days 12 to 14, formation (Figure
7E) and shedding of proplatelets (Figure 7I) were frequently observed.
When treated with the CD9 mAb, MK cells also had multilobed and
indented nuclei (Figure 7A) but exhibited major cytoplasmic
abnormalities. Indeed, whereas endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex,
and mitochondria did not show visible alterations, the plasma membrane
system appeared to be deeply modified, especially on days 12 and 14 of
the culture. The demarcation membrane system, with open cisternae, was
not uniformly distributed throughout the cytoplasm (Figure 7A-C). Some
of the cisternae contained abnormal fibrillar material (Figure 7D), and
on day 14 few open cisternae were visible. Many multivesicular bodies containing vesicular, lamellar, and fibrillar material were observed on
day 12. On day 14, the MK cytoplasm contained numerous heterogeneous multivesicular bodies and large vacuoles, probably resulting from the
fusion of multivesicular bodies (Figure 7F-G). Final exocytosis of the
vacuolar content was frequently observed at this time of culture
(Figure 7H). Specific MK granules were seen on days 8 and 12 but were
less numerous on day 14. Interestingly, proplatelet territories were
never found in anti-CD9-treated cells, even on day 14.
Antibody ligation of CD9 increases the number of CFU-MK progenitors The effect of CD9 ligation on the growth of human CFU-MK progenitors in semisolid medium was also studied. Because of individual variations in CFU-MK growth, we present individual data obtained from CD34+ cells isolated from 3 different bone marrow samples. Our results show that the addition of CD9 mAb to CD34+ cells significantly increased the number of CFU-MK compared to control isotype IgG (Table 1).
The CD9 antigen belongs to the tetraspanin superfamily of surface molecules, which have been shown to play a role not only in cell migration or co-stimulation but also in the differentiation of non-hematopoietic and hematopoietic cells. CD9 has been shown to play a role in keratinocyte differentiation33 and in murine osteoclastic and myeloid differentiation.22-24 Furthermore, the tetraspanin CD81 appears to be involved in murine thymocyte differentiation.35 However, to date, there is no evidence for the role of tetraspanins in human hematopoiesis. In this report, we have characterized the expression of CD9 in low-density mononuclear cells and in CD34+ progenitors purified from human bone marrow, and we have shown a precise regulation of CD9 expression along the megakaryocytic cell lineage. Furthermore, functional studies suggest a role for CD9 in megakaryopoiesis. A minority of bone marrow LD cells expresses CD9. This is related to
the fact that neutrophil precursors and erythroblasts,8,36 which constitute the bulk of bone marrow nucleated cells, are CD9 An important finding of the current study is that CD9 is expressed in nearly all CD34+ cells isolated from bone marrow; its range of expression varies from low to high levels. The combined use of multiple labeling with cell sorting and progenitor analysis points out the complex regulation of this molecule's expression during the early and late stages of hematopoietic differentiation. Because CD34++CD38lowCD90high cells are mainly contained in the CD9mid fraction, it is suggested that primitive progenitors are CD9mid. The presence of CFU-GEMM in the CD9low fraction may reflect a possible down-regulation of CD9 expression during the differentiation process from primitive to committed progenitors. The early commitment of primitive progenitors toward erythro-megakaryocytic lineages is marked by an increase in CD9 expression, as supported by the fact that BFU-E/MK are mainly present in the CD9mid fractions. Later on, CD9 is lost upon erythroid differentiation, as shown by the lack of CD9 on GPA+ erythroid cells. In contrast, CD9 expression is increased within the megakaryocytic differentiation pathway, as demonstrated by a higher number of CFU-MK in the collagen matrix, and faster CD41+ cell production in liquid cultures arising from the CD9high cells, compared to CD9mid and CD9low fractions. These results are in agreement with previous in vitro studies showing that during TPA treatment of K562 cells, a model for megakaryocytic differentiation, CD9 was up-regulated before the appearance of CD41/GPIIb.37 The relation between CD41 expression and the potential for multilineage hematopoietic differentiation has been addressed in several papers. Using single-cell38 or paired daughter cell cultures and immunolabeling,39 the erythro-megakaryocytic bipotentiality of the CD34+CD41+ cell subset has been reported.40 In the current study, sorted CD41high cells (2% of the CD34+ cells) had lost their erythroid potential and only formed clusters of mature megakaryocytic cells. However, the presence of BFU-E in the CD9midCD41mid fraction strengthened the hypothesis that CD41 can be weakly expressed at early stages of the erythro-megakaryocytic commitment.38,39 Interestingly, the presence of a low proportion of CFU-GEMM in the CD41mid/low population also supported the hypothesis that CD41 might be expressed on a fraction of pluripotent progenitors, as recently demonstrated in avians.41 The early increase in CD9 expression during in vivo and in vitro megakaryopoiesis suggested that the CD9 antigen might play a role in megakaryocytic differentiation, and antibody ligation of CD9 indeed altered the in vitro differentiation of human CD34+ cells into megakaryocytes. In the murine system, it has been suggested that CD9 is involved in osteoclastogenesis34 and in myelopoiesis.22 However, in these studies CD9, which is expressed on stromal cells, is thought to play an indirect role, possibly by modulating interactions between stromal cells, osteoclasts, and myeloid cells.23 In our study, the mechanism by which CD9 mAb altered in vitro CFU-MK formation was likely to be different because our culture system used freshly purified CD34+ progenitor cells and did not rely on the presence of stromal cells. Antibody ligation of CD9 inhibited the production of CD41+ megakaryocytic cells in liquid cultures and altered terminal MK maturation. CD9 mAb treatment did not modify maturation of the nucleus, but it deeply altered the membrane structures of MK cells, such as demarcation membranes or heterogenous multivesicular body membranes, which appear to fuse with each other or with the plasma membrane. The lack of proplatelet formation in the presence of CD9 mAb and the reduced expression of surface MK markers likely result from these membrane alterations. Interestingly, it has been reported that CD9 and other tetraspanins are implicated in processes in which membranes are reorganized, especially in cell fusion. CD9 and CD81 mAbs were shown to inhibit and delay in vitro myotube formation, and overexpression of CD9 increased the formation of syncytia by myoblast-derived RD cells.42 Certain mAbs directed to tetraspanins were initially selected for their ability to inhibit the syncytia induced by different viruses.43-45 Finally, the strongest evidence that tetraspanins might be involved in membrane fusion comes from CD9 knock-out mice studies that have shown a crucial role for this molecule in sperm-egg fusion.13 In conclusion, our results showing the early up-regulation of CD9 on hematopoietic progenitors and the effect of CD9 mAb on megakaryocytic differentiation suggest that this tetraspanin plays a role in megakaryopoiesis, possibly by participating in the membrane remodeling process.
We thank Dr Masse for the continuous supply of bone marrow samples and Dr Bréard for the generous gift of mAb SYB-1. We thank Dr J. Breton-Gorius for her advice concerning the ultrastructure study of megakaryocytic cells.
Submitted June 28, 2000; accepted November 21, 2000.
Supported by Association Nouvelles Recherches Biomédicales, ARC nos. 1803 and 9203.
The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. Therefore, and solely to indicate this fact, this article is hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. section 1734.
Reprints: Marie-Caroline Le Bousse-Kerdilès, INSERM U268, Institut André LWOFF, Hôpital Paul Brousse, 14, Avenue Paul-Vaillant Couturier, 94800, Villejuif, France; e-mail: lebousse{at}infobiogen.fr.
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© 2001 by The American Society of Hematology.
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S. Emadi, D. Clay, C. Desterke, B. Guerton, E. Maquarre, A. Charpentier, C. Jasmin, M.-C. Le Bousse-Kerdiles, and for the French INSERM Research Network on MMM IL-8 and its CXCR1 and CXCR2 receptors participate in the control of megakaryocytic proliferation, differentiation, and ploidy in myeloid metaplasia with myelofibrosis Blood, January 15, 2005; 105(2): 464 - 473. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. G. Manz, T. Miyamoto, K. Akashi, and I. L. Weissman Prospective isolation of human clonogenic common myeloid progenitors PNAS, September 3, 2002; 99(18): 11872 - 11877. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Top
Abstract
Introduction
RII cross-linking by the mAbs.
evidence for a new family of multiple membrane-spanning proteins.
J Biol Chem.
1991;266:10638-10645