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HEMOSTASIS, THROMBOSIS, AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY
From the Department of Clinical and Laboratory
Medicine, Yamanashi Medical University, Yamanashi, Japan; and
Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Kanagawa,
Japan.
In this study, the receptors and signals involved in
collagen-induced platelet spreading were examined. It was found that platelet spreading on collagen (presenting a polygon shape with a
number of filopodialike projections) was inhibited by the
anti-integrin Platelet adhesion to collagen fibers through
specific receptors is one of the initial processes in thrombus
formation. Platelets adhere to, then spread on, collagen fibers, and
finally form aggregates by recruiting other platelets through
glycoprotein (GP)IIb/IIIa-fibrinogen binding. Platelet spreading and
aggregation appear to involve different processes. The collagen
receptors responsible for each process also seem to be different. A
number of candidates for platelet collagen receptors have been proposed
to date, including integrin There have been several studies on the receptors responsible for
platelet spreading on collagen-coated surfaces. Kehrel et al9 reported that only 9.9% of GPIa-deficient platelets
spread on type I collagen, in contrast to 82% with control platelets. Nakamura et al10 showed that an anti-integrin
Platelets adhere to collagen, then extend projections, and finally form
curtainlike extensions between the projections during the process of
spreading. These structures are reminiscent of filopodia and
lamellipodia induced by the small guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding
proteins, Rac/Cdc42. Cdc42 and Rac belong to the Rho family of small
GTP-binding proteins, which contribute to the dynamic rearrangement of
the actin cytoskeleton. In other cells, Cdc42 mediates the formation of
long and thin actin-dependent extensions called filopodia, and Rac
mediates the formation of curtainlike extensions called lamellipodia,
although their functions cannot be clearly distinguished in many cases.
Rho mediates the formation of actin stress fibers and focal adhesion,
which appear to generate tension and stabilize adhesion. Its role
in cell spreading has also been implied. Clark et al12
reported that a significant reduction in cell spreading was observed in
Rat-1 cells expressing dominant negative Rho. Rac and Cdc42 interact
with a number of effector proteins. Among them, p21-activated kinases
(PAKs) have been investigated most extensively in relation to Rac and
Cdc42. Both Rac and Cdc42 in the GTP-bound state interact specifically with, and activate, PAK. PAKs are supposed to play an important role in
cytoskeletal organization, including lamellipodia
formation.13
Similarities between platelet spreading and
lamellipodia/filopodia formation induced by Rac/Cdc42 prompted us to
investigate the role of Rac/Cdc42 and their effector PAKs for platelet
spreading. In this study, we present several lines of evidence to
suggest that integrin Materials
The following materials were obtained from the indicated
suppliers: anti-Rac1 mAb (Transduction Laboratories, Lexington, KY); anti-Cdc42 polyclonal antibody (pAb), anti-PAK pAb (C19), blocking peptides for anti-PAK pAb (sc-881 P), and peroxidase-conjugated goat
anti-rabbit IgG (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA); Type I
collagen (Nycomed Pharma GMBH, Munich, Germany); Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser (Peptide Institute, Osaka, Japan); bovine serum albumin (BSA), prostaglandin I2 (PGI2), phenylmethylsulfonyl
fluoride (PMSF), sodium orthovanadate, Triton X-100, tetramethyl
rhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC)-conjugated phalloidin and myelin
basic protein (Sigma, St Louis, MO); protein A Sepharose and
glutathione Sepharose 4B beads (Pharmacia Biotech, Uppsala, Sweden);
peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (Cappel Organon Teknika,
Durham, NC); wortmannin (Sigma); PP1 (Biomol Research Laboratories,
Plymouth Meeting, PA); and [ Platelet preparation
Platelet adhesion study For the preparation of microtiter plates coated with collagen or antibodies, 300 µL of 50 µg/mL collagen in an SKF buffer (Nycomed Pharma GMBH) or 10 µg/mL TS2/16 or 7E10B (intact molecules or F(ab')2 fragments) was added to each well of a Falcon 24-well flat-bottomed plate (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ), and the plates were left to stand overnight at room temperature. After 2 cycles of washing with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), each well was blocked with 1% BSA in PBS for 30 minutes at room temperature. Prior to each experiment, 1% BSA-containing PBS was heated at 80°C for 10 minutes and sterilized by filtration. One hundred microliters of washed platelets (1 × 107 cells/mL) was then added to each well and incubated at 30°C for the indicated duration. After unbound platelets were removed by washing, wells were incubated with 3% paraformaldehyde for 30 minutes at room temperature. Platelet membranes were lysed with 0.2% Triton X-100, and the adhering platelets were stained by 0.1 µg/mL TRITC-conjugated phalloidin. Cells were viewed under a BH microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) and photographed on Fujicolor super G400 (Fujifilm, Tokyo, Japan). The number of adhering platelets was calculated on the photographs.Precipitation with GST fusion proteins expressing PBD Expression of GST fusion protein was induced by 0.5 mM isopropyl thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). Bacteria were collected 2 hours after the addition of IPTG and suspended in a lysis buffer containing 50 mM Tris (pH 7.4), 150 mM NaCl, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM PMSF, 10 µg/mL leupeptin, and 1% Triton X-100. After standing on ice for 30 minutes, suspensions were sonicated and cleared by centrifugation at 10 000 rpm for 20 minutes. The supernatants were added to glutathione-Sepharose and incubated for 1 hour at 4°C. The beads were washed twice with a washing buffer and used for a binding assay. For the preparation of plates coated with collagen or TS2/16, 2 mL of 50 µg/mL collagen in an SKF buffer or 10 µg/mL TS2/16 was added to 10-cm diameter dishes for cell culture (Becton Dickinson). To each dish 1.2 mL washed platelets (4 × 108 cells/mL) were added, and the dishes were then incubated at 30°C for the indicated duration. Platelets were then lysed with 0.3 mL of 5 × ice-cold lysis buffer B (5% Triton X-100, 250 mM Tris/HCl, pH 7.4, 0.75 M NaCl, 50 mM MgCl2, 0.5% SDS, 5 mM PMSF, and 50 µg/mL leupeptin). After incubation for 30 minutes on ice, the platelet lysates were scraped by a cell scraper, sonicated 3 times for 5 seconds, then cleared by centrifugation at 16 000g for 5 minutes. The supernatants were incubated with 80 µL PBD-bound glutathione Sepharose 4B for 1 hour at 4°C. The beads were washed 4 times in a 1 × lysis buffer B. Proteins were eluted from the beads with 45 µL sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-reducing buffer,20 boiled for 5 minutes, subjected to 15% SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and electrophoretically transferred onto Clear Blot Membrane-P (Atto, Tokyo, Japan). The membranes were blocked with 1% BSA in PBS. After extensive washing with PBS containing 0.1% Tween 80, the immunoblots were incubated for 2 hours with the indicated antibody. Antibody binding was detected by using peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG or anti-rabbit IgG and visualized with electrogenerated chemiluminescence reaction reagents (Amersham, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom) and Konica X-ray film (JX 8 × 10; Konica, Tokyo, Japan). Where indicated, levels of Rac/Cdc42 activation were quantified by using a PDI1400oe Scanner and Quantity One 2.5a software for Macintosh.Immunoprecipitation kinase assay The dishes coated with collagen or TS2/16 were prepared as described for Precipitation with GST fusion proteins expressing PBD. To each dish 1.5 mL washed platelets (2 × 108 cells/mL) pretreated with a vehicle solution or inhibitors was added, and the dishes were incubated at 30°C for the indicated duration. After removing unbound platelets, platelets were lysed with 0.6 mL of a 1 × ice-cold lysis buffer A (2% Triton X-100, 100 mM Tris/HCl pH 7.5, 5 mM EGTA, 2 mM vanadate, 1 mM PMSF, and 100 µg/mL leupeptin) and scraped by a cell scraper. The lysates were sonicated 3 times for 5 seconds and then cleared by centrifugation at 16 000g for 5 minutes. The protein concentrations of the resultant supernatants were determined by dye binding,21 and approximately 0.1 mg protein was used for immunoprecipitation. The samples were precleared with protein A-Sepharose 4B, and the resultant supernatants were immunoprecipitated with anti-PAK antibody. The immunoprecipitates were washed with 1 × lysis buffer A 3 times and then washed once with a low-salt buffer (10 mM Tris/HCl pH 7.2, 100 mM NaCl, 5 mmol/L MnCl2). The beads were incubated with 25 µL kinase reaction buffer (300 mM HEPES/NaOH, 15 mM MnCl2, 150 mM MgCl2, pH 8.0) with 2 µg myelin basic protein for 5 minutes, and reactions were initiated by the addition of 2 µM adenosine triphosphate (ATP; 10 µCi [37 Bq] [ -32P]ATP). After 10 minutes at 20°C,
reactions were stopped by the addition of a 3 × SDS sample buffer,
then subjected to boiling for 5 minutes. The proteins were separated
under reducing conditions by 14% SDS-PAGE and electrophoretically
transferred onto Clear Blot Membrane-P. The membrane was dried and
visualized with a BAS-2000 phosphor-image analyzer (Fuji Film, Japan).
Measurement of platelet shape change Platelet shape change was measured by recording light transmission changes in an aggregometer as described previously22 at a cell density of 3 to 10 × 107/mL. Briefly, a vehicle solution or inhibitors were added to the platelet suspension at the indicated concentrations and incubated for 5 minutes. Collagen (20 µg/mL) was added to the platelet suspension, and light transmission changes were monitored for 5 minutes under stirring conditions. All the measurements were performed in the presence of 0.1 mM EGTA.
Platelet spreading on collagen-coated surfaces and effects of
the anti-integrin  2 1-mediated signals to platelet
spreading, we pretreated platelets with anti-integrin 2
antibody (7E10B), then seeded the platelets onto collagen-coated surfaces. The anti-integrin 2 antibody partially
inhibited platelet adhesion, whereas it almost completely inhibited
platelet spreading (Figure 1, right panels). Anti-GPIV antibody did not
inhibit platelet spreading on collagen-coated surfaces at all (data not
shown), which was consistent with a previous report.23
Although we had no access to an anti-GPVI antibody, a previous study
reported that an anti-GPVI antibody or RGDS peptide had only slight
inhibitory effects.23 Our findings, combined with previous
reports, suggest that integrin 21 plays a
major role in platelet spreading on collagen-coated surfaces, whereas
collagen receptors other than integrin
21, including GPVI, also contribute to
platelet adhesion.
Platelets spread on the surfaces coated with F(ab)'2
fragments of anti-integrin 21 alone could induce platelet spreading.
Platelets placed on the surfaces coated with F(ab)'2
fragments of TS2/16, an anti-integrin 1 antibody, or
7E10B, an anti-integrin 2 antibody, underwent spreading, forming lamellipodialike structures (Figure
2A). Pretreatment of platelets with 10 µg/mL 7E10B almost completely inhibited platelet adhesion or
spreading on 7E10B- or TS2/16-coated surfaces (data not shown),
confirming that platelet spreading was specifically mediated by
integrin 21. These findings suggest that
cross-linking of integrin 21 alone can
induce platelet spreading. Platelet spreading was observed 10 minutes
after seeding on collage-coated surfaces, whereas it was observed 30 minutes after seeding on TS2/16-coated surfaces (Figure 2B).
The shape of platelet spreading on antibody-coated surfaces was
slightly different from that on collagen-coated surfaces (Figure 2A).
Platelet spreading on collagen presented a polygon shape with a number
of filopodialike projections, whereas platelet spreading on TS2/16 or
7E10B-coated surfaces presented an almost complete round shape. Signals
mediated through receptors other than integrin Effects of inhibitors on platelet spreading on the surfaces coated with collagen or TS2/16 To investigate the signals that lead to platelet spreading, we examined the effects of various inhibitors that are known to inhibit platelet aggregation induced by collagen. Because platelets showed more extensive spreading on the TS2/16-coated surfaces than that on the 7E10B-coated ones under visual evaluation, TS2/16 was subsequently used to induce platelet spreading. As shown in Figure 3, 10 µM PP1, a specific inhibitor of Src family kinases, strongly inhibited platelet spreading on collagen-coated surfaces as well as that on TS2/16-coated ones, suggesting that Src family kinases play a crucial role in platelet spreading. Wortmannin (100 nM), a PI3-kinase inhibitor, inhibited platelet spreading on the surfaces coated with collagen or TS2/16, although the inhibitory effect on collagen-coated surfaces was relatively weak. From these findings, we suggest that PI3-kinase plays a vital role in TS2/16-induced platelet spreading, whereas its contribution is only partial in platelet spreading on collagen-coated surfaces.
Y-27632 has been used widely as a specific inhibitor of Rho kinase, which is a Rho effector. Since Clark et al24 suggested the role of Rho in cell spreading of Rat-1 cells, the effects of Y-27632 on platelet spreading were examined. We found that 20 µM Y-27632 inhibited neither platelet spreading on collagen-coated surfaces nor that of TS2/16. However, the same concentration of Y-27632 reduced collagen-induced platelet shape change in suspension to approximately 30% ± 19% of the control (n = 5). Recently, it has been reported that both Rho/Rho kinase activation and Ca++ mobilization are involved in adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet shape change.25,26 Because ADP is released on platelet activation, we next sought to exclude the possibility that this inhibitory effect of Y-27632 is due to the inhibition of ADP-induced Rho/Rho kinase activation. Even in the presence of apyrase, an ADP scavenger, the inhibitory effects of Y-27632 were essentially the same as those in the absence of apyrase (data not shown). These findings suggest that Rho/Rho kinase activation through collagen receptors is not required for platelet spreading on collagen, although it plays an important role in collagen-induced platelet shape change in suspension. Rho family small GTPases, Rac and Cdc42, are activated during platelet spreading on collagen- or TS2/16-coated surfaces When platelets adhere to collagen, they spread rapidly by extending projections, which is followed by the formation of curtainlike extensions. These structures are reminiscent of filopodia and lamellipodia mediated by the small GTP-binding proteins, Cdc42 and Rac, respectively. Thus, we investigated the activation of Rac/Cdc42 during platelet spreading.To detect the activation of Rac/Cdc42, we used a recombinant Rac/Cdc42 binding domain of PAK (PBD) that specifically binds to the activated Rac/Cdc42. Washed platelets were placed on collagen-, TS2/16-, or BSA-coated dishes, incubated for the indicated periods of time, then lysed with a lysis buffer. Activated Rac/Cdc42 proteins were precipitated by GST fusion proteins of PBD, followed by Western blotting with an anti-Rac or Cdc42 antibody. Rac showed only minimal activation even 30 minutes after
platelets were placed on BSA-coated surfaces (Figure
4A, inset). However, in the case of
collagen-coated dishes, Rac was activated 10 minutes after platelet
seeding, and its activation increased in a time-dependent manner
(Figure 4A). The Rac activity reached the maximum level (about a 5-fold
increase) at 60 minutes, the longest time point we examined in this
study. At 60 minutes, the recovery of Rac usually decreased, which may
be due to its degradation or its translocation to the cytoskeletal
fraction. As was the case with collagen-coated surfaces, platelet
spreading on TS2/16-coated surfaces resulted in activation of Rac 10 to
20 minutes after stimulation and the activity reached its peak at 60 minutes (Figure 4B), although the extent of activation was lower than
that of collagen. Cdc42 was also activated in platelet spreading both on collagen- and TS2/16-coated surfaces, but the extent of activation was lower than that of Rac activation (Figure 4A,B). The slight activation of Cdc42 may be due to the limited sensitivity of our assay
method. Alternatively, this finding may imply that the role of Cdc42 in
platelet spreading on collagen is minimal.
Effects of inhibitors on Rac activation during platelet spreading on collagen- or TS2/16-coated surfaces The effects of the inhibitors that had been assessed on platelet spreading were also evaluated with Rac activation. We chose to evaluate the effects of inhibitors on Rac, rather than Cdc42, because Cdc42 activation was of a lower degree compared with that of Rac. We evaluated the Rac activities 30 minutes after platelet seeding on collagen- or BSA-coated surfaces, because the recovery of Rac was constant within this time frame. Similar to the effects on platelet spreading, 20 µM PP1 or 100 nM wortmannin inhibited Rac activation in platelets seeded on collagen- or TS2/16-coated surfaces (Figure 5). These findings suggest that Src family kinases and PI3-kinase play a crucial role in Rac activation. However, we cannot totally exclude the possibility that these inhibitory effects were overestimated, because we found that PP1 and wortmannin also inhibited the basal activity of Rac (data not shown). In contrast, 20 µM Y-27632 failed to inhibit Rac activity during platelet spreading both on collagen- and TS2/16-coated surfaces, which is in agreement with the absence of inhibitory effects on platelet spreading. These findings taken together imply that Rho/Rho kinase activation is not necessary in the process of platelet spreading.
PAK is activated during platelet spreading on collagenor TS2/16-coated surfaces Because PAK is one of the most precisely characterized effectors of Rac/Cdc42, we investigated PAK activation during platelet spreading on collagen- or TS2/16-coated plates. To address this issue, we performed in vitro kinase assays of PAK immunoprecipitates by using myelin basic protein as an exogenous substrate. The PAK activity increased 10 minutes after platelet seeding on collagen-coated surfaces and decreased after 30 minutes (Figure 6A, upper panel). However, platelets had only marginal PAK activity when placed on BSA-coated plates. In some cases, PAK activity gradually increased up to 30 minutes, but it always returned to the control level by 60 minutes. With TS2/16-coated surfaces, PAK was activated at a time point (20 minutes) later than collagen-coated surfaces, then decreased after 60 minutes (Figure 6B). This is consistent with the findings that platelets on TS2/16-coated surfaces showed apparent spreading 30 minutes after seeding, which occurred later than the spreading on collagen-coated surfaces (10 minutes after seeding). In both cases, PAK activity showed about a 2- to 9-fold increase at the maximum levels, as assessed by densitometry. These findings suggest that the activation of this pathway is an early response initiated by cell adhesion that precedes cell spreading.
To confirm that this kinase activity was specific to PAK, we incubated the blocking peptides of this antibody (commercially available antigen peptides for the anti-PAK antibody) before the immunoprecipitation. PAK immunoprecipitates showed negligible kinase activity after blocking peptide treatment (Figure 6A, lower panel), as compared with those without the peptides (Figure 6A, upper panel). This finding confirms that the kinase activity we measured in this study represents that of PAK. Effects of inhibitors on PAK activation during platelet spreading on collagen- or TS2/16-coated surfaces We also sought to evaluate the effects of the inhibitors that suppressed platelet spreading on PAK activation. Consistent with the effects on platelet spreading and Rac activation, 20 µM PP1 potently inhibited PAK activation in platelets seeded on collagen-coated surfaces, whereas the inhibition by 100 nM wortmannin was marginal (Figure 7A). These findings suggest that PI3-kinase and Src family kinases contribute to PAK activation, as well as to Rac activation and platelet spreading. On TS2/16-coated surfaces, both PP1 and wortmannin, which showed inhibitory effects on platelet spreading and Rac activation induced by TS2/16, also inhibited PAK activation (Figure 7B). The inhibitory effects on PAK activation of collagen- or TS2/16-coated surfaces were quantified as shown in Figure 7C. We also found that Y-27632 failed to inhibit PAK activation during platelet spreading on collagen- or TS2/16-coated surfaces (data not shown).
Effects of apyrase on platelet spreading and PAK activation It was reported that ADP scavengers inhibit platelet spreading on fibrinogen-coated surfaces.27-29 Hence, we sought to evaluate the effects of apyrase, an ADP scavenger, on platelet spreading on collagen- or TS2/16-coated surfaces. There were virtually no inhibitory effects of 1 U/mL or 3 U/mL (Figure 8A) apyrase on platelet spreading on collagen- or TS2/16-coated surfaces. Furthermore, 3 U/mL apyrase did not inhibit PAK activation in platelets on collagen-coated surfaces (Figure 8B) or TS2/16-coated surfaces (data not shown), which is consistent with the effects on platelet spreading. These findings suggest that ADP has little effect on platelet spreading on collagen, although it may play an important role in platelet spreading on fibrinogen.
This study aimed to identify and characterize the signaling
pathways that lead to platelet spreading mediated by collagen receptors. We showed that an anti-integrin Similarities between platelet spreading and lamellipodia/filopodia
formation induced by Rac/Cdc42 prompted us to investigate the role of
Rac/Cdc42 and PAKs. We found that Rac/Cdc42 and PAK were activated
during platelet spreading on collagen- or TS2/16-coated surfaces,
although the precise roles of Rac/Cdc42 and PAK activation in platelet
spreading remain to be determined. To the best of our knowledge, this
is the first report to show Rac/Cdc42 or PAK activation during platelet
spreading induced by collagen or integrin The signaling pathway downstream of PAK activation also requires investigation. Recent studies showed that PAK activates LIM-kinase that inhibits the activity of cofilin, an actin-depolymerization factor.34-36 Yang et al37 reported that the expression of an inactive form of LIM-kinase suppressed lamellipodia formation induced by Rac or insulin. This expression may be because rapid phosphorylation/dephosphorylation cycles of cofilin (hence increased phosphatase activity as well as LIM-kinase activity) are associated with Rac stimulation.35 Cofilin is expressed in platelets38 and may serve as a PAK downstream signal to regulate platelet spreading. We then sought to define the signal transduction pathways that
lead to Rac and PAK activation and, thus, platelet spreading. To
address this issue, we investigated the effects of various inhibitors
on platelet spreading and activation of Rac and PAK. We found that PP1
strongly inhibited the platelet spreading on collagen- or TS2/16-coated
plates. Consistent with these findings, both Rac and PAK activation
were inhibited by PP1. We previously found that Src constitutively
associates with integrin We found that wortmannin, a PI3-kinase inhibitor, inhibited
platelet spreading on collagen- or TS2/16-coated surfaces and the
resultant activation of Rac and PAK. This inhibition was especially the
case with TS2/16-coated surfaces. Miranti et al33 reported that a PI3-kinase inhibitor inhibited integrin
An ADP scavenger, apyrase, failed to inhibit platelet spreading and PAK
activation on collagen- or TS2/16-coated surfaces. There is a
considerable body of evidence that ADP plays an important role in
platelet spreading on fibrinogen mediated through integrin Y-27632 failed to inhibit platelet spreading on collagen-coated surfaces, whereas this Rho kinase inhibitor potently inhibited platelet shape change induced by collagen. Our findings suggest that the Rho/Rho kinase pathway plays a pivotal role in shape change induced by collagen and that it may not be required for platelet spreading on collagen-coated surfaces. We next examined the possibility that ADP released on platelet activation is responsible for collagen-induced platelet shape change through the Rho/Rho kinase pathway. ADP is reported to activate the Rho/Rho kinase pathway,25,26 although there are several lines of evidence to show that ADP-induced platelet shape change is mainly dependent on Ca++, and that the Rho/Rho kinase pathway plays a minimal role.42,45 In this study, apyrase did not modify the inhibitory effect of Y-27632, suggesting that activation of Rho/Rho kinase, which leads to platelet shape change, was mediated through collagen receptors. It has been reported that myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation is a crucial event in triggering shape change43 and that Rho/Rho kinase and Ca++/calmodulin-regulated MLC kinase are involved in MLC phosphorylation independently of each other.44 Rho/Rho kinase inhibits MLC phosphatase activity, which results in an increase of phosphorylated MLC.44 Bauer et al45 reported that CRP-induced platelet shape change is largely dependent on Ca++/calmodulin-regulated MLC kinase, but not on Rho/Rho kinase-regulated MLC phosphatase. In that study, 20 µg/mL collagen induced only a mild increase in intracellular Ca++ in aspirin-treated platelets (data not shown) in contrast to CRP. Their findings and ours taken together suggest that Ca++/calmodulin is the main factor for platelet shape change induced by CRP, whereas Rho/Rho kinase is the main factor for platelet shape change induced by collagen. We speculate that a collagen receptor other than GPVI is responsible for Rho/Rho kinase activation during collagen-induced shape change. In conclusion, we suggest that platelet spreading on collagen involves Rac and PAK activation, which is regulated by Src and PI3-kinase.
We thank Dr Atsushi Wada and Dr Yasuyuki Igarashi for donating BL21 transfected with pGEX-2T encoding GST fusion proteins containing PBD.
Submitted February 12, 2001; accepted August 15, 2001.
Supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan.
The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. Therefore, and solely to indicate this fact, this article is hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. section 1734.
Reprints: Yukio Ozaki, Dept of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Yamanashi Medical University, Shimokato 1110, Tamaho, Nakakoma, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan; e-mail: yozaki{at}res.yamanashi-med.ac.jp.
1. Watson SP, Gibbins J. Collagen receptor signalling in platelets: extending the role of the ITAM. Immunol Today. 1998;19:260-264 |
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Abstract
Introduction
