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NEOPLASIA
From the Department of Haematology, Imperial College
School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom;
Division of Cancer Services, Mater Hospital, South Brisbane, Australia;
Department of Medicine and Department of Laboratories, North Shore
University Hospital and New York University School of Medicine,
Manhasset, New York; Nambour General Hospital, Nambour, Australia; III
Medizinische Universitätsklinik, Klinikum Mannheim, Germany.
This report describes 2 patients with a clinical and
hematologic diagnosis of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in chronic
phase who had an acquired t(8;22)(p11;q11). Analysis by fluorescence in
situ hybridization (FISH) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain
reaction (RT-PCR) indicated that both patients were negative for the
BCR-ABL fusion, but suggested that the BCR gene was
disrupted. Further FISH indicated a breakpoint within fibroblast growth
factor receptor 1 (FGFR1), the receptor tyrosine kinase that is known to be disrupted in a distinctive myeloproliferative disorder, most
commonly by fusion to ZNF198. RT-PCR confirmed the presence in both
cases of an in-frame messenger RNA fusion between BCR exon 4 and FGFR1
exon 9. Expression of BCR-FGFR1 in the factor-dependent cell line Ba/F3
resulted in interleukin 3-independent clones that grew at a comparable
rate to cells transformed with ZNF198-FGFR1. The growth of transformed
cells was inhibited by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor
LY294002, the farnesyltransferase inhibitors L744832 and manumycin A,
the p38 inhibitors SB202190 and SB203580 but not by the MEK inhibitor
PD98059. The growth of BaF3/BCR-FGFR1 and BaF3/ZNF198-FGFR1 was not
significantly inhibited by treatment with STI571, but was inhibited by
SU5402, a compound with inhibitory activity against FGFR1. Inhibition
with this compound was associated with decreased phosphorylation of
ERK1/2 and BCR-FGFR1 or ZNF198-FGFR1, and was dose dependent with an
inhibitory concentration of 50% of approximately 5 µM. As expected,
growth of BaF3/BCR-ABL was inhibited by STI571 but not by SU5402. The
study demonstrates that the BCR-FGFR1 fusion may occur in patients with
apparently typical CML. Patients with constitutively active FGFR1
fusion genes may be amenable to treatment with specific FGFR1 inhibitors.
(Blood. 2001;98:3778-3783) Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is
characterized in 85% to 90% of cases by the presence of the
Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome and the BCR-ABL fusion
gene. A further 5% to 10% of cases have other translocations,
most commonly complex variants that involve one or more chromosomal
regions in addition to bands 9q34 and 22q11, but also simple variants
that typically involve 22q11 and a chromosome other than 9. In
virtually all cases thus far reported these patients are found to be
positive for BCR-ABL on molecular analysis.1 The status of
the remaining 5% of patients, many of whom have distinctive clinical
features, has been controversial. Until recently these patients were
typically classified as either Ph negative, BCR-ABL negative CML, or as
atypical CML, and many cases were considered eligible for entry into
CML clinical trials.2-4 More recently BCR-ABL negative
cases have been classified into a spectrum of myeloproliferative
disorders/myelodysplastic syndromes (MPDs/MDSs) that includes chronic
myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) and other related diseases; the term
"CML" is reserved for Ph postive and/or BCR-ABL positive cases
only.5 The molecular pathogenesis of MPD/MDS is poorly
understood, but a subset of patients presents with translocations that
disrupt and constitutively activate protein tyrosine kinases, most
commonly the platelet-derived growth factor With the development of targeted therapies such as STI571, it is
clearly important that a diagnosis of BCR-ABL positive disease should
be definitive. In combination with clinical and morphologic indications, the finding of the Ph chromosome or a variant
translocation by cytogenetics is frequently considered to be sufficient
evidence for the diagnosis of typical CML. Although this is undoubtedly true in the great majority of cases, we present data on 2 patients with
clinical and morphologic indications of CML who presented with what
appeared to be a simple variant of the Ph chromosome. We show that
these individuals did not harbor the BCR-ABL chimera but instead
had a novel fusion between BCR and FGFR1. In contrast to BCR-ABL,
BCR-FGFR1 is not sensitive to STI571 but is inhibited by SU5402. These
findings have important therapeutic implications for patients with
FGFR1 fusion genes.
Case reports
Case 1.
A 65-year-old woman presented with fever and sweats. Apart from mild
hypertension, she had no relevant past history. Clinically, her spleen
was enlarged 8 cm below left costal margin. Full blood examination
revealed hemoglobin, 124 g/L; white blood cell (WBC) count,
132.4 × 109/L; and platelets, 334 × 109/L
with the following differential: neutrophils 48%, lymphocytes 8%,
monocytes 1%, eosinophils 1%, basophils 3%, metamyelocytes 13%,
myelocytes 21%, promyelocytes 3%, and blast cells 3%. Biochemical analysis was unremarkable apart from a raised lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) of 849 U/L. Bone marrow examination morphologically resembled chronic phase CML. Cellularity was markedly increased with an M/E ratio
of 19:1. Granulopoiesis was increased with a prominent left shift.
Eosinophils were increased with an occasional abnormal form with
basophilic granulation. The differential was as follows: neutrophils
26%, eosinophils 16%, metamyelocytes 13%, myelocytes 12%,
promyelocytes 14%, myeloblasts 4%, basophils 6%, lymphocytes 1%,
and erythroblasts 5%. There was a mild to moderate diffuse increase in
reticulin. Bone marrow cytogenetics revealed a t(8;22)(p11.2;q11.2) in
all metaphases analyzed. The patient received hydroxyurea, which
effectively controlled the WBC count and interferon- Case 2.
A 51-year-old woman presented with fatigue and dyspnea on exertion.
There was no palpable lymphadenopathy or hepatosplenomegaly. Full blood
examination revealed hemoglobin, 81g/L; WBC count, 198 × 109/L; and platelets 101 × 109/L
with the following differential: neutrophils 45%, lymphocytes 3%,
monocytes 7%, eosinophils 2%, basophils 4%, metamyelocytes 20%,
myelocytes 8%, promyelocytes 2%, bands 6%, and blast cells 3%. The
leukocyte alkaline phosphatase score was 3 and LDH was 719 U/L. The
bone marrow was hypercellular with myeloid hyperplasia (M/E ratio of
8:1), eosinophilia, decreased megakaryocytes, fibrosis, and focal
interstitial lymphocytosis. The differential count was neutrophils
21%, eosinophils 5%, metamyelocytes 6%, myelocytes 15%,
promyelocytes 20%, myeloblasts 4%, basophils 1%, lymphocytes 19%,
and erythroblasts 9%. Reticulin stain showed a moderate increase. Flow
cytometry revealed that 4% of nucleated cells were of immature B-cell
phenotype and were positive for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase
(TdT), CD34, CD19, CD10, and CD24. No clonal rearrangement of
immunoglobulin heavy or light chains was detected by Southern analysis.
Bone marrow cytogenetics revealed a t(8;22)(p11.2;q11.2) in 20 of 20 metaphases. The patient's blood counts were partially controlled with
hydroxyurea and IFN- Fluorescence in situ hybridization
Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
Constructs BCR was amplified from plasmid pGD210 (kindly provided by Dr G. Daley, Whitehead Institute, Boston, MA) using primers BCR1+Bam (5'-GTGGATCCGGCCGCGCCATGGTGGAC-3') and BCR-Rsa (5'-TTTCCGTACCCAGCAACGTCTGCAG-3') and digested with BamHI and RsaI. The FGFR1 moiety was liberated from pcDNA3.1/ZNF198-FGFR1 by digestion with Ssp1 and BamH1. The BCR and FGFR1 fragments were coligated into the BamH1 site of pcDNA3.1 (Invitrogen, Leek, The Netherlands) to give plasmid pcDNA/BCR-FGFR1. The insert of this plasmid was completely sequenced to confirm an in-frame fusion and that no mutations had been inadvertently introduced. In vitro mutagenesis was accomplished by overlapping polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifications with 2 mutant primers and cloning the product into the unique NheI and EagI sites of pCDNA/ZNF198-FGFR1. The Nhe1-Eag1 region was sequenced to confirm the presence of the mutation and that no other changes had been inadvertently introduced.Transformation assay The Ba/F3 cells were maintained in interleukin 3 (IL-3) medium (RPMI 1640 medium with 10% fetal calf serum [FCS] and 10% conditioned medium from the IL-3-producing WEHI-3B cell line). For electroporation, 1 × 107 Ba/F3 cells were washed in cold phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), resuspended in 1 mL prewarmed RPMI 1640 and incubated for 10 minutes at room temperature with 16 to 20 µg plasmid DNA in PBS. Cells were electroporated at 250 V/960 µF in a Gene Pulser II apparatus (Bio-Rad, Hemel Hempsted, United Kingdom). After 10 minutes on ice the cells were plated in 10 mL IL-3-containing medium for 48 hours and then selected and subcloned by limiting dilution (5000 or 500 cells/well) in IL-3 medium plus 1 mg/mL G418. After 12 days, resistant subclones were washed 3 times in PBS and plated out in medium without IL-3. For growth curves, 5000 cells from individual clones were plated in duplicate in 100 µL medium with or without IL-3. Wells were aspirated daily and cell proliferation was estimated by the MTS assay (Promega, Southampton, United Kingdom). Results were expressed as an increase in the optical density at 490 nm relative to time zero.Protein analysis Western blotting was performed according to standard procedures16 using an enhanced chemiluminescence system (Amersham, Little Chalfont, United Kingdom). Antibodies used were 4G10 (phosphotyrosine; Upstate Biotechnology, Dundee, United Kingdom), FGFR1, CREB-1, ERK-1, phospho ERK (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA) and MEK1/2, AKT, phospho AKT, and phospho-CREB (New England Biolabs, Hitchin, United Kingdom).Other reagents BaF3/BCR-ABL was kindly provided by Dr F. X. Mahon (Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France). Specific inhibitors were obtained as follows: SU5402, Sugen (South San Francisco, CA); STI571, Novartis Pharma (Basel, Switzerland); L-744832, Merck Research Laboratories (Rahway, NJ); and manumycin A, PD98059, LY294002, SB202190, and SB203580, Calbiochem (Nottingham, United Kingdom). Inhibitors were used at concentrations recommended by the manufacturers or other investigators. For analysis of effects on growth, compounds were added at day 0 and proliferation over 4 days measured by the MTS assay as above. To test that inhibitors were working as expected, cells were pretreated for 15 minutes to 3 hours, lysed, and Western blotted with appropriate antibodies to test the phosphorylation status of specific downstream substrates.
Exclusion of BCR-ABL positivity Bone marrow FISH studies using ES and D-FISH probes were negative for the BCR-ABL fusion in 10 of 10 metaphase and 100 interphase cells for patient 1 (Figure 1A). By D-FISH, the metaphases showed red (ABL) signals on both copies of chromosome 9; one large green (BCR) signal on the normal chromosome 22, with smaller green signals on the der(22) and on the der(8). These findings were consistent with the known karyotype and suggested that the chromosome 22 breakpoint must be close to, or within, BCR. Similarly patient 2 was negative for the BCR-ABL fusion by FISH (200 cells analyzed). Concordant with the FISH analysis, BCR-ABL transcripts were not detected in the peripheral blood or bone marrow of either patient by multiplex reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR; not shown).
The t(8;22) disrupts the BCR and FGFR1 genes To determine if the chromosome 22 breakpoint targeted BCR, we performed FISH analysis on cells from patient 1 with genomic clones that contained markers close to this gene. BAC bK143F12 contains D22S301, a marker distal to BCR, and BAC bK514C6 contains GNAZ, a gene proximal to BCR (www.biologia.uniba.it/rmc/). On Ph+ CML metaphases, bK143F12 hybridized strongly to the normal 22 and the 9q+ chromosomes but only weakly to the Ph chromosome and thus must encompass D22S301 and a point slightly proximal to the major breakpoint cluster region (M-bcr; Figure 1B). In contrast, bK514C6 hybridized to the normal 22 and Ph chromosomes only and therefore is entirely proximal to the M-Bcr (not shown). On t(8;22) metaphases, bK143F12 hybridized to both derivative chromosomes, whereas bK514C6 hybridized only to the der(22). These results suggested that BCR was disrupted (Figure 1C).Chromosome band 8p11 contains FGFR1, the receptor tyrosine kinase that is disrupted in an aggressive MPD that we have termed the 8p11 myeloproliferative syndrome (EMS).17 To determine if FGFR1 was disrupted by the t(8;22) we performed 2-color FISH with PACs 162-N14 and 224-C10, clones that flank FGFR1.14 As shown in Figure 1D, both clones hybridized to the normal chromosome 8 but PAC162-N14 hybridized to the der(22), whereas PAC 224-C10 hybridized to the der(8). This indicated that the chromosome 8 breakpoint was close to or within FGFR1. Identification of the BCR-FGFR1 fusion For all messenger RNA (mRNA) fusions thus far reported in EMS, the partner gene is fused to FGFR1 exon 9; however, a wide range of BCR breakpoints have been reported for BCR-ABL.1 We therefore used a multiplex PCR strategy with 4 forward BCR primers (E1+, exon 1; E5/6+, exon 5/6 junction; NB1+, exon 12 and C3+, exon 19) and a single reverse (FGFR9 ) to look for a possible BCR-FGFR1 fusion. A 642-base pair (bp)
product was obtained from both our patients, but not from control
patients with Ph positive CML. PCR with single pairs of primers gave
rise to the same size product only in the E1+/FGFR9 combination
(Figure 2A). Sequencing of these products
revealed an in-frame fusion between BCR exon 4 and FGFR1 exon 9 in both
cases (Figure 2B). The BCR-FGFR1 fusion mRNA is predicted to be
translated into a protein of 109 kd. PCR with primers to FGFR1 exon 8 (FGFR8+) and BCR exon 5 (E5+R) amplified a product specifically from
the t(8;22) patients (not shown), which was confirmed to be the
reciprocal FGFR1-BCR fusion by sequence analysis.
Transformation of Ba/F3 cells by BCR-FGFR1 The BCR-FGFR1 fusion contains the oligomerization domain of BCR18 and the entire tyrosine kinase domain of FGFR1 (Figure 2C) and is therefore most likely to be the transforming product of the t(8;22). We and others have previously shown that the ZNF198-FGFR1 fusion is a constitutively active, 150-kd tyrosine kinase that can transform the IL-3-dependent cell line Ba/F3 to growth factor independence.16,19 To test if BCR-FGFR1 also has biologic activity, we constructed a fusion complementary DNA in the expression vector pCDNA3.1. Ba/F3 cells were electroporated with pCDNA/BCR-FGFR1, vector alone as a negative control, or pCDNA/ZNF198-FGFR116 as a positive control. Cells were selected initially at limiting dilution in G418 for the plasmid and then in the absence of IL-3 to test for growth factor independence. In the absence of IL-3, growth was observed for clones that had been transfected with BCR-FGFR1 or ZNF198-FGFR1, but not for clones transfected with vector alone. Western blotting with FGFR1 antibody detected proteins of the expected sizes in construct-transfected cells, but not in cells transfected with the vector only (Figure 3A). Two BCR-FGFR1 and 3 ZNF198-FGFR1 clones that expressed comparable levels of fusion protein were selected for analysis. In the absence of IL-3, both BCR-FGFR1-expressing clones proliferated at a rate comparable to clones that expressed ZNF198-FGFR1, whereas clones transfected with the vector failed to proliferate (Figure 3B). As expected, transformation was kinase dependent because no proliferation was seen in the absence of IL-3 for clones that expressed a ZNF198-FGFR1 mutant in which the critical lysine residue in the active site (corresponding to FGFR1 residue 514) had been mutated to arginine (Figure 3B).
Specific growth inhibition with SU5402 Cells expressing BCR-ABL are known to be sensitive to the tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI571.20 As expected from the known activities of this compound, we observed no growth inhibition of Ba/F3 cells expressing either BCR-FGFR1 or ZNF198-FGFR1 in the presence of 5 µM STI571, a concentration that completely inhibited the growth of Ba/F3 cells expressing BCR-ABL (Figure 4A-C). We then tested SU5402, a compound known to have inhibitory activity against FGFR1.21 Clones expressing both BCR-FGFR1 and ZNF198-FGFR1 were inhibited by SU5402 in a dose-dependent fashion with an inhibitory concentration of 50% (IC50) of about 5 µM. Growth was completely inhibited at a concentration of 10 µM SU5402 (Figure 4B-D). Growth inhibition was specific because SU5402 had minimal effects on BaF3/BCR-ABL (Figure 4A) or BaF3/BCR-FGFR1 or BaF3/ZNF198-FGFR1 when grown in the presence of IL-3 (not shown). Increasing concentrations of SU5402 were associated with decreasing levels of tyrosine-phosphorylated ZNF198-FGFR1 or BCR-FGFR1 and decreasing phosphorylation of ERK1/2 (Figure 4E).
Other signal transduction inhibitors In a preliminary analysis to determine what signal transduction pathways might be important for transformation of Ba/F3 cells by FGFR1 fusion proteins, we tested the growth effects of a series of inhibitors. L-744832 and manumycin A are farnesyltransferase (FTase) inhibitors that can block the proliferation of Ras-transformed cells by mechanisms that are incompletely defined.22,23 Both of these compounds resulted in decreased levels of ERK 1/2 phosphorylation and completely blocked proliferation of Ba/F3 cells that had been transformed with BCR-FGFR1 or ZNF198-FGFR1 (Figure 5A,E).
To test if the classical mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway (Raf-MEK-ERK), one of the principal mitogenic cascades downstream of Ras, might be required for transformation, we used the MEK inhibitor PD98059. This compound inhibited ERK1/2 phosphorylation at both 10 µM and 50 µM, as expected, but had no effect on the proliferation of transformed Ba/F3 cells (Figure 5B,E). In contrast 40 µM SB202190 or SB203580, inhibitors of p38 MAPK, nearly completely blocked the proliferation of both BCR-FGFR1- and ZNF198-FGFR1-transformed cells (Figure 5C). As expected, treatment with these compounds resulted in reduced levels of CREB phosphorylation (Figure 5F). Finally, the growth of transformed cells was also blocked by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002 at 20 µM, a concentration that completely inhibited AKT phosphorylation (Figure 5D,G). No significant differences in the effect of any of these compounds were seen on comparison of individual clones that expressed BCR-FGFR1 with clones that expressed ZNF198-FGFR1.
We have identified 2 patients who had a clinical and morphologic picture that was essentially indistinguishable from typical, BCR-ABL positive CML.24 Both patients had basophilia, a feature that is uncommon in BCR-ABL negative MPDs. Of note, both patients had eosinophilia, although the levels were within the range seen in CML, and one patient had an unusual marrow lymphocytosis. Instead of the t(9;22)(q34;q11), both patients had a t(8;22)(p11;q11), an abnormality that has not to our knowledge been previously described. Given the clinical and hematologic background, the t(8;22) might have been classified cytogenetically as merely a simple variant of the t(9;22). However, we found that both patients were negative for BCR-ABL and instead harbored a novel fusion between BCR and FGFR1. Rearrangement and constitutive activation of FGFR1 is seen in patients
with a distinct, aggressive biphenotypic hematologic malignancy that
has been termed the "8p11 myeloproliferative syndrome" (EMS) or
"stem cell leukemia-lymphoma syndrome" (SCLL).17,25 The only curative treatment for this condition appears to be allogeneic bone marrow transplantation,25 although occasional
patients may achieve complete cytogenetic remission with IFN- We have found that transformation of Ba/F3 cells by BCR-FGFR1 and ZNF198-FGFR1 is sensitive to FTase inhibitors, suggesting that Ras may be required. A more extensive analysis has indicated that Ras is required for transformation mediated by BCR-ABL,29 and recent preclinical data have suggested that FTase inhibitors may be useful agents to treat CML.30 We have also found that inhibition of the classical MAPK pathway has no effect on transformed cells, but that proliferation was blocked by inhibitors of p38 or PI3K. These findings are again similar to what has been described for CML in diverse experimental systems31 and suggest that several distinct proteins and pathways might be useful therapeutic targets in both diseases. However, because multiple pathways are activated by diverse signals, including IL-3, it is difficult to establish adequate controls for nonspecific toxicity and therefore we cannot conclude that any of the pathways we studied are definitely required for transformation mediated by BCR-FGFR1 or ZNF198-FGFR1. Simple variants of the t(9;22) are seen in a small minority of patients with CML. For example, the Medical Research Council CML III trial included 9 such individuals, corresponding to 1.5% of all patients or 18% of those with variant translocations (Dr. P. Shepherd, personal communication, May 2001). Of those cases that have been reported, virtually all have been BCR-ABL positive by RT-PCR or FISH analysis, or have had a rearrangement within the M-Bcr as determined by Southern blotting.1,32 Thus, in common with individuals who are Ph positive, patients who present with apparently typical CML and a variant translocation are not always evaluated for BCR-ABL by molecular tests. Our findings indicate that occasional patients may therefore be misdiagnosed. This is not simply an academic point: BCR-ABL positive cases are amenable to treatment with STI571,33 but data from our cell line model indicate that FGFR1 fusion proteins are resistant to this compound. We found, however, that cells transformed with BCR-FGFR1 or ZNF198-FGFR1 are sensitive to SU5402, a compound known to have inhibitory activity against FGFR1.21 These data indicate the increasing importance of an accurate molecular diagnosis and suggest that patients with constitutively active FGFR1 fusion proteins may be amenable to treatment with specific FGFR1 inhibitors.
We would like to thank Drs B. Druker, F-X. Mahon, M. Rocchi, G. Daley, P. Shepherd, J. McMahon, B. Smolich, S. Kelsey, J. Gibbs, and E. Buchdunger for invaluable discussion and provision of reagents.
Submitted June 18, 2001; accepted August 9, 2001.
Supported by Leukaemia Research Fund Specialist Programme Grant 91/19 and the Turkish Ministry of Education.
The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. Therefore, and solely to indicate this fact, this article is hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. section 1734.
Reprints: Nicholas C. P. Cross, Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury, Wilts SP2 8BJ, United Kingdom; e-mail: n.c.p.cross{at}soton.ac.uk.
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© 2001 by The American Society of Hematology.
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  A. Chase, F. H. Grand, and N. C. P. Cross Activity of TKI258 against primary cells and cell lines with FGFR1 fusion genes associated with the 8p11 myeloproliferative syndrome Blood, November 15, 2007; 110(10): 3729 - 3734. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Dong, S. Kang, T.-L. Gu, S. Kardar, H. Fu, S. Lonial, H. J. Khoury, F. Khuri, and J. Chen 14-3-3 integrates prosurvival signals mediated by the AKT and MAPK pathways in ZNF198-FGFR1-transformed hematopoietic cells Blood, July 1, 2007; 110(1): 360 - 369. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T.-L. Gu, V. L. Goss, C. Reeves, L. Popova, J. Nardone, J. MacNeill, D. K. Walters, Y. Wang, J. Rush, M. J. Comb, et al. Phosphotyrosine profiling identifies the KG-1 cell line as a model for the study of FGFR1 fusions in acute myeloid leukemia Blood, December 15, 2006; 108(13): 4202 - 4204. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Wetzler, M. T. Brady, E. Tracy, Z.-R. Li, K. A. Donohue, K. L. O'Loughlin, Y. Cheng, A. Mortazavi, A. A. McDonald, P. Kunapuli, et al. Arsenic Trioxide Affects Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription Proteins through Alteration of Protein Tyrosine Kinase Phosphorylation. Clin. Cancer Res., November 15, 2006; 12(22): 6817 - 6825. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 P. W. Finch and J. S. Rubin Keratinocyte growth factor expression and activity in cancer: implications for use in patients with solid tumors. J Natl Cancer Inst, June 21, 2006; 98(12): 812 - 824. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. S. Kasyapa, P. Kunapuli, L. Hawthorn, and J. K. Cowell Induction of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 in cells expressing the ZNF198/FGFR1 fusion kinase that is involved in atypical myeloproliferative disease Blood, May 1, 2006; 107(9): 3693 - 3699. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 B. Delaval, S. Letard, H. Lelievre, V. Chevrier, L. Daviet, P. Dubreuil, and D. Birnbaum Oncogenic Tyrosine Kinase of Malignant Hemopathy Targets the Centrosome Cancer Res., August 15, 2005; 65(16): 7231 - 7240. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 H. Kim, S R Herrick, E Lemyre, S Kishikawa, J A Salisz, S Seminara, M E MacDonald, G A P Bruns, C C Morton, B J Quade, et al. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and cleft lip and palate caused by a balanced translocation producing haploinsufficiency for FGFR1 J. Med. Genet., August 1, 2005; 42(8): 666 - 672. [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Ishibe, T. Nakayama, T. Okamoto, T. Aoyama, K. Nishijo, K. R. Shibata, Y. Shima, S. Nagayama, T. Katagiri, Y. Nakamura, et al. Disruption of Fibroblast Growth Factor Signal Pathway Inhibits the Growth of Synovial Sarcomas: Potential Application of Signal Inhibitors to Molecular Target Therapy Clin. Cancer Res., April 1, 2005; 11(7): 2702 - 2712. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Maeda, F. Yagasaki, M. Ishikawa, N. Takahashi, and M. Bessho Transforming property of TEL-FGFR3 mediated through PI3-K in a T-cell lymphoma that subsequently progressed to AML Blood, March 1, 2005; 105(5): 2115 - 2123. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 B Kwabi-Addo, M Ozen, and M Ittmann The role of fibroblast growth factors and their receptors in prostate cancer Endocr. Relat. Cancer, December 1, 2004; 11(4): 709 - 724. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. Chen, D. J. DeAngelo, J. L. Kutok, I. R. Williams, B. H. Lee, M. Wadleigh, N. Duclos, S. Cohen, J. Adelsperger, R. Okabe, et al. PKC412 inhibits the zinc finger 198-fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 fusion tyrosine kinase and is active in treatment of stem cell myeloproliferative disorder PNAS, October 5, 2004; 101(40): 14479 - 14484. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Trudel, S. Ely, Y. Farooqi, M. Affer, D. F. Robbiani, M. Chesi, and P. L. Bergsagel Inhibition of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 induces differentiation and apoptosis in t(4;14) myeloma Blood, May 1, 2004; 103(9): 3521 - 3528. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. L. Vizmanos, F. J. Novo, J. P. Roman, E. J. Baxter, I. Lahortiga, M. J. Larrayoz, M. D. Odero, P. Giraldo, M. J. Calasanz, and N. C. P. Cross NIN, a Gene Encoding a CEP110-Like Centrosomal Protein, Is Fused to PDGFRB in a Patient with a t(5;14)(q33;q24) and an Imatinib-Responsive Myeloproliferative Disorder1 Cancer Res., April 15, 2004; 64(8): 2673 - 2676. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Gotlib, J. Cools, J. M. Malone III, S. L. Schrier, D. G. Gilliland, and S. E. Coutre The FIP1L1-PDGFR{alpha} fusion tyrosine kinase in hypereosinophilic syndrome and chronic eosinophilic leukemia: implications for diagnosis, classification, and management Blood, April 15, 2004; 103(8): 2879 - 2891. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. Heath and N. C. P. Cross Critical Role of STAT5 Activation in Transformation Mediated by ZNF198-FGFR1 J. Biol. Chem., February 20, 2004; 279(8): 6666 - 6673. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Guasch, B. Delaval, C. Arnoulet, M.-J. Xie, L. Xerri, D. Sainty, D. Birnbaum, and M.-J. Pebusque FOP-FGFR1 tyrosine kinase, the product of a t(6;8) translocation, induces a fatal myeloproliferative disease in mice Blood, January 1, 2004; 103(1): 309 - 312. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Baumann, P. Kunapuli, E. Tracy, and J. K. Cowell The Oncogenic Fusion Protein-tyrosine Kinase ZNF198/Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor-1 Has Signaling Function Comparable with Interleukin-6 Cytokine Receptors J. Biol. Chem., April 25, 2003; 278(18): 16198 - 16208. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Guasch, C. Popovici, F. Mugneret, M. Chaffanet, P. Pontarotti, D. Birnbaum, and M.-J. Pebusque Endogenous retroviral sequence is fused to FGFR1 kinase in the 8p12 stem-cell myeloproliferative disorder with t(8;19)(p12;q13.3) Blood, January 1, 2003; 101(1): 286 - 288. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. J. Baxter, A. Hochhaus, P. Bolufer, A. Reiter, J. M. Fernandez, L. Senent, J. Cervera, F. Moscardo, M. A. Sanz, and N. C.P. Cross The t(4;22)(q12;q11) in atypical chronic myeloid leukaemia fuses BCR to PDGFRA Hum. Mol. Genet., June 1, 2002; 11(12): 1391 - 1397. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Top
Abstract
Introduction
receptor or the
fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1).
(IFN-
Airlie House, Virginia, November 1997.
J Clin Oncol.
1999;17:3835-3849