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CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS, INTERVENTIONS, AND THERAPEUTIC TRIALS
From the Department of Medicine and Molecular Biology
Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA; III. Medizinische
Universitätsklinik Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg,
Mannheim, Germany; New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Medical College
of Cornell University, New York, NY; Department of Haematology,
Hammersmith Hospital/ICSM, London, United Kingdom ; Johns Hopkins
Oncology Center, Baltimore, MD; Medizinische Klinik III, Johann
Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt, Germany; Barbara Ann
Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; MD
Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Oncology, Hematology
and Cell Therapy, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Abteilung
Haematologie/Onkologie, Universität Leipzig, Germany;
Universitätsklinikum, 3. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik,
Mainz, Germany; Department of Haematology, Royal Victoria Infirmary,
University of Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Dana Farber Cancer
Institute, Boston, MA; Hematology Section, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza,
and Department of Experimental Oncology, National Cancer Institute,
Milano, Italy; Department of Haematology, City Hospital, Nottingham,
United Kingdom; Laboratoire de Greffe de Moelle, Universite Victor
Segalen, Bordeaux, France; Division of Hematology/Oncology, University
of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Division d'hématologie,
Hopitâl cantonal universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of
Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA;
Instituto di Ematologia, Ospedale Policlinicl Sant'Orsola-Malpighi,
Bologna, Italy; Divisione di Ematologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Niguarda
Ca'Granda, Milan, Italy; University of Chicago Medical Center, IL; Ida
and Cecil Green Cancer Center, Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA; III.
Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik der TU, Haematologie/Onkologie,
Munich, Germany; Division of Hematology, Universitätsklinik,
Kantonspital, Basel, Switzerland; Dipartimento di Biotechologie
Cedulari ed Ematologia, Azienda Policlinico Umberto 1, Universita La
Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Basel, Switzerland;
School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA; and
Division of Hematology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland,
OR.
Blast crisis is the most advanced stage of chronic myelogenous
leukemia (CML) and is highly refractory to therapy. CML is caused by
expression of the chimeric BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase
oncogene, the product of the t(9;22) Philadelphia translocation.
Imatinib (Glivec, formerly STI571) is a rationally developed, orally
administered inhibitor of the Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase. A total of 260 patients with CML were enrolled in a phase II trial, of whom 229 had a confirmed diagnosis of CML in blast crisis. Patients were treated with
imatinib in daily oral doses of 400 mg or 600 mg. Imatinib induced
hematologic responses in 52% of patients and sustained hematologic
responses lasting at least 4 weeks in 31% of patients, including
complete hematologic responses in 8%. For patients with a sustained
response, the estimated median response duration was 10 months.
Imatinib induced major cytogenetic responses in 16% of patients, with
7% of the responses being complete. Median survival time was 6.9 months. Nonhematologic adverse reactions were frequent but generally
mild or moderate. Episodes of severe cytopenia were also frequent and
were attributable to the underlying condition and treatment with
imatinib. Drug-related adverse events led to discontinuation of therapy
in 5% of patients, most often because of cytopenia, skin disorders, or
gastrointestinal reactions. These results demonstrate that imatinib has
substantial activity and a favorable safety profile when used as a
single agent in patients with CML in blast crisis. Additional clinical
studies are warranted to explore the efficacy and feasibility of
imatinib used in combination with other antileukemic drugs.
(Blood. 2002;99:3530-3539) Blast crisis is the terminal phase of chronic
myelogenous leukemia (CML), a clonal neoplastic disorder of
hematopoietic stem cells.1,2 Blast crisis is usually
defined as the presence of 30% or more blasts in peripheral blood or
bone marrow.3-5 Clinically, blast crisis is characterized
by such signs and symptoms as fever, sweats, pain, weight loss,
cytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly, enlarged lymph nodes, and extramedullary
disease (chloromas). Blast crisis is also marked by karyotypic
evolution, or the accumulation of multiple characteristic genetic
abnormalities.1,2
In nearly all patients, blast crisis is preceded by an initial period
of chronic-phase CML, typically 3 to 7 years in duration, in which
malignant progenitor cells proliferate rapidly but retain much of their
ability to differentiate.1,2 The appearance of numerous
blasts during CML progression is due to the gradual loss of the
differentiation potential of malignant cells coincident with their
karyotypic evolution. The transition between the chronic and blastic
phases of CML is frequently gradual and apparent as an
accelerated-disease phase that precedes blast crisis by 2 to 15 months.6-8 Blast crisis is usually fatal within 3 to 6 months of onset in patients with the myeloid
phenotype.9,10
The causative event in the initiation of CML is a genetic translocation
resulting in the fusion of genetic sequences to form the
BCR-ABL oncogene, which codes for a constitutively active Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase that mediates cellular
transformation.1,11 In more than 90% of patients, the
BCR-ABL fusion gene is associated with a t(9;22)(q34;q11)
reciprocal translocation (Philadelphia [Ph] translocation), which is
the most characteristic feature of CML.12 Expression of
the BCR-ABL gene is sufficient to cause chronic-phase CML,
whereas progression of disease to blast crisis is thought to depend on
the development of additional genetic changes leading to loss of
differentiation and an increasingly aggressive clinical
presentation.1,13-16
There is no single standard therapy for patients with CML at this
advanced stage. Treatment usually comprises combination chemotherapy
regimens developed for acute leukemias, with the most common therapy
using an anthracycline with cytarabine. There is no consensus on how a
hematologic response should be defined in these patients. Whereas the
criteria for a complete hematologic response (CHR) are similar among
studies, the criteria for incomplete response vary greatly. With the
specific nature of the blast crisis, which arises as a terminal event
of a years-long myeloproliferative disorder, taken into account, these
incomplete responses have been described as either "partial
response," "hematologic improvement," "minor or minimal
response," or "return to chronic phase." Against this background
of limitations regarding criteria, reported hematologic response rates
in patients with myeloid blast crisis range from 9% to 65%, but
complete responses occur in only 10% to 20% of patients, and
median survival time is 3 to 6 months.9,10,17-24 Allogeneic stem cell transplantation induces durable remission in
fewer than 10% of patients. However, pretransplantation therapy leading to a return from blast crisis to chronic phase is associated with a greatly improved transplantation outcome.25-29
Imatinib (imatinib mesylate; formerly STI571; Glivec in Europe; Gleevec
in the United States; Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Basel, Switzerland) is
a rationally designed, potent competitive inhibitor of the Bcr-Abl
protein tyrosine kinase. In preclinical studies, imatinib showed
specific antileukemic activity both in vitro and in vivo against
BCR-ABL-positive cells, including eradication of leukemias
induced by injection of cell lines derived from patients with
blast-crisis CML.30-34 In an ascending-dose clinical phase I study, imatinib induced substantial and durable responses, with minimal toxicity, when used in daily doses of 300 mg or higher in
nearly all patients with chronic-phase CML.35 Imatinib
used in daily doses of 300 to 1000 mg also induced hematologic
responses, including 4 CHRs (11% of patients), in 21 of 38 patients
(55%) with CML in myeloid blast crisis.36 No
dose-limiting toxicity was observed in these studies. These phase I
results indicated that selective inhibition of Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase
can arrest the progression of CML, even in patients with blast crisis,
with minimal toxicity. Accordingly, we conducted a phase II trial to confirm the activity and safety of imatinib in a larger population of
patients with blast crisis and to characterize prognostic factors associated with a favorable outcome.
Patients
CML in blast crisis was defined as at least 30% blasts in peripheral
blood or marrow or the presence of extramedullary disease (other than
liver or spleen enlargement). Presence of the myeloid phenotype was to
be confirmed by flow cytometry and required myeloperoxidase positivity,
presence of standard myeloid markers, and not more than one lymphoid
marker. This definition of CML blast crisis is more strict than the
recently proposed World Health Organization criterion of at least 20%
blasts in peripheral blood or marrow.37
Patients were required to be free of marked liver or kidney disease as
indicated by levels of serum transaminases (aspartate aminotransferase
[AST] and alanine aminotransferase [ALT]) not higher than 3 times
the upper-normal limit if liver involvement with leukemia was not
suspected or not higher than 5 times the upper-normal limit if liver
involvement was suspected, serum total bilirubin levels not higher than
3 times the upper-normal limit, and serum creatinine levels not higher
than twice the upper-normal limit. Women of childbearing potential were
required to have a negative pregnancy test before starting treatment,
and both male and female patients were required to use barrier
contraceptive measures throughout therapy with imatinib. Patients were
excluded from the trial if they had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology
Group performance status of 3 or higher, grade 3 or 4 cardiac disease, or any serious concomitant medical condition. Patients were to have
ceased any prior treatment for CML within a minimum period established
according to the nature of the treatment. For hydroxyurea treatment,
this period was 24 hours; for IFN- All patients gave written informed consent to participate in the study
before entry, and the study was reviewed and approved by a recognized
ethics review committee at each trial center. The study was performed
in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as amended in Tokyo,
Venice, and Hong Kong).
Study design and treatment
Initially, enrolled patients received treatment with orally administered imatinib in daily doses of 400 mg. When phase I dose-escalation data demonstrating the safety of prolonged treatment with higher doses became available, the initial daily dose was increased by protocol amendment to 600 mg. For patients who relapsed, dose escalation (initially to 600 mg daily and increased by protocol amendment to 400 mg twice daily) was permitted at the discretion of the investigator. Dose escalation was also permitted for patients who did not achieve a hematologic response after at least 1 month of therapy, on a case-by-case basis following discussion between the investigator and sponsor. Patients received treatment for 24 weeks, with subsequent indefinite prolongation in cases in which the investigator judged that further treatment was of clinical benefit. Treatment was interrupted or reduced in response to nonhematologic, hepatic, or hematologic toxicity, graded according to National Cancer Institute (NCI)-National Institutes of Health common toxicity criteria (CTC). For patients requiring dose reduction, daily doses were reduced from 800 mg (400 mg twice daily) to 600 mg, from 600 to 400 mg, or from 400 to 300 mg. Further dose reductions were permitted by the protocol, but in practice, therapy was interrupted rather than reduced to doses below 300 mg daily. If CTC grade 2 nonhematologic toxicity occurred, therapy was interrupted until recovery to grade 1 or lower and then resumed at the original dose. If grade 2 toxicity recurred following treatment resumption, treatment was again interrupted until recovery and then resumed at a reduced dose. If grade 3 or 4 nonhematologic toxicity occurred, therapy was interrupted until recovery to grade 1 or lower and then resumed at a reduced dose. Specific dose-reduction rules for hepatic toxicity were applied to patients who enrolled with elevated baseline transaminase levels (3 fold to 5 fold above upper-normal limits). If such patients had increases of more than 3 fold in one or more transaminase levels, therapy was interrupted until levels returned to baseline and then resumed at a reduced dose. For such patients who had clinically relevant but less than 3-fold increases in transaminase levels, treatment was interrupted until recovery and then resumed at the same dose. If patients had a subsequent clinically relevant increase in transaminase levels, treatment was interrupted until recovery and then resumed at a reduced dose. Dose reductions for hematologic toxicity were considered only for patients with grade 4 neutropenia (neutrophil counts < 0.5 × 109/L) lasting at least 2 weeks and were based on marrow hypocellularity and disease status as determined by bone marrow biopsies done after a minimum of 28 days of therapy. Biopsy specimens were to be obtained at 2-week intervals until recovery from grade 4 neutropenia, but in practice, they were obtained less frequently. For patients with persistent marrow cellularity values below 10% and blast values below 10%, the daily dose was reduced successively at 2-week intervals or therapy was interrupted until recovery of neutropenia to grade 2 or higher (neutrophil counts > 1.0 × 109/L). On recovery, treatment was resumed at the full initial dose. Treatment was not interrupted or reduced for patients with marrow cellularity or blast values above 10%. Concomitant administration of anticancer drugs or use of procedures was not permitted, except for hydroxyurea, anagrelide, or leukopheresis within the first 28 days of treatment if required to control elevated blast levels or platelet counts. Within the first 28 days of treatment, hydroxyurea could be given at a maximum dose of 5 g daily for up to a total of 7 days. For leukopheresis, a maximum of 2 procedures per week or 4 procedures during the first 28 days was allowed. Treatment with allopurinol (300 mg daily) was suggested until stabilization of white blood cell (WBC) counts. Investigators could prescribe colony-stimulating factors for neutropenic fever. Evaluation of patients Patients were evaluated for hematologic and cytogenetic responses and relapse at specified intervals. Peripheral blood samples were obtained and analyzed at baseline, 3 times weekly for the first 4 weeks, weekly between weeks 5 and 13, every 2 weeks after week 13, and on the last day of treatment. Bone marrow aspirations, and in some institutions, bone marrow biopsies were also to be performed at screening; at weeks 5, 9, and 13; and every 3 months thereafter. Bone marrow biopsies or aspirations were also to be done as indicated and to evaluate hematologic toxicity. Extramedullary leukemic involvement was assessed primarily by physical examination at screening, every 4 weeks during therapy, and on the last day of treatment. Patients discontinuing treatment were followed up for survival monthly for the first 3 months after treatment and every 3 months thereafter. Treatment toxicity was evaluated by patient interview at each office visit. Toxicity was graded according to the NCI CTC scale.The primary efficacy end point in this study was sustained hematologic response lasting at least 4 weeks, assessed by the investigator as (1) CHR, (2) marrow response, or (3) return to chronic phase (RTC). CHR was defined according to conventional criteria as a blast value below 5% in bone marrow, with no circulating peripheral blood blasts; a neutrophil count of at least 1.5 × 109/L and a platelet count of at least 100 × 109/L; and no evidence of extramedullary involvement. In patients not achieving a CHR, marrow response was defined as a blast value below 5% in bone marrow, with no circulating peripheral blood blasts; a neutrophil count of at least 1.0 × 109/L and a platelet count of at least 20 × 109/L (without platelet transfusion and without evidence of bleeding); and no evidence of extramedullary involvement. By exclusion of patients with features of accelerated-phase CML as defined in a parallel phase II study,38 an RTC was defined as below 15% blasts in peripheral blood and bone marrow, with below 30% blasts plus promyelocytes in the peripheral blood and bone marrow; below 20% basophils in peripheral blood; and no extramedullary disease except liver or spleen enlargement. In other studies of CML blast crisis, these incomplete responses were termed partial. Sustained responses were required to be observed at 2 consecutive evaluations done at least 4 weeks apart. According to this definition, "sustained" response is identical to "confirmed" response, a nomenclature that is also used in clinical trials of treatment for leukemia and solid tumors. Secondary efficacy end points were the induction of cytogenetic response, duration of hematologic response, and overall survival (OS). Cytogenetic response was based on the prevalence of Ph-positive metaphases among at least 20 metaphases investigated in each bone marrow sample and was defined as complete (0% Ph-positive cells), partial (1%-35%), minor (36%-65%), minimal (66%-95%), or none (> 95%). Duration of response was calculated from the first reported date of response to the earliest date of reported relapse or death. Duration of response was censored at the last examination date for patients with an ongoing response or patients who discontinued treatment for reasons other than adverse events, progression, or death. A single determination not fulfilling the criteria for RTC was considered a loss of hematologic response. OS was calculated from the time of the start of treatment with imatinib to the date of death. Survival was censored at the time treatment was discontinued to allow bone marrow transplantation or at the last recorded contact or evaluation for patients alive at time of analysis. Statistical analysis This study was designed to demonstrate whether the overall hematologic response rate among patients with no prior treatment for advanced CML was at least 15%. A required sample size of 79 evaluable patients was based on the Fleming single-stage procedure and tested the following: H0: P 15% and H1:
P  30%, with  = 2.5% (one-sided) and a power of
90%. To allow for premature withdrawals from the study, the planned
sample size was 100 patients with CML in blast crisis. The protocol
provided for the additional inclusion of 50 patients previously treated
for advanced CML (either in blast crisis or accelerated phase); this
sample size was based on practical considerations rather than a formal
sample-size calculation. Response rates are reported as an
intent-to-treat analysis. Patients who withdrew from treatment before a
confirmed response was reported were counted as nonresponders. A
landmark analysis of survival was performed, including only patients
who had an assessment of hematologic response at 2 and 3 months, at
which time most of the responders had achieved a sustained response;
survival results were then presented according to response status (no
response, RTC, CHR, or marrow response) at 2 months. Response duration
and survival were computed by using standard Kaplan-Meier methods. Safety results are reported for all enrolled patients who received at
least 1 dose of imatinib.
Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to test for effects of possible prognostic factors on OS. Prognostic factors and criteria were consistent with those described in earlier clinical studies of other antileukemic agents8-10 to facilitate comparison with the results of those trials. The log rank test was used to identify prognostic factors at a significance level of P less than .2. Factors meeting this criterion were included as terms in a multivariate Cox regression model. Terms with no significant effect at a level of P less than .1 in multivariate analysis were removed, whereas factors remaining in the multivariate model were interpreted as independently predictive of survival outcome.
Patients and treatment A total of 260 patients were enrolled at 27 centers in France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States from August 1999 to June 2000, and efficacy and safety data for analysis were collected through the end of July 2001. Patient enrollment was allowed to exceed the original planned accrual when follow-up data from an earlier phase I study became available and provided increasing evidence of the activity and safety of imatinib in patients with CML blast crisis.36 Patients were given a diagnosis of CML in blast crisis during the screening period for patient selection. A central review of data from screening and baseline tests showed that 229 patients (88%) had an ongoing diagnosis of CML in blast crisis at the time imatinib therapy was started, whereas this stage of disease could not be confirmed at the start of treatment in 31 patients (12%). For these 31 patients, disease status at the start of therapy was consistent with accelerated phase (16 patients) or chronic phase (4 patients) or could not be determined from reported data (11 patients).Of the 260 patients enrolled, 37 (14%) started therapy with imatinib at a daily dose of 400 mg, which was the highest dose adequately tested for safety at the time of their enrollment. The remaining 223 patients (86%) started treatment at a daily dose of 600 mg because phase I data available after the start of this study demonstrated that treatment with this higher dose was feasible and possibly associated with greater activity.36 Table 1 shows a summary of patient
characteristics and disease history at baseline for all 260 enrolled
patients and for the 229 patients with a confirmed diagnosis overall
and according to prior treatment for advanced CML. Patient demographic
and disease characteristics were typical for patients with CML in blast
crisis. Clonal evolution with consistent chromosomal aberrations in
addition to the Ph translocation in at least 2 metaphases was reported in 111 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of blast crisis. Aneuploidy was found in 70 patients, with 28 patients having trisomy 8; 26 patients, a second Ph chromosome; 16, trisomy 19; 10, trisomy 21; and
3, loss of a sex chromosome. A complex Ph translocation with
involvement of chromosomes other than 9 or 22 was discovered in 15 cases. In 33 cases, aberrations involving chromosome 17, including
iso,17 occurred. Additional translocations were detected in 43 cases. Thirty-two patients had a complex karyotype with at least
3 additional chromosomal aberrations.
At the time of data analysis, the median duration of treatment for all enrolled patients in the 400-mg-dose group was 3.7 months (25%-75% quartiles, 1.5-7.6 months), whereas that in the 600-mg-dose group was 4.0 months (25%-75% quartiles, 1.9-9.3 months); 21% of the patients were treated for more than a year. The median actual dose intensities were 400 mg and 600 mg daily, as planned. In about 50% of the patients in each dose group, treatment was reduced or interrupted at least once, but 58% of the patients in the 400-mg-dose group and 40% of the patients who started with the 600-mg dose had their dose escalated to 600 mg and 800 mg, respectively, at least once during the study. Of the 260 patients enrolled, 220 (85%) have withdrawn from treatment. Primary reasons for withdrawal were disease progression or unsatisfactory therapeutic effect (151 patients [58%]), adverse events or laboratory test results (23 [9%]), death during therapy (24 [9%]), bone marrow transplantation (14 [5%]), protocol violation (3 [1%]), and withdrawal of consent (5 [2%]). Efficacy Efficacy analyses included the 229 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of myeloid blast crisis. Among these 229 patients, blast crisis was newly diagnosed in 148 patients (65%), whereas 81 patients (35%) had received previous therapy for advanced CML (other than IFN-, hydroxyurea, or palliative ara-C). Data shown in Figure
1 indicate that treatment with imatinib
led to a rapid decrease in leukocyte counts (panel A) and blast levels
in peripheral blood (panel B) and that this pharmacodynamic effect was
maintained with prolonged treatment in patients remaining in the study.
After 1 month, more than 80% of patients with available values had a peripheral blood blast level below 15%.
Table 2 shows a summary of hematologic
response rates for all 229 patients with a confirmed diagnosis and for
patients according to their prior treatment. Values represent the best
response observed at any time during therapy. Of the 229 patients, 119 (52%) had reductions in blast values in peripheral blood and bone
marrow features corresponding to a hematologic response on at least one occasion. Thirty-five patients (15%) had a CHR, 55 (24%) had a CHR or
marrow response, and 64 (28%) met the criteria for an RTC. Sustained
hematologic responses lasting at least 4 weeks were reported for 31%
of patients, including 8% of patients with a CHR or 12% with either a
CHR or a marrow response and 18% with an RTC. Responses usually
occurred soon after the start of treatment: of the 70 patients with a
sustained hematologic response, 45 (64%) achieved their first response
within 1 month after starting imatinib therapy, corresponding to the
first scheduled evaluation of response, and an additional 15 (21%) had
a response within 2 months. In 3 patients, a hematologic response was
achieved only after dose escalation (from 400 to 600 mg in 1 patient
and from 600 to 800 mg in 2). In a multivariate analysis, 4 factors
were independently predictive of a higher likelihood of sustained
hematologic response: initial dose of imatinib (34% with a dose of 600 mg and 9% with 400 mg), hemoglobin value of at least 100 g/L, platelet
count of at least 100 × 109/L, and blood blast level
below 50%.
Major cytogenetic responses were reported for 37 patients (16%) and
7% of those responses were complete (Table
3). A major, minor, or minimal
cytogenetic response was reported in 71 patients (31%). The median
time to major cytogenetic response was approximately 3 months,
corresponding to the first assessment of response in most patients. The
initial dose of imatinib had a strong effect on response: major
cytogenetic responses were reported in 18% of patients treated with
600 mg daily and in 6% given 400 mg daily.
Figure 2 shows the duration of
hematologic response for patients with a confirmed diagnosis of blast
crisis. Only patients with responses lasting at least 4 weeks were
included in this analysis. The estimated median duration of response
was 10 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.2-12.6 months), with
comparable response durations in previously treated and untreated
patients. The duration of hematologic response exceeded 6 months in
68% of the 70 patients with a response (95% CI, 57%-79%).
Figure 3 shows OS for all 229 patients
with a confirmed diagnosis. The Kaplan-Meier estimated median survival
time was 6.9 months (95% CI, 5.7-8.7 months), and the estimated
survival rates were 43% at 9 months (95% CI, 36%-49%), 32% at 12 months (95% CI, 25%-38%), and 20% at 18 months (95%
CI, 15% to 27%). These estimates remained the same when survival data
for the 10 patients who discontinued therapy to undergo bone marrow
transplantation were included (4 of these 10 patients were alive at the
time of analysis). The estimated median survival time for previously
untreated patients was 7.5 months, whereas that for patients who had
previously received treatment for advanced CML was 5.6 months.
Univariate (log rank) analyses and Cox proportional hazards regression
analyses were used to test for the effects of several baseline
variables on survival. Table 4 shows the
prognostic variables included in these analyses, the cut-off values
used to define patient subgroups, and the results. Because data for 2 variables (blasts in bone marrow and other cytogenetic abnormalities) were unavailable in a substantial number of patients, separate analyses
were performed for these variables. The main analysis excluded these
factors but included all patients with a confirmed diagnosis to obtain
a final predictive model. To this model, each of the other 2 factors
was individually added to explore their additional predictive benefit.
There were 200 patients with an assessment of blasts in bone marrow and
178 in the analysis of other chromosomal abnormalities.
Results of log rank analyses (Table 4) indicated that 5 baseline
variables were predictive of longer survival (P < .05). These were a hemoglobin value of at least 100 g/L, a platelet count of
at least 100 × 109/L, a blast level below 50% in either
peripheral blood or bone marrow, and absence of chromosomal
abnormalities suggesting clonal evolution. Additional factors with
P less than .2 results in the log rank analysis were
included in the initial proportional hazards analysis. In the final
regression model, the only 2 factors independently predictive of longer
survival were a platelet count of at least 100 × 109/L
and a peripheral blood blast level below 50% (Table 4). In exploratory
analyses, the use of a different cut-off value for hemoglobin (< 110 g/L) led to inclusion of a high hemoglobin value in the final
multivariate model as an additional factor predictive of favorable
survival. Previous treatment for advanced CML (blast crisis or
accelerated phase) was retained in all models because it was a
study-design feature, but it was not significantly predictive of
survival. When the indicator of level of blasts in bone marrow was
added to this model, it was not an independently significant factor,
presumably because of the high correlation with blasts in peripheral
blood. Similarly, other cytogenetic abnormalities did not add to the
predictive value of the final regression model obtained for all
patients. Whereas the median survival time was only 4 months in the 51 patients with all 3 unfavorable prognostic factors (hemoglobin < 100 g/L, platelets < 100 × 109/L, and As expected, patients who had a sustained hematologic response
benefited most from imatinib therapy (Figure
4). Notably, patients with an unsustained
response had a survival time similar to that of patients who did not
have any response. Patients who showed a hematologic response
during the second month of treatment (either a CHR, marrow response, or
an RTC) had a markedly improved overall survival compared with patients
with available assessments at 2 months indicating no hematologic
response (Figure 5). Similar results were
observed in a separate analysis considering a landmark at 3 months
(data not shown). The achievement of a major cytogenetic response was
also associated with an improved survival. The median survival time was
12 months among the 37 patients who achieved a major cytogenetic
response and only 6 months in patients without a response.
Efficacy results for all 260 enrolled patients were similar to those for the 229 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of blast crisis. For the 260 enrolled patients, the overall rate of hematologic response lasting at least 4 weeks was 31%, including a CHR or marrow response in 12% of patients. The rate of major cytogenetic response was 15%, with 7% complete cytogenetic responses. The estimated duration of hematologic response was also 10 months. The estimated median overall survival time was 6.9 months, and the estimated survival rate at 12 months was 32%. Safety Analyses of safety were based on data from all 260 enrolled patients. The safety profile of imatinib in this trial was generally similar to that observed in a previous phase I study with comparable doses. Table 5 shows treatment-related adverse events (adverse reactions) reported in at least 5% of patients. The most frequently reported adverse reactions were gastrointestinal disorders (nausea and vomiting), edema, muscle cramps, diarrhea, and dermatologic events. Grade 1 or 2 edema was more frequent in the 600-mg-dose group (61% compared with 24% in the 400-mg-dose group), but the incidences of other grade 1 or 2 reactions and of all grade 3 or 4 reactions were comparable in the 2 dose groups.
Table 6 shows a summary of the incidence
of grade 3 or 4 hematologic toxicity. Values for each variable
represent the numbers of patients who had normal or not worse than
grade 2 findings before therapy and in whom grade 3 or 4 abnormalities
developed during treatment with imatinib. Incidences were comparable
for patients treated with 400 mg and 600 mg of imatinib, and the most common grade 4 abnormalities were neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. Table 6 also shows a summary of the time to nadir values of neutrophil and platelet counts (for all patients) and the duration of grade 3 or 4 abnormalities (based on all episodes).
In one patient, a grade 4 abnormality in ALT developed during treatment. Routine laboratory tests revealed newly occurring grade 3 abnormalities in AST in 2% of patients, ALT in another 2%, and bilirubin in 4% of patients during treatment. Adverse events led to a temporary or permanent reduction in the initial
dose of imatinib on one or more occasions in 17 patients (46%) who
started treatment with imatinib given at 400 mg daily and 105 patients
(47%) who started treatment with 600 mg daily. Drug-related adverse
events led to termination of imatinib therapy in 13 patients (5%) Serious adverse events related to treatment were reported for 47 patients (18%) and were most frequently hematologic events, including neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and febrile neutropenia or neutropenic sepsis (16 patients); gastrointestinal events, including nausea, vomiting, gastric or esophageal irritation, and hemorrhage (15 patients); general disorders, including fever, fatigue or hemorrhage, bone pain, and dehydration (11 patients); cardiac disorders (3 patients, including one with concomitant renal failure); skin disorders, including dermatitis or rash (6 patients); and fluid retention (7 cases of ascites, pleural effusion, or edema). Some patients had more than one serious adverse event. One death, which was caused by renal and cardiac failure due to pleural effusion and ascites, was suspected to be related to therapy.
We conducted this phase II study to determine whether imatinib, a potent inhibitor of the oncogenic Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase, could induce sustained hematologic responses lasting at least 4 weeks in at least 15% of patients with CML in previously untreated myeloid blast crisis, when administered at well-tolerated doses defined in an earlier phase I study.35,36 We found that orally administered imatinib induced a sustained hematologic response in 36% of previously untreated patients, including a CHR in 9% of patients. Remarkably, treatment with imatinib also induced major cytogenetic responses in 16% of patients, including a complete cytogenetic response in 7%. Rates of sustained hematologic response and major cytogenetic response were markedly higher in patients treated with an initial imatinib dose of 600 mg daily than in those given 400 mg daily. The results of this study are consistent with those of an earlier phase I trial in which 38 patients with CML in myeloid blast crisis were treated with imatinib in daily doses of 300 to 1000 mg.36 The demographic features, disease history, baseline characteristics, and major prognostic factors of the patients enrolled in this trial appear to be consistent with those described in other studies of patients with blast crisis.9,10,37,39 Therefore, these encouraging results observed with imatinib should not be attributable to a bias induced through selection of patients with an unusually favorable prognosis. The induction of major cytogenetic responses in 16% of patients treated with imatinib is remarkable, since transient cytogenetic responses are only rarely reported with other treatments.10,18,23 Whether these results translate into a clear survival advantage remains to be proved through further follow-up. However, the estimated median survival time of 7.5 months for previously untreated patients observed in this trial compares favorably with the median overall survival time of 3 to 5 months observed with other therapies in patients with newly diagnosed myeloid blast crisis.9,10 Several patients who achieved a sustained hematologic response are still alive after up to 23 months (Figure 5), but longer-term follow-up is required to determine whether treatment with imatinib leads to long-term disease stabilization and survival in a fraction of patients. Imatinib therapy was associated with numerous adverse events, but this was expected because advanced CML is associated with considerable morbidity. Most of the nonhematologic adverse events that appeared to be drug related (edema, gastrointestinal disorders, and muscle and joint pain) were seldom severe and rarely required discontinuation of treatment. A fluid-retention syndrome involving disorders of pleural effusion, pulmonary edema, acute respiratory distress syndrome, ascites, congestive heart failure, or edema was identified as a possible adverse drug reaction. Although uncommon, this syndrome is potentially serious, as was shown by its implication in the death of one patient, and it should be considered when a patient presents with a sudden weight gain or respiratory distress. Episodes of severe cytopenias were frequent. Most cases of cytopenia are probably due to the direct pharmacologic effect of imatinib on leukemic cells and the lack of bone marrow reserve in severely ill patients. Accordingly, cytopenia may in many cases reflect treatment efficacy, especially during the first weeks of therapy, and does not necessarily require withdrawal of therapy or dose reduction. Continuation of therapy despite cytopenia may be desirable in some patients and may be associated with less risk in view of the nonspecific cytotoxic effects of alternative therapies, which entail severe myelosuppression leading to febrile neutropenia in more than 80% of patients.9 In this study, imatinib therapy was withdrawn because of cytopenia in only 9 patients, and the primary reason for discontinuation in 8 of these cases was disease progression. An analysis of prognostic factors revealed that platelet counts of at least 100 × 109/L and peripheral blood blast values below 50% at baseline were independently predictive of favorable survival outcome in this trial. These prognostic factors are similar to those identified in a retrospective study of 121 patients with blast crisis who were treated with either decitabine or combination chemotherapy.10 Furthermore, the achievement of any hematologic response sustained for 4 weeks, including a reduction in blast levels to below 15% (termed RTC in this analysis), was significantly associated with improved survival. Mechanisms of resistance to imatinib remain to be fully elucidated but do not appear to involve drug absorption or metabolism.36 Instead, plausible resistance mechanisms are postulated to involve drug efflux, amplification of the BCR-ABL fusion gene or increased expression of Bcr-Abl protein, or decreased cellular bioavailability of imatinib.40-43 Amplification and mutations of the BCR-ABL gene have been observed in samples from patients.44-47 Further studies are warranted to clarify the clinical relevance of the different specific molecular mechanisms of resistance to imatinib. In conclusion, imatinib provides hematologic control in blast-crisis CML with an acceptable level of toxicity. In addition, imatinib specifically suppresses leukemia precursor cells, thereby inducing cytogenetic responses even at this late stage of CML. The results of this trial suggest that imatinib is a valuable treatment alternative in patients with this disorder. Because imatinib is well tolerated and less myelosuppressive than current conventional chemotherapy agents, it may be feasible to combine imatinib with existing agents used to treat CML in blast crisis or to use it as an adjunct to bone marrow transplantation. Patients with blast crisis often respond well to fludarabine, high-dose cytarabine, or decitabine. In vitro studies have revealed significant cytotoxic synergic or additive effects between imatinib and commonly used antileukemic agents in cells positive for BCR-ABL expression.48,49 Accordingly, further studies are warranted to test the optimal doses of imatinib used in combination with chemotherapeutic and other antileukemic agents.
We thank the numerous coinvestigators, nursing staff, and clinical trial monitors who participated in this study; the data managers and programmers at Novartis Pharmaceuticals for their contributions; David Parkinson and Greg Burke for invaluable support; Nick Shand, John Ford, and Elisabeth Wehrle for collaboration in implementing the protocol and reporting the study results; and Thomas Brown for assistance in preparing the manuscript.
Submitted September 26, 2001; accepted January 10, 2002.
Sponsored by Novartis Pharmaceuticals AG, Basel, Switzerland.
The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. Therefore, and solely to indicate this fact, this article is hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. section 1734.
Presented in part at the 43rd Annual Meeting of The American Society of Hematology, Orlando, FL, December 11, 2001. Reprints: Charles L. Sawyers, 11-934 Factor Building, UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095; e-mail: csawyers{at}mednet.ucla.edu.
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F. Palandri, I. Iacobucci, G. Martinelli, M. Amabile, A. Poerio, N. Testoni, S. Soverini, F. Castagnetti, A. De Vivo, M. Breccia, et al. Long-Term Outcome of Complete Cytogenetic Responders After Imatinib 400 mg in Late Chronic Phase, Philadelphia-Positive Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: The GIMEMA Working Party on CML J. Clin. Oncol., January 1, 2008; 26(1): 106 - 111. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Agis, W. R. Sperr, S. Herndlhofer, H. Semper, H. Pirc-Danoewinata, O. A. Haas, C. Mannhalter, H. Esterbauer, K. Geissler, C. Sillaber, et al. Clinical and prognostic significance of histamine monitoring in patients with CML during treatment with imatinib (STI571) Ann. Onc., November 1, 2007; 18(11): 1834 - 1841. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. White, V. Saunders, A. Grigg, C. Arthur, R. Filshie, M. F. Leahy, K. Lynch, L. B. To, and T. Hughes Measurement of In Vivo BCR-ABL Kinase Inhibition to Monitor Imatinib-Induced Target Blockade and Predict Response in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia J. Clin. Oncol., October 1, 2007; 25(28): 4445 - 4451. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. O'Hare, C. A. Eide, and M. W. N. Deininger Bcr-Abl kinase domain mutations, drug resistance, and the road to a cure for chronic myeloid leukemia Blood, October 1, 2007; 110(7): 2242 - 2249. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Quintas-Cardama, H. Kantarjian, S. O'Brien, G. Borthakur, J. Bruzzi, R. Munden, and J. Cortes Pleural Effusion in Patients With Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Treated With Dasatinib After Imatinib Failure J. Clin. Oncol., September 1, 2007; 25(25): 3908 - 3914. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Atallah, J.-B. Durand, H. Kantarjian, and J. Cortes Congestive heart failure is a rare event in patients receiving imatinib therapy Blood, August 15, 2007; 110(4): 1233 - 1237. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Agulnik, A. M. Oza, G. R. Pond, and L. L. Siu Impact and Perceptions of Mandatory Tumor Biopsies for Correlative Studies in Clinical Trials of Novel Anticancer Agents J. Clin. Oncol., October 20, 2006; 24(30): 4801 - 4807. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. von Bubnoff, P. W. Manley, J. Mestan, J. Sanger, C. Peschel, and J. Duyster Bcr-Abl resistance screening predicts a limited spectrum of point mutations to be associated with clinical resistance to the Abl kinase inhibitor nilotinib (AMN107) Blood, August 15, 2006; 108(4): 1328 - 1333. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. L. Goss, K. A. Lee, A. Moritz, J. Nardone, E. J. Spek, J. MacNeill, J. Rush, M. J. Comb, and R. D. Polakiewicz A common phosphotyrosine signature for the Bcr-Abl kinase Blood, June 15, 2006; 107(12): 4888 - 4897. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Ye, N. Wolff, L. Li, S. Zhang, and R. L. Ilaria Jr STAT5 signaling is required for the efficient induction and maintenance of CML in mice Blood, June 15, 2006; 107(12): 4917 - 4925. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Azam, V. Nardi, W. C. Shakespeare, C. A. Metcalf III, R. S. Bohacek, Y. Wang, R. Sundaramoorthi, P. Sliz, D. R. Veach, W. G. Bornmann, et al. Activity of dual SRC-ABL inhibitors highlights the role of BCR/ABL kinase dynamics in drug resistance PNAS, June 13, 2006; 103(24): 9244 - 9249. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. J. Mauro and R. T. Maziarz Stem Cell Transplantation in Patients With Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia: When Should It Be Used? Mayo Clin. Proc., March 1, 2006; 81(3): 404 - 416. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Aloisi, S. Di Gregorio, F. Stagno, P. Guglielmo, F. Mannino, M. P. Sormani, P. Bruzzi, C. Gambacorti-Passerini, G. Saglio, S. Venuta, et al. BCR-ABL nuclear entrapment kills human CML cells: ex vivo study on 35 patients with the combination of imatinib mesylate and leptomycin B Blood, February 15, 2006; 107(4): 1591 - 1598. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. I. Scher and C. L. Sawyers Biology of Progressive, Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: Directed Therapies Targeting the Androgen-Receptor Signaling Axis J. Clin. Oncol., November 10, 2005; 23(32): 8253 - 8261. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. H. Stover, J. Chen, B. H. Lee, J. Cools, E. McDowell, J. Adelsperger, D. Cullen, A. Coburn, S. A. Moore, R. Okabe, et al. The small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor AMN107 inhibits TEL-PDGFR{beta} and FIP1L1-PDGFR{alpha} in vitro and in vivo Blood, November 1, 2005; 106(9): 3206 - 3213. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Hess, D. Bunjes, W. Siegert, R. Schwerdtfeger, G. Ledderose, B. Wassmann, G. Kobbe, M. Bornhauser, A. Hochhaus, A. J. Ullmann, et al. Sustained Complete Molecular Remissions After Treatment With Imatinib-Mesylate in Patients With Failure After Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation for Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia: Results of a Prospective Phase II Open-Label Multicenter Study J. Clin. Oncol., October 20, 2005; 23(30): 7583 - 7593. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. J. Barnes, D. Palaiologou, E. Panousopoulou, B. Schultheis, A. S.M. Yong, A. Wong, L. Pattacini, J. M. Goldman, and J. V. Melo Bcr-Abl Expression Levels Determine the Rate of Development of Resistance to Imatinib Mesylate in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Cancer Res., October 1, 2005; 65(19): 8912 - 8919. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. G. Willis, T. Lange, S. Demehri, S. Otto, L. Crossman, D. Niederwieser, E. P. Stoffregen, S. McWeeney, I. Kovacs, B. Park, et al. High-sensitivity detection of BCR-ABL kinase domain mutations in imatinib-naive patients: correlation with clonal cytogenetic evolution but not response to therapy Blood, September 15, 2005; 106(6): 2128 - 2137. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J.-P. J. Issa, V. Gharibyan, J. Cortes, J. Jelinek, G. Morris, S. Verstovsek, M. Talpaz, G. Garcia-Manero, and H. M. Kantarjian Phase II Study of Low-Dose Decitabine in Patients With Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Resistant to Imatinib Mesylate J. Clin. Oncol., June 10, 2005; 23(17): 3948 - 3956. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. C. Wolff, D. R. Veach, W. P. Tong, W. G. Bornmann, B. Clarkson, and R. L. Ilaria Jr PD166326, a novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has greater antileukemic activity than imatinib mesylate in a murine model of chronic myeloid leukemia Blood, May 15, 2005; 105(10): 3995 - 4003. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P.-H. Tseng, H.-P. Lin, J. Zhu, K.-F. Chen, E. M. Hade, D. C. Young, J. C. Byrd, M. Grever, K. Johnson, B. J. Druker, et al. Synergistic interactions between imatinib mesylate and the novel phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 inhibitor OSU-03012 in overcoming imatinib mesylate resistance Blood, May 15, 2005; 105(10): 4021 - 4027. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. L. Dewar, A. C. Cambareri, A. C. W. Zannettino, B. L. Miller, K. V. Doherty, T. P. Hughes, and A. B. Lyons Macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor c-fms is a novel target of imatinib Blood, April 15, 2005; 105(8): 3127 - 3132. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Cebo, I. A. Voutsadakis, S. Da Rocha, J.-H. Bourhis, A. Jalil, B. Azzarone, A. G. Turhan, M. Chelbi-Alix, S. Chouaib, and A. Caignard Altered IFN{gamma} Signaling and Preserved Susceptibility to Activated Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Lysis of BCR/ABL Targets Cancer Res., April 1, 2005; 65(7): 2914 - 2920. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Deininger, E. Buchdunger, and B. J. Druker The development of imatinib as a therapeutic agent for chronic myeloid leukemia Blood, April 1, 2005; 105(7): 2640 - 2653. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Abstract
Introduction
all
in the 600-mg-dose group