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CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS, INTERVENTIONS, AND THERAPEUTIC TRIALS
From the Divisione di Ematologia, Ospedali Riuniti
Bergamo; Oncologia Medica B e Nucleo di Ricerca Clinica e
Laboratoristica in Ematologia, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico IRCCS
Aviano; Cattedra di Ematologia Università di Pavia; Divisione di
Ematologia Ospedale Niguarda Milano; Cattedra di Ematologia
Università di Udine; Cattedra di Ematologia Università di
Firenze, Cattedra di Ematologia Università di Siena; Istituto di
Ematologia e Oncologia Medica Seragnoli, Università di Bologna;
Roche SpA, Monza; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche ed Oncologia
Umana, Università di Torino; and Dipartimento di Biotecnologie
Cellulari ed Ematologia, Università `La Sapienza', Rome, Italy.
Minimal residual disease (MRD) following sequential administration
of CHOP and rituximab was studied in previously untreated patients with
follicular lymphoma. At diagnosis, the presence of
Bcl-2/IgH-positive cells in the peripheral blood (PB) and/or bone
marrow (BM) was demonstrated in all patients (n = 128) by polymerase
chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Patients who achieved a clinical
response following CHOP but remained PCR-positive were eligible for
rituximab (375 mg/m2 intravenously, weekly for 4 weeks).
After CHOP, 57% achieved a complete response (CR), 37% a partial
response (PR), and 6% were nonresponders (NR). At this stage, patients
proving PCR-negative (n = 41) or failing to achieve a clinical
response (n = 8) were excluded from rituximab treatment.
Seventy-seven patients received rituximab and entered a scheduled MRD
follow-up program. At the first molecular follow-up (+12 weeks), 59%
had converted to PCR negativity in the BM and PB, with a further
increase documented at the second control (+28 weeks) with 74% PCR
negative. At the last molecular follow-up (+44 weeks), 63% of the
patients remained PCR negative. At 3 years, the estimated overall
survival of all patients is 95% (95% confidence interval [CI],
86-98). For patients achieving PCR-negative status following CHOP and
therefore excluded from rituximab treatment, freedom from recurrence
(FFR) was 52% (95% CI, 28-71). For patients treated with rituximab, a
durable PCR-negative status was associated with a better clinical
outcome since FFR was 57% (95% CI, 23-81) compared with 20% (95%
CI, 4-46) in patients who never achieved or lost the molecular
negativity (P < .001).
(Blood. 2002;99:856-862) Follicular lymphoma (FL) accounts for about 30% of
newly diagnosed non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) and occurs most commonly
in middle-aged patients with a median age at diagnosis of 50 years.1 The neoplastic clone of the great majority (up to
80%) of FL patients bears the t(14;18) translocation in which the
Bcl-2 proto-oncogene on chromosome 18 is translocated to the
immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) region on chromosome 14, creating a
hybrid Bcl-2/IgH gene.2 The molecular cloning of this
translocation has allowed development of a polymerase chain reaction
(PCR)-based assay for the diagnosis and monitoring of minimal residual
disease (MRD).3 Despite the prolonged median survival time
of these patients,1,4,5 both conventional and experimental
therapeutic approaches have failed to modify the overall survival of
the disease,6 although high-dose therapy might provide
some advantage at least in terms of freedom from disease
progression.7-10 The results of several clinical trials
indicate that the absence in the bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood
(PB) of neoplastic cells bearing the Bcl-2/IgH rearrangement during the
follow-up is strongly associated with a reduced risk of recurrence and
clearly suggests a need to improve the management of
MRD.3,11-13 The protocols that allow a more thorough
eradication of the neoplastic clone have been those based on high-dose
chemoradiotherapy and transplantation of in vitro purged autologous
hematopoietic stem cells.14 Unfortunately, these
procedures have been associated with an unexpectedly high incidence of
secondary myelodysplastic syndromes and acute
leukemias15-17 which nowadays can possibly be avoided. In
this respect, vaccine and genetic therapies, as well as immunotherapy
with monoclonal antibodies, might provide new powerful strategies aimed
at an effective eradication of the disease without major
toxicity.18-21 Among the different monoclonal antibodies
tested in clinical trials, the chimeric mouse/human anti-CD20 antibody
rituximab (Hoffmannn-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland) has so far been the
one most extensively studied.22-28 This molecule is an
IgG1-kappa antibody containing murine light and heavy chain variable
regions, and human gamma 1 heavy chain and kappa light chain constant
regions. The antibody reacts specifically with the CD20 antigen, which
appears during the pre-B-cell development stage of B-cell
differentiation, is expressed on the surface of malignant and normal B
cells, and is not present on stem cells and plasma cells. In addition,
the CD20 antigen is not shed and does not appear to undergo modulation in response to antibody binding, thus representing an ideal target for
a monoclonal antibody-based immunotherapy. Moreover, preliminary results indicate that rituximab can reverse to a negative status the BM
and PB of patients with PCR-detectable Bcl-2/IgH-positive cells. Most
importantly, recently published results suggest that in some newly
diagnosed FL patients, both anthracycline-containing chemotherapeutic
protocols29,30 as well as rituximab given alone31 can induce molecular remissions. The present
multicenter study was designed to evaluate whether the sequential
administration of rituximab to patients who proved persistently PCR
positive after CHOP chemotherapy can induce and maintain a prolonged
negativity of the Bcl-2/IgH chimeric gene in BM and PB cells.
The study was an open label, multicenter, phase II study aimed
at assessing whether in patients with FL carrying the t(14;18) translocation the neoplastic clone can be reduced and potentially eliminated through the sequential administration of CHOP chemotherapy and rituximab as first-line treatment. The local ethics review committees approved the protocol at each center and all patients gave
written informed consent before entering the study. The study was
conducted according to good clinical and laboratory practice rules, and
the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
Eligibility, study design, and molecular monitoring of MRD
Patients were not included if they had other NHL subtypes, had
progressive or stable disease after CHOP, had received prior chemotherapy for the lymphoma, had clinically significant abnormal cardiac, liver, or renal functions unrelated to the lymphoma, history
of other cancers, major surgery within the last 4 weeks, opportunistic
infections, HIV-positive serology, unacceptable hematologic status, or
central nervous system (CNS) involvement.
End points and response criteria
Study population and statistical analyses
Molecular evaluation of Bcl-2/IgH rearrangement The molecular analysis of patients with FL bearing the t(14;18) chromosome abnormality was carried out and evaluated by PCR analysis of the Bcl-2/IgH rearrangement according to published methods with only minor modifications.34 The following standardized protocol was used by the 2 laboratories (Bergamo and Torino) in which the molecular analysis was centralized. Briefly, the initial amplification was carried out in a 50 µL final volume using 1 µg DNA with the following oligonucleotides: 5'-CAGCCTTGAAACATTGATGG-3' for the major breakpoint region (MBR) or 5'-CGTGCTGGTACCACTCCTG-3' for the minor cluster region (mcr) and 5'-ACCTGAGGAGACGGTGACC-3' for the JH consensus region. Samples were amplified with an initial denaturation at 95°C for 10 minutes, followed by either 27 cycles of denaturation for the MBR or 30 cycles for the mcr. Each cycle was performed with 1 minute of denaturation at 94°C and 1 minute of annealing at 55°C for the MBR amplification or 1 minute at 58°C and 1 minute of extension at 72°C for the mcr. The final extension period was prolonged to 10 minutes. A nested PCR reaction (30 cycles) was performed using 1 µL of a 1:10 dilution of the first-round amplification product using oligonucleotide primers internal to the original primers: 5'-TATGGTGGTTTGACCTTTAG-3' for the MBR or 5'-GGACCTTCCTTGGTGTGTTG-3' for the mcr and 5'-ACCAGGGTCCCTTGGCCCCA-3' for the JH consensus region, with 1 minute of denaturation at 94°C, 1 minute of annealing at 58°C, and 1 minute of extension at 72°C. The final extension period was again prolonged to 10 minutes. A 25-µL aliquot of PCR product was analyzed on a 2% agarose gel containing ethidium bromide in Tris-borate electrophoresis buffer and visualized under UV light. For MBR and mcr, a reproducible sensitivity level of 10 5 and
104 respectively, was obtained. This sensitivity level
was repeatedly reproducible in the 2 laboratories using paired
blind samples.
Clinical and molecular response to CHOP chemotherapy One-hundred twenty-eight previously untreated patients with a molecularly proven diagnosis of Bcl-2/IgH-positive FL were assigned to receive 6 cycles of CHOP chemotherapy (Table 1). The presence of Bcl-2/IgH-positive neoplastic cells within the PB and/or BM mononuclear cells was demonstrated by a standard nested PCR assay in all patients. One-hundred fifteen (90%) were rearranged within the MBR and 13 (10%) within the mcr. The molecular evaluation after 3 and 6 CHOP chemotherapy cycles documented the clearance of the Bcl-2/IgH chimeric gene in about one third of cases (Table 2). The evaluation of clinical response after CHOP showed that 73 patients (57%) achieved CR, 47 (37%) PR, and 8 (6%) were considered nonresponsive (NR). The 41 patients who proved PCR negative in the BM and PB on 2 determinations (baseline), as well as the 8 resistant patients, were excluded from rituximab treatment. The correlation between this clinical response after CHOP chemotherapy and the molecular status in the BM is shown in Table 3. Seventy-nine patients having either a complete (n = 39) or partial clinical remission (n = 40) and who tested persistently PCR positive in the BM or PB were eligible for rituximab treatment.
Clinical response to rituximab The clinical characteristics of the 79 Bcl-2/IgH-positive patients eligible to receive rituximab are summarized in Table 1. The median age was 50 years; 61% of patients were male. The majority of patients (95%) had stage III or IV disease before CHOP chemotherapy, with 23 patients (29%) having bulky disease and 58 (73%) histologically documented BM infiltration. Of these patients, 77 were treated with rituximab whereas 2, already in CR after CHOP, did not receive the assigned treatment because of refusal and protocol violation. Both eligible and noneligible patients remain under regular follow-up by the study group. Of the 77 patients treated with the chimeric antibody, 74 received the 4 scheduled doses of the drug whereas 2 patients discontinued treatment after the first infusion. At the time of this analysis, 76 patients treated with rituximab had completed the molecular follow-up and could be clinically re-evaluated to correlate the clinical response and the molecular results. Of these patients, 53 (69%) were in CR, 10 (13%) in PR, and 13 (17%) had relapsed or showed evidence of disease progression. For 1 patient, this analysis was too early. Among the 37 patients already in CR after CHOP, only 2 relapsed. For 1 patient, this analysis was too early. Of the 40 patients who were in PR after CHOP, rituximab treatment was followed by the achievement of a clinical CR in 18 patients. Ten patients remained in PR, 11 showed evidence of disease progression, and for 1 patient this analysis was too early.Molecular response to rituximab All 77 patients treated with rituximab entered the MRD follow-up program, which was performed on BM and PB samples collected at week +12, +28, and +44 after baseline. At the first molecular follow-up, 59% of the evaluable patients (n = 76) showed a complete molecular response (PCR negativity in the BM and PB). Interestingly, several cases still PCR positive at the first follow-up control converted to negativity at the second molecular analysis (74%, n = 73), thus indicating a prolonged biologic activity of the recombinant antibody capable of inducing an apparent progressive in vivo clearance of the neoplastic clone. At week +44, the percentage of PCR-negative patients declined to 63% of the 72 evaluable patients. Notably, at all time points the disease appeared to be more resistant in the BM compared with the PB (Figure 2). At the end of the molecular follow-up, 75% of patients who achieved or maintained CR status proved PCR negative in the BM and 89% in the PB. As expected, most patients who remained in PR or suffered disease progression or relapse were found to be PCR positive in both the BM and the PB. However, among patients with evidence of relapse or progression, 2 were PCR negative in the BM and 4 in the PB; in these latter patients the clinical relapse was isolated and never systemic (Table 4).
Treatment outcome Two patients (one in the rituximab cohort) died from disease progression, 2 from another malignancy (metastatic renal cell carcinoma and Hodgkin disease), so that the estimated OS at 3 years is 95% (95% CI, 86-98) (Figure 3A). With a median follow-up of 17 months (range, 8-39 months), the estimated 3-year FFR is 44% (95% CI, 28-59) (Figure 3B). The FFR of patients who achieved PCR-negative status at the end of CHOP chemotherapy and who did not receive rituximab was 52% (95% CI, 28-71) (Figure 4). For patients treated with rituximab, the achievement of a durable PCR-negative status was associated with a significantly better clinical outcome; at 3 years, in fact, the FFR was 57% (95% CI, 23-81), compared with 20% (95% CI, 4-46, P < .001) recorded in patients who failed to achieve a molecular response (Figure 5). Interestingly, provided that PCR-negative status in the BM was maintained until the last molecular follow-up (+44 weeks), a low frequency of recurrence or relapse was observed equally in patients who achieved the molecular response at the first molecular follow-up or later. Moreover, patients who never converted to PCR negativity or who reverted to positivity after rituximab had a similarly poor clinical outcome (Table 5).
Prognostic factors for patients treated with rituximab To identify prognostic variables for patients treated with rituximab, a number of factors were examined in univariate and multivariate analyses. By univariate analysis, male sex, presence of extranodal sites, absence of a complete clinical response after CHOP, and lack of a durable (44 weeks from baseline) clearance of Bcl-2/IgH-positive cells were all predictors of disease recurrence (Table 6). The prognostic value of the molecular status at 44 weeks was confirmed also by a Cox time-dependent multivariate analysis which showed that the absence of Bcl-2/IgH rearrangement in the BM at the last molecular control was strongly associated with a reduced risk of recurrence (hazards ratio, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.12-1; P = .04). All other clinical factors, with the exception of sex, did not have a predictive impact on outcome (Table 7).
Toxicity All 77 patients treated with rituximab were considered in the evaluation of toxicity. In 2 patients, treatment was stopped after the first infusion because of grade III liver toxicity secondary to hepatitis B reactivation in one patient, and a severe allergic reaction with grade III hypotension in the other. The other most frequent adverse events attributed to rituximab were usually infusion related; they never exceeded grade 2 in severity and included fever, chills, and pruritus. These side effects were most frequently reported after the first infusion and substantially decreased in their frequency after the subsequent infusions. No patient required hospitalization as a consequence of rituximab treatment.
This study was designed to investigate whether the sequential administration of 6 cycles of CHOP chemotherapy and 4 weekly intravenous infusions of rituximab could induce a significant and durable eradication of Bcl-2/IgH-positive cells from the BM and PB of previously untreated patients with FL. Our results indicate that in about one third of patients, CHOP alone can induce a molecular negativity of the BM and PB. In most of these patients, the clearance of the neoplastic clone seems to be rapid and frequently achieved after the first 3 cycles of chemotherapy. It is unclear whether this is a result of a particular sensitivity to chemotherapy or whether it reflects a lower tumor burden in the BM or PB. As expected, however, in the majority the neoplastic clone was not cleared by conventional chemotherapy and this group of patients was eligible for sequential rituximab administration. Remarkably, a significant proportion of these patients became PCR negative and indeed some patients experienced a long-standing molecular remission. The clearance of the Bcl-2/IgH chimeric signal after rituximab was progressive, since several cases became negative at the second molecular follow-up. This may be explained by pharmacokinetic data demonstrating that measurable amounts of rituximab can be found for a long period of time after the end of treatment.35 Recent studies have reported that rituximab, alone31,36 or in combination with standard dose systemic chemotherapy,37,38 is effective in the treatment of indolent NHL and capable of inducing a molecular Bcl-2 conversion in the PB and/or BM. Our study allowed us to demonstrate the unique capacity of rituximab to eliminate malignant cells from the marrow and/or blood of patients who had a persistent Bcl-2/IgH rearrangement following CHOP. Although a contribution of a delayed effect of CHOP cannot be excluded, the majority of patients who achieved a molecular response with chemotherapy did so within the first 3 cycles. Therefore, we are relatively confident that the subsequent elimination of MRD is due to the efficacy of rituximab rather than to a long-lasting effect of chemotherapy. Moreover, we provided evidence that rituximab can induce not only a durable molecular remission, but also a measurable improvement of the clinical response. The association between a better FFR and the achievement of a molecular response is confirmed by the results obtained in patients whose BM converted to PCR negativity after CHOP alone. Thus, our results support the concept that an improved FFR is associated with the achievement of PCR negativity. Whether this is reached with chemotherapy alone or with chemotherapy followed by rituximab may not be relevant. Our results also suggest that there may be no benefit from combining rituximab with chemotherapy but rather from its use in those patients who failed to achieve a molecular remission with chemotherapy alone. Therefore, rituximab can represent an excellent nontoxic, non-cross reacting agent for the management of MRD in patients with FL. Although the high proportion of complete (marrow and blood) or partial (only blood) molecular responses observed is promising, only a prolonged follow-up will conclusively demonstrate whether the PCR-negative state achieved by this approach bears the same significant improvement of clinical outcome observed with either conventional or high-dose treatments.13,14,29,30 In this respect, the lack of major toxicity associated with rituximab may be of particular importance when considering the risk of secondary myelodysplasia and acute leukemia, which have been observed by several groups after high-dose chemoradiotherapy.15,39 Despite the high proportion of patients who reverted to PCR negativity, in our experience the molecular conversion was transient in some patients and in others a clinical relapse or a progression of the disease was documented despite the molecular negativity of the BM and the PB. Most importantly and at variance from what was reported after high-dose chemotherapy and autologous transplantation with in vitro or in vivo purged peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs),13,14 the FFR curve even among molecularly responding patients did not show any convincing plateau. This result underlines the fact that beyond the purging effect documented in the blood and marrow, a significant proportion of neoplastic cells may escape the pharmacologic activity of the drug because of their deep lymph node location. On the same line is the observation that the neoplastic clone showed a more pronounced resistance within the BM compared with PB. A plausible, though not exhaustive, explanation is that cells circulating in the blood are more easily accessible to the complement40 as well as to immune-mediated lysis (by natural killer [NK] cells, macrophages). In support of this notion is also the observation that a negativization of the PCR assay was more frequently recorded in the blood compared with the marrow of those patients in whom the concomitant persistence of measurable disease could be demonstrated, clinically or instrumentally. Thus, although blood PCR has been reported to be as informative as marrow for the detection of MRD,29 our results are rather in keeping with studies suggesting that molecular analysis of MRD performed on marrow samples provide more reliable prognostic implications.11 In conclusion, this study confirms the clinical activity of rituximab and documents that the sequential administration of CHOP chemotherapy followed by rituximab can induce complete BM and PB responses in more than 70% of patients. The clinical impact of achieving a molecular response has still to be fully appreciated41 since long term remissions have been reported in patients with a persistently detectable Bcl-2/IgH rearrangement,42 and indeed this rearrangement may occasionally be found in the normal PB lymphocytes.43 Further studies are required to identify the most effective chemotherapy programs to combine with rituximab, the optimal time for the administration of rituximab, and to address the issue of the correlation between molecular remission and clinical outcome.
Submitted June 20, 2001; accepted September 27, 2001.
Supported in part by grants from Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca contro il Cancro (AIRC), Consiglio Nazionale per le Ricerche (CNR) (target project on biotechnology no. 97.01278.PF449), Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca Scientifica (MURST), Associazione Paolo Belli, and Associazione Italiana contro le Leucemie (AIL).
G.D. and E.G. are employed by Roche, SpA whose product was studied in the present work.
The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. Therefore, and solely to indicate this fact, this article is hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. section 1734.
Reprints: Alessandro Rambaldi, Divisione di Ematologia, Ospedali Riuniti, Largo Barozzi 1, 24100 Bergamo, Italy; e-mail: arambaldi{at}ospedaliriuniti.bergamo.it.
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  F. Morschhauser, M. Dreyling, A. Rohatiner, F. Hagemeister, and A. Bischof Delaloye Rationale for Consolidation to Improve Progression-Free Survival in Patients with Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: A Review of the Evidence Oncologist, October 1, 2009; 14(suppl_2): 17 - 29. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Top
Abstract
Introduction
) and PB
(
) after the third cycle, as well as 4 and 6 weeks after the sixth
cycle of chemotherapy (baseline). In case of discrepancies between the
molecular results at baseline, a third assay was performed (8 weeks)
after CHOP and this result conclusively established the positivity or
negativity of the molecular marker. Only clinically responsive but
persistently PCR-positive patients were eligible for rituximab
treatment.
