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CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS, INTERVENTIONS, AND THERAPEUTIC TRIALS
From the GIMEMA Group, Rome, Italy. A list of the
participating institutions and responsible individuals appears in the
Appendix.
The GIMEMA ALL 0288 trial was designed to evaluate the impact of a
7-day prednisone (PDN) pretreatment on complete remission (CR)
achievement and length, the influence of the addition of cyclophosphamide (random I) to a conventional 4-drug induction on CR
rate and duration, and whether an early post-CR intensification (random
II) by an 8-drug consolidation could improve CR duration. Median
follow-up of this study was 7.3 years. From January 1988 to April 1994, among 794 adult (> 12 but < 60 years) patients registered, 778 were
eligible. Their median age was 27.5 years; 73% had B-lineage acute
lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and 22% had T-lineage disease; 18%
showed associated myeloid markers; 47 of 216 analyzed patients (22%)
had Philadelphia chromosome-positive ALL. Response to PDN pretreatment
was observed in 65% of cases. CR was achieved in 627 patients (82%).
Resistant patients and induction death rates were 11% and 7%,
respectively. Random II was applied to 388 patients with CR; 201 had
maintenance alone and 187 had consolidation followed by maintenance.
The relapse rate was 60%; isolated central nervous system relapses
were 8% of all CRs and 13% of all relapses. Median survival (overall
survival [OS]), continuous complete remission (CCR), and disease-free
survival (DFS) were 2.2, 2.4, and 2 years, respectively. PDN
pretreatment response resulted the main independent factor influencing
CR achievement, OS, CCR, and DFS; the addition of cyclophosphamide in
induction significantly influenced CR achievement in a multivariate
analysis. Neither induction intensification nor early consolidation
appeared to influence CCR and DFS duration. For the first time PDN
pretreatment response proved to be a powerful factor predicting disease
outcome in adult ALL patients.
(Blood. 2002;99:863-871) In adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL),
unlike in childhood ALL, the percentage of long-term remitters and
survivors has not improved significantly during recent decades,
although several trials have attempted to intensify the induction and
postremission strategy, including early bone marrow transplantation
(BMT).1-12 In the previous GIMEMA trial ALL 0183, we
demonstrated that a mild 4-drug induction led to an excellent complete
remission (CR) rate (79.3%), and that a short intensive
post-CR therapy did not prevent recurrence of leukemia, leaving
only 25% of remitter patients as more than 10-year long-term
survivors.13
Some recent studies have focused on the hypothesis that an intense
initial cytoreduction followed by multidrug intensification could
increase the likelihood of long-term disease-free survival (DFS) in
adults with ALL.6,14
The GIMEMA ALL 0288 trial was started in 1988 with the aim of testing
whether (1) a 7-day prednisone (PDN) pretreatment response could have a
prognostic significance on CR achievement and duration, as demonstrated
in childhood ALL; (2) the randomized addition of cyclophosphamide (Cy)
in induction could improve CR rate and length; and (3) an early post-CR
intensification by an 8-drug consolidation phase could influence the
percentage of long-term remitters and survivors.
After a median potential follow-up of 7.3 years (range, 3.9-10.4 years; all surviving patients were followed until June 1999), we are now able to determine the real proportion of adult patients with ALL who become long-term disease-free survivors and
investigate the prognostic factors that significantly influenced the
disease outcome.
Treatment program
Pretreatment with PDN was given over 7 days (day Induction phase I (random I) was given over 4 weeks either as a 5-drug
regimen (arm A) with Cy, vincristine (VCR), daunorubicin (DNR),
asparaginase (ASP), and prednisone (PDN), or as a 4-drug regimen (arm
B) with VCR, DNR, ASP, and PDN.
CR was evaluated on day +32. Patients not in CR received a salvage
regimen that included high-dose cytosine-arabinoside (HDARA-C) in
continuous infusion and mitoxantrone (MITOX). Patients in CR after
induction phase I or after salvage chemotherapy were given induction
phase II (VCR, MITOX, and PDN) followed by intensification, which
consisted of 3 courses of L-VAMP followed by 4 doses of teniposide
(VM-26) plus ARA-C. L-VAMP is a combination of VCR, methotrexate (MTX),
ARA-C, and dexamethasone (Dexa). A rescue with folinic acid was
provided thereafter. L-VAMP courses were given at 15-day intervals.
Postintensification therapy (random II) consisted of consolidation plus
maintenance (C+M) or maintenance alone (M). Consolidation therapy
included 8 drugs in 5 courses (A, B, C, D, E) that were repeated 3 times each (Figure 1). The expected consolidation time was 6 months.
Maintenance chemotherapy was based on daily oral 6 mercaptopurine
(6-MP) plus intramuscular MTX weekly for 3 weeks, followed by VCR and
PDN pulses. Total duration of postintensification therapy (C+M or M
alone) was 24 months.
Central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis was based on intrathecal MTX
plus PDN weekly, times 4 during induction (day 0, 8, 15, 22), monthly
during intensification and postintensification for a total of 16 doses,
associated with the systemic high-dose MTX given during the 3 courses
of L-VAMP.
All patients were given low-dose trimethoprim (80 mg/d),
sulfamethoxazole (400 mg/d) for 3 days a week as prophylaxis
against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. The use
of prophylactic oral antibiotic therapy and the management of febrile
episodes were carried out according to GIMEMA infection program
guidelines.15
Criteria for response
Patients Patients aged 12 to 60 years, with previously untreated ALL of French-American-British (FAB) classification subtypes L1 and L2 or undifferentiated leukemia (AUL) were considered eligible for this study. Patients with B S(Ig)+ ALL were excluded.All patients were registered by telephone at the GIMEMA Data Center before treatment; at registration cytology, cytochemistry, and immunophenotype, performed at the local institution, were required. Diagnosis of ALL was confirmed by the Central Committee's review of blood smears and bone marrow specimens for cytologic and cytochemical characteristics, according to FAB criteria.16 Central review of immunophenotype data were also required and done.17 Pretreatment cytogenetics was recommended to be performed at the local center level; however, it was not mandatory, and a centralized karyotype review was not planned. At the beginning of this study, pretreatment molecular analysis for bcr/abl rearrangement was not included; then, from May 1990, when in the context of this trial a pilot study for patients positive for Philadelphia chromosome (Ph+) or bcr/abl rearrangements (or both) was planned,18 the GIMEMA group activated the first framework for centralized molecular analysis. The bcr/abl fusion gene was analyzed in 3 centers, Rome (F. Lo Coco), Turin (G. Saglio), and Naples (F. Pane). No therapeutical lumbar puncture for cerebrospinal fluid examination was mandatory at diagnosis for all patients; 3 patients with CNS involvement (> 3 definable blast cells in cytospin sample) were considered not eligible for the randomized study and excluded from this analysis. Statistical methods The primary goals of the trial were to conduct a multicenter, randomized controlled clinical trial to evaluate the effect of addition of Cy during induction in increasing the CR rate and the efficacy of intensified postremission therapy in reducing relapse risk.Allocation to study groups Randomization was performed using randomly permuted blocks. For the first random, the only stratifying variable was white blood cell (WBC) count at entry; for the second random, the type of allocated induction group was considered. A central repository of randomization schedules was kept by the Trial Secretariat at the GIMEMA Data Center. After obtaining written informed consent, the hospital investigator had to call the Data Center to obtain the allocation for that patient. Allocation was granted only after the data on eligibility had been verbally transferred, recorded, and checked.Sample size We assumed a percentage of CR of 80% in the conventional chemotherapy group (no Cy) with an increase in this frequency to 90% with Cy addition, and a reduction of 33% of relapse risk in patients treated with C+M versus M only. To have an 80% chance of detecting these differences required a sample size of 390 patients in the first randomization and 152 events after the second randomization ( = 0.05, 2-sided test). The follow-up period was established at
5 years.
Analysis All primary analyses were conducted using the intention-to-treat rule; that is, the outcome for each patient was counted against the trial group to which he/she was originally allocated, regardless of whether he/she later deviated from the protocol.We compared the prevalence of risk factors and the incidence of end
points in randomized groups using Survival was defined as the time from randomization to death or date of last follow-up. Continuous complete remission (CCR) was calculated from the time of achieving CR to relapse or date of last follow-up; DFS was defined as the time from achieving CR to relapse, death, or date of last follow-up. The probability of survival, CCR, and DFS were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method.19 The log-rank test20 was used to compare treatment effect and risk factor categories. The 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for these probabilities and the median survival times were obtained using the Simon and Lee method.21 All tests were 2-sided, accepting P < .05 as indicating a statistically significant difference. Median follow-up time was estimated by reversing the codes for the censoring indicator in a Kaplan-Meier analysis. Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards regression models22,23 were performed to examine and check for treatment results and the risk factors affecting CR rate and time to event. These were performed using the SAS procedures LOGISTIC and PHREG, respectively.24 Analysis of the full trial population was followed by analysis of relevant subgroups.
Patient accrual From January 1988 to April 1996, 794 adult patients with ALL were registered in the GIMEMA ALL 0288 study from 41 centers throughout Italy. At central reviewing of the initial data, 16 patients were considered ineligible because of misdiagnosis (n = 7), age over 60 years (n = 2), CNS involvement (n = 3), B S(Ig)+ ALL (n = 2), and severe organ failure (n = 2).Patient characteristics Of the 778 eligible patients, 459 were men; median age was 27.5 years (range, 12-59.9 years); 231 (30%) were aged 20 years or younger, 188 (24%) were 21 to 30 years old, 121 (16%) were aged 31 to 40 years, 113 (14%) were aged 41 to 50 years, and 125 (16%) were older than 50 years.Initial median WBC count was 13.6 × 109/L (range, 0.5-527 × 109/L); 575 (74%) had an initial WBC count of 50 × 109/L or less, 12% had WBC counts of 50 to 100 × 109/L; and 14% had WBC counts more than 100 × 109/L. At diagnosis, performance status (PS) according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria was available for 740 patients. Only 58 patients (8%) were classified as having WHO PS more than 3. Fever was present in 90 cases (11.6%); infection was documented in 34 patients. Splenomegaly more than 3 cm and adenomegaly more than 3 cm were documented (by physical examination) in 304 patients (38%) and in 121 patients (16%), respectively, among 778 eligible patients. A mediastinal mass was detected in 74 of 764 patients (10%). A centralized review of immunophenotype data was undertaken in 706 of 778 cases; the remaining 72 could not be reviewed. Of the reviewed cases, 513 (73%) were classified as having B-lineage ALL, 154 (22%) as T-lineage ALL, and 39 (5%) were considered not classifiable. In 122 cases (102 B lineage, 20 T lineage) myeloid (My) markers (CD13 or CD33 or both) were found, and they were classified as My+ ALL. Response to induction therapy PDN pretreatment.
In vivo response to PDN pretreatment (defined as circulating blasts at
day 0
Response to induction and toxicity.
Of the 778 eligible patients, 391 were randomized in arm A
(Cy+) and 387 in arm B (Cy
Postremission treatment and outcome Of 627 patients showing a CR, 239 did not undergo the second randomization because of treatment toxicity (n = 37), death in CR (n = 24), early relapse (n = 83), early transplantation (n = 44), and protocol violation or treatment refusal or lost to follow-up (n = 51). Thus, 388 patients (62%) were randomized for postintensification therapy; 187 received C+M and 201 M alone.Of the 187 patients allocated to receive C+M, 79 completed the assigned
treatment regularly, whereas 108 (58%) went off the study because of
early relapse (n = 76), chemotherapy-related toxicity (n = 11),
treatment refusal (n = 17), or BMT (3 allogeneic, 1 autologous). Only 28 patients (35%) completed consolidation in
the expected 6 months; the median time to complete consolidation was 10 months. Hematologic toxicity, mainly during or after courses A and D
(which did not include prednisone), was the main cause of treatment
delay or interruption. The median duration of neutropenia (PMN count
Of 201 patients receiving M only, 113 completed the assigned treatment regularly, whereas 88 (44%) went off the study because of early relapse (n = 68), chemotherapy-related toxicity (n = 6), treatment refusal (n = 4), or BMT (5 allogeneic, 5 autologous). Of the 627 CR patients, 375 (60%) had a relapse in a median time of 10 months (range, 1 month to 6.6 years); late relapse (> 24 months from CR) occurred in 101 patients (27%). Relapses were mainly hematologic; there were 50 isolated CNS relapses, representing 8% of all CRs and 13% of all relapses; this type of relapse occurred in a median time of 14 months (range, 1 month to 6.5 years) from CR achievement. In 17 cases, isolated CNS relapse occurred after more than 2 years (median CCR time was 2.3 years) when patients were still on treatment (n = 9) or off therapy (n = 8). Prognostic factors for overall survival, CCR, and DFS The median overall survival (OS) of the 778 eligible patients was 2.2 years; at 9 years, 27% (95% CI, 23%-30%) are projected to be long-term survivors (Figure 2). OS appeared to be significantly influenced by age (P = .0001) and WBC count (P = .0001; Table 5).
The PDN pretreatment response proved to have a significant impact on survival. At 8 years 33% (95% CI, 28%-38%) of PDN responder patients are survivors compared to 17% (95% CI, 12%-23%) of those classified as nonresponders (P = .0001). The type of induction did not influence survival. At 8 years 28% of patients treated with Cy were survivors compared to 27% of those treated without Cy (P = .9261). Median survival from the second randomization in the 388 patients involved was 4 years; at 8 years, 38% (95% CI, 32%-44%) of these are projected to survive. The type of post-CR treatment (C+M or M only) did not reveal any significant influence on survival from randomization. At 8 years, 38% (95% CI, 31%-46%) of patients in arm C+M were survivors versus 37% (95% CI, 28%-46%) of patients in arm M only (P = .1710). After a median potential follow-up of 7.3 years (range, 3.9-10.4 years), median CR duration was 2.4 years; at 9 years, 33% (95% CI, 28%-37%) of all responders are in CCR (Figure
3).
The intensification of induction by the addition of Cy did not
influence percentage and length of CCR. At 8 years, 34% of patients in
arm A and 31% in arm B had CCR; median CCR length in the 2 groups was
2.5 and 2.2 years, respectively (P = .7946; Figure
4).
Intensification of post-CR treatment (C+M) did not show any influence
on CCR. At 8 years, 36% (95% CI, 28%-44%) of patients in the C+M
group and 37% (95% CI, 29%-45%) in the M group showed CCR. The
median CCR was 2.9 and 3.5 years in the 2 groups, respectively (P = .4439; Figure 5).
Patient age did not significantly associate with CCR. The probability
of CCR at 8 years is 39% for young ( The PDN pretreatment response was confirmed to have a significant
impact on CCR. At 8 years, 36% (95% CI, 30%-42%) of PDN responders
had CCR versus 24% (95% CI, 16%-32%) of those considered nonresponders (P = .0004; Figure
6).
B-lineage ALL appeared to have a significantly longer CCR compared to T-lineage ALL. At 8 years, 34% (95% CI, 28%-40%) of B-lineage ALL cases showed CCR compared to 27% (95% CI, 17%-37%) of the T-ALL cases (P = .0059). Initial WBC count also appeared to have a significant influence on CCR probability at 8 years: 36%, 22%, and 21% for patients with no more than 50, more than 50 or less than 100, and more than 100 × 109/L, respectively (P = .0001). Median DFS was 2 years; at 9 years, 29% (95% CI, 24%-33%) of patients are disease-free survivors. The intensification of induction by the addition of Cy did not influence DFS probability and length. At 8 years, 31% of patients are disease-free survivors in arm A and 28% in arm B; median DFS in the 2 groups was 2.3 and 1.9 years, respectively (P = .8055). Failure to achieve CR after the first induction course strongly influenced DFS. In the group of 33 patients who achieved CR after salvage therapy, median DFS was 7 months; at 3 years, only 12% of these were disease-free survivors. More intensified post-CR treatment (C+M) did not prove to influence DFS. At 8 years, 34% of patients are disease-free survivors in the C+M group and 35% in the M group; median DFS was 2.4 and 2.9 years, respectively (P = .3811). Disease-free survival was not influenced by the entire more intensified
treatment, that is, Cy+ in induction and C+M in post-CR. At
8 years, 37% of patients, who were given the more intensified
approach, were disease-free survivors compared to 34% of those who
received the less intense treatment (Cy Disease-free survival appeared significantly influenced by age, initial WBC count, immunophenotype, and response to PDN pretreatment (Table 5). The results of multivariate analysis are shown in Table
6. PDN pretreatment was a powerful
independent prognostic factor influencing OS, DFS, and CCR. Age at
diagnosis influenced significantly OS and DFS, whereas initial WBC
count appeared to influence DFS and CCR only.
Both randomized additions of Cy (during induction as well as in consolidation) failed to show any influence on OS, DFS, and CCR. Transplantation In this study, 61 patients underwent a transplantation procedure, 41 allogeneic and 20 autologous. Of these, 14 were Ph+ ALL and will be discussed later. Of the 47 remaining patients, 34 underwent allotransplantation and 13 autotransplantation; 37 (79%) were younger than 40 years and 10 (21%) had an initial WBC count more than 50 × 109/L. Posttransplantation median CR duration was 50 and 29 months in patients undergoing autotransplantation and allotransplantation, respectively; 18 patients had relapse (7 autotransplantation and 11 allotransplantation) and 8 deaths related to the allotransplantation were recorded.Ph+ or bcr/abl rearranged patients Cytogenetic analysis at diagnosis was performed in 216 patients; in 158 there was a sufficient number of evaluable metaphases. The Ph chromosome was identified in 30 patients (19%). Molecular analysis for BCR gene rearrangement from blood or marrow was performed in 200 cases; 38 (19%) were rearranged. When the results of cytogenetic and molecular tests were combined, 47 patients were positive for one or both techniques (Table 7).
In this subset, the median age was 35.7 years (range, 13.4-58.3 years) and initial median WBC count was 20.9 × 109/L (range, 1.4-190 × 109/L); 38 were classified as having B-lineage ALL, 2 as T-lineage ALL, 5 with My+ ALL, and 2 were not classified. Thirty-six of these 47 patients were evaluable for PDN pretreatment response; 26 (72%) were responders and 10 (28%) nonresponders. Thirty-nine patients (83%) achieved complete hematologic remission (CHR) and 8 (17%) were resistant; no patient died during induction. For post-CR therapy, 14 of 39 patients with CR (36%) underwent BMT, 7 allogeneic and 7 autologous transplantations. The remaining 25 did not undergo early BMT because of early relapse (n = 15), chemotherapy-related toxicity (n = 5), or because when they were diagnosed the program of early transplantation for Ph+ ALL had not been activated yet (n = 5). Overall CHR duration was 9 months in the whole group of patients with Ph+ ALL and 18 months in patients undergoing BMT.
This study represents one of the largest adult ALL series reported in literature. Patients were treated with an intensified therapy, which compares well with the intensive approaches designed and applied during the past 10 years.1-13 In childhood leukemia, PDN pretreatment (plus intrathecal MTX) response was recognized as a new, independent, powerful prognostic factor. Poor response to PDN identifies 10% of all pediatric ALL with a dismal prognosis, whose estimated event-free survival is less than 50%.25 In this study the influence of PDN pretreatment alone was for the first time tested in adult ALL and revealed to be an independent prognostic factor for CR achievement as well as for OS, CCR, and DFS. Response to PDN pretreatment correlated directly with initial WBC count and immunophenotype, but not with age and the presence of cytogenetic or molecular abnormalities. One of the main aims of this study was to test whether the
intensification of a conventional 4-drug induction by adding Cy might
improve CR rate. Overall CR rate was 82%, which is equal to or higher
than the one reported in previous, contemporary, and successive
monocentric and multi-institutional studies of adult
ALL.1-10 The addition of Cy did not improve the percentage of CR, which was 81% in arm A (Cy+) and 83% in arm B
(Cy Induction failure rates, that is, resistant patients and induction deaths, were 11% and 7%, respectively. However, the percentage of true resistant cases was lower, considering that salvage therapy rescued 53% of the cases, thus increasing overall CR rate to 86%. The main cause of induction death was infection, whereas hemorrhage and thromboembolic events, due to E coli ASP, disappeared when the drug was substituted by Erwinia ASP. 26 Achievement of CR was influenced by age, initial WBC count, and
response to PDN pretreatment, but not by immunophenotype or cytogenetic
or molecular abnormality. The CR rate in T-lineage ALL was slightly
higher (85%); even in this subset, the impact of Cy during induction
did not translate into a significantly better disease outcome. At 8 years, DFS was the same, 20% in arm A (Cy+) and 22% in
arm B (Cy In this study, 47 (22%) patients of 216 tested were identified as Ph+ or with bcr/abl rearrangement (or both); 72% of them were responders to PDN pretreatment and 83% achieved CR. This CR rate is higher than the one reported in other adult Ph+ ALL multi-institutional studies using a similar induction regimen.1-3,6,10 This suggests that for these patients a more intensive induction may not be necessary. Because in this series of adult Ph+ patients the response rate to PDN pretreatment was the same (72%) as observed in childhood Ph+ cases,27 it can be argued that, as in children, even in adult patients, response to PDN pretreatment could be useful in identifying those with a relatively better prognosis. In fact, among our Ph+ cases, 7 patients with low initial WBC count (median 12.8 × 109/L), who were PDN responders and did not undergo a transplantation procedure, had a prolonged (> 24 months) first CHR (one of them is still in first CHR, off therapy for 12 years). Thus, as in children,27-29 low initial WBC count and PDN pretreatment response could be taken into account in designing therapeutic approaches for Ph+ adult patients ineligible for a transplantation procedure. In view of the use of new agents, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors, this information may acquire importance because chemotherapy combined with tyrosine kinase inhibitors could be an innovative approach for selected patient categories.30,31 Of 6 patients recognized to have t(4;11)(q21;q23), 5 achieved CR and 4 of them were PDN pretreatment responders; 2 of the patients with CHR achieved molecular remission during post-CR chemotherapy and became long-term remitters and survivors.32 Because in our previous GIMEMA ALL 0183 study we ascribed the high percentage (64%) of early leukemia recurrence to the short duration of post-CR therapy,13 in the present study post-CR therapy was intensified and prolonged for 24 months. Nevertheless, in the present group of patients the median CCR duration was 2.4 years, only marginally influenced by a more intensive post-CR treatment. The randomized addition of intensive consolidation to a conventional maintenance failed to show a significant impact on CCR. At 8 years both long-term DFS fraction and median DFS duration were similar in the C+M and M arms: 34% and 35% and 2.4 and 2.9 years, respectively. In a high percentage of patients consolidation was not fulfilled in the expected 6 months, requiring nearly 1 year; we cannot exclude that this delay could have hampered the intensification, bringing about early relapses, which occurred in 41% of cases randomized in this arm. The present trial did not include the use of growth factors to overcome myelosuppression during the consolidation phase, because at the time of activation of the study these recombinant molecules were not readily available in this country. Only a few patients received growth factors during consolidation, thus no definitive conclusion about their efficacy can be drawn. However, in childhood high-risk ALL, growth factors during intensive consolidation demonstrated only a moderate increase of chemotherapy dose intensity, which did not prove to have a significant impact on DFS.33 Conventional maintenance However, even in this study the relapse rate (60%) remains intolerably high; relapses were mainly hematologic (52% of patients) and the majority occurred early, with a median time from CR to relapse of 10 months. Isolated CNS relapse occurred in 8% of all CRs and 13% of all relapses. In this trial CNS prophylaxis was intensified by systemic intermediate doses of MTX and Dexa; nevertheless, isolated CNS relapse rate was the same as recorded in our previous GIMEMA ALL 0183 study.13 One may thus infer that intermediate-dose MTX, combined with a standard dose of Dexa, given for 3 courses only, is not sufficient to eradicate CNS leukemia. Because Dexa penetrates into CNS better than prednisolone, thus showing a higher antileukemic activity,38 a larger use of Dexa at high dose might improve CNS prophylaxis in adult patients as well as in children. In the successive GIMEMA ALL 0394 study, in which systemic high-dose (20 mg/m2) Dexa was used during induction and subsequently during systemic CNS prophylaxis, the incidence of isolated CNS relapse dropped to 2% (unpublished data, May 2001), similar to that reported both in M. D. Anderson Center (Houston, TX) adult series39 and in a pediatric one.40 The role of cranial irradiation in adult ALL still remains a debated issue; in some monocentric experiences8 it proved to be a successful approach, whereas in larger studies radiotherapy did not completely prevent CNS leukemia recurrence.6 The question is whether in adult patients, as in children, CNS cranial radiotherapy should be reserved for patients with CNS-3 status (5 or more leucocytes/µL with definable blast cells or the presence of cranial nerve palsies)39 only and whether a cyclic intensification with systemic high dose of MTX plus Dexa could help in eradicating CNS leukemia. In multivariate analysis, so-called conventional factors such as age and initial WBC count confirmed their significant role in influencing DFS (Table 6). Response to PDN pretreatment arose as an important independent factor predicting disease outcome; in PDN responder patients, a high CR rate (87%) translated into a significantly higher percentage of long-term CCRs (Figure 6). Initial rapid cytoreduction is considered a basic step in the treatment of adult ALL; it directly correlates with prolonged remission and survival.1,2 This goal can be achieved by intensifying the induction regimen or by applying a preinduction chemotherapy not including PDN.6,9 However, unlike the PDN pretreatment, neither of these approaches can be used to allocate patients into 2 different risk categories. In this study, as in our previous ALL 0183 trial,13 we were not able to demonstrate an independent prognostic role for the immunophenotype. B-lineage ALL was confirmed to show a marginally better outcome. Compared to B-lineage, T-lineage ALL was less responsive to PDN pretreatment without reaching statistical significance; nevertheless CR rate was slightly higher (83% versus 85%). However, this excellent induction result did not translate into a higher percentage of long-term CCR and DFS. The addition of Cy during induction as well as during the consolidation phase did not significantly influence the outcome of T-ALL. Other multi-institutional studies suggested that Cy plus intermediate-dose ARA-C may be the most appropriate consolidation approach for this patient subset.1,6,41 In the present study, both drugs were used at standard dose after a double randomization; as a consequence, 48 of our T-ALL cases received these drugs in induction or consolidation or both and 35% of them resulted in DFS at 3 years, compared to 39% of the remaining 23 T-ALL patients who received neither Cy+ induction nor consolidation. However, due to the small number of patients in each subgroup, we do not think that these results are sufficient to argue against the data obtained from larger series of homogeneously treated T-ALL patients. Nevertheless, we cannot definitively explain the prognosis of T ALL in our series; it may be speculated both that T ALL is a heterogeneous disease as well as that in our population more aggressive forms were predominant. Bone marrow transplantation in the first CR is retained as the best approach for high-risk ALL patients, especially for those with genetic abnormalities10-12,36,42-44; for the remaining patients it remains a controversial issue, because long-term follow-up analysis did not show a significant impact of bone marrow transplantation on leukemia-free survival with respect to chemotherapy.45 In our study, in which early BMT was planned from 1990 onward only for Ph+ patients,18 fewer than 10% of those with CR underwent early BMT, half of them coming from high-risk categories. The median CR duration in the whole transplantation series was 30 months and 50% were CCR at 5 years. Considering the low number of patients undergoing transplantation, we cannot draw any factual conclusion about the role of this procedure. In conclusion, the present long-term follow-up analysis shows, compared to our previous GIMEMA study, that the percentage of long-term survivors and those with DFS improved with this protocol. However, the relapse rate remained disappointingly high, even using a more intensive schedule in induction and in consolidation. The reasons for the persistently high relapse rate may include the following: (1) no specific strategy was applied for high-risk patient subsets and (2) treatment delay, mainly in the consolidation arm, may have hampered an optimal dose intensity of the drugs used. It may also be that long-term follow-up analysis shows the true outcome of adult ALL, for which, regardless of different intensive approaches, leukemia recurrence represents a constant phenomenon. The observation that response to PDN pretreatment is one of the main prognostic factors even in adults indicates that the evaluation of this early therapeutic phase should not be omitted in the future trials for adult ALL and may be useful to stratify patients for different postremission approaches.
Submitted June 29, 2001; accepted September 27, 2001.
Supported by grants progetto finalizzato CNR no. 92.02240.PF39, no. 93.02217.PF39, no. 94.01182.PF39.
The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. Therefore, and solely to indicate this fact, this article is hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. section 1734.
Reprints: Franco Mandelli, Department of Cellular Biotechnology and Hematology, Via Benevento, 6-00161, Rome, Italy; e-mail: mandelli{at}bce.med.uniroma1.it.
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Participating centers are listed in alphabetical order by city, with the responsible individuals given and the number of cases provided in parentheses. Ancona: Nuovo Ospedale Torrette, P. Leoni, M. Montillo, M. Offidani
(21); Avellino: Ospedale Civile, E. Volpe, N. Cantore (17); Aviano:
Centro di Referimento Oncologico, S. Monfardini, G. Cartei, V. Zagonel
(9); Bari: Policlinico, V. Liso, G. Specchia (70); Bergamo: Ospedali
Riuniti, T. Barbui, M. Buelli (8); Bologna: Policlinico S. Orsola, S. Tura, M. Baccarani, G. Visani (35); Cagliari: Ospedale Oncologico A. Businco, G. Broccia,
© 2002 by The American Society of Hematology.
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D. Hoelzer, N. Gokbuget, O. Ottmann, C.-H. Pui, M. V. Relling, F. R. Appelbaum, J. J.M. van Dongen, and T. Szczepanski Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Hematology, January 1, 2002; 2002(1): 162 - 192. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Top
Abstract
Introduction
7 to day 
2.
1000/µL) was evaluable in 657 of the 778 eligible patients,
whereas in the remaining 121 cases response to PDN pretreatment could
not be assessed because the patients were already taking PDN before
enrollment in the study. At diagnosis, of 657 evaluable patients 154 had at least 1000 blasts and 503 had more than 1000 blasts; 429 (65%)
were considered responders (143 and 286 among patients with initial
peripheral blasts 
). Five patients
died before starting treatment and 4 responses could not be evaluated;
thus, 769 patients, 387 in arm A and 382 in arm B, were evaluable for
response. Among those, 627 (82%) patients achieved a CR, 87 (11%)
were resistant, and 55 (7%) died during induction. No difference
between the 2 randomized induction arms was found concerning CR rate
(81% in arm A, 83% in arm B), resistant patients, and induction
deaths (Table 
daily 6-MP and weekly MTX
W. Deplano (32); Catania: Ospedale Ferrarotto,