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CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS, INTERVENTIONS, AND THERAPEUTIC TRIALS
From the Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and
Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD;
and Department of Sociology, Western Maryland College, Westminister,
MD.
The Polycythemia Vera Study Group (PVSG) was organized in
1967 to identify the optimal approach to the diagnosis and treatment of
polycythemia vera (PV). Nevertheless, a systematic assessment of US
physicians' approach to PV has not been performed. To determine practice patterns in the management of PV, a random sample of the US
American Society of Hematology (ASH) membership was surveyed. Thirty-three percent of 3000 surveys were returned. Significant variations in diagnostic and therapeutic approach were evident by
region, practice type, specialty, and clinical experience. Red cell
volume determinations (78% of respondents), serum erythropoietin levels (76%), and arterial blood gases (75%) were the most frequent tests used in the diagnosis of PV. Sixty-nine percent of physicians use
phlebotomy as their first choice for erythrocytosis. Phlebotomy plus hydroxyurea (27.8%) and hydroxyurea alone (10%) were used less
often. Despite PVSG recommendations, almost 16% of physicians used a
target hematocrit of 0.55 (50%) or 0.55 (55%) for phlebotomy therapy.
Eighty-two percent of physicians treated thrombocytosis only when
platelet counts exceeded 1000 × 109/L (1 000 000/µL)
or in the event of symptoms. Hydroxyurea (62.8%) and anagrelide
(35.4%) were the primary agents used to treat thrombocytosis. Thus,
this national survey of US hematologists and oncologists has
identified substantial variation in the approach to the diagnosis and
treatment of PV. A significant minority of physicians undertreat erythrocytosis, and little consensus exists regarding the treatment of thrombocytosis.
(Blood. 2002;99:1144-1149) Polycythemia vera (PV) is a chronic
myeloproliferative disorder characterized by panmyelosis,
splenomegaly, and a predisposition to venous/arterial thrombosis,
myelofibrosis, and acute leukemia. Vaquez is credited with the initial
description of PV in 1892.1 Osler's case series published
in 1903 further delineated the clinical features of PV and
differentiated it from other entities characterized by
erythrocytosis.2 Over the subsequent 6 decades
considerable information on the diagnosis and treatment of PV was
amassed but, nevertheless, little consensus or uniformity in approach
was achieved.3 In 1967, the Polycythemia Vera Study
Group (PVSG) was organized to identify the optimal approach to the
diagnosis and treatment of PV.4 To achieve this goal, the
PVSG conducted several multicenter trials comparing phlebotomy with
chemotherapy and radiotherapy in the management of erythrocytosis and
the efficacy of aspirin in prevention of thrombosis.5,6
Since the completion of these studies, no systemic assessment of the
impact of the PVSG on the routine management of PV by hematologists and
oncologists in the United States has been performed. To
determine practice patterns in the management of PV, we conducted a
nationwide survey of US American Society of Hematology (ASH) members on
their approach to the diagnosis and treatment of PV. Our findings
demonstrate that significant differences exist among physicians with
respect to the appropriate management of PV.
A one-page anonymous questionnaire on the diagnosis and
treatment of PV was mailed to 3000 randomly selected US ASH members between July 21, 1999, and July 28, 1999 (Figure
1). ASH members who were unlikely to
treat PV (ie, pediatric hematologists/oncologists, pathologists, and
physicians in the biotechnology or pharmaceutical industry) were
excluded from the target population. Each survey was sent with a short
letter of introduction as well as return postage. For convenience, a
fax number was also included. All returned surveys were included in the
data set unless the respondent failed to respond to any of the
diagnosis and treatment questions. Failure to respond to all the
demographic items was not considered sufficient reason to exclude
survey data. Regional location of respondents was determined by postal
marks or area codes. After examining the frequency distribution of
individual variables, contingency tables were constructed to analyze
the relationship between dependent (diagnostic and therapeutic
modalities) and independent variables (respondent characteristics). The
Pearson
Population demographics
Diagnosis of polycythemia vera
Treatment of erythrocytosis in polycythemia vera To assess the approach of practitioners to treatment of PV, we asked them to rank their therapeutic preferences. Phlebotomy alone was the overwhelming first choice, followed by a combination of phlebotomy and hydroxyurea and hydroxyurea alone. Aspirin, interferon, 32P, and busulfan were chosen by only a small minority of practitioners (Figure 3). Eighty-one percent of physicians included phlebotomy alone at some point among their therapeutic choices (sum of first- through fourth-line therapies). Phlebotomy plus hydroxyurea was selected almost as frequently (76.4%). Hydroxyurea alone (48.7%), interferon (24.5%), aspirin (16.5%), 32P (16.4%), and busulfan (9.5%) were used less often. Few significant variations in treatment approach to erythrocytosis were noted among respondents. Use of hydroxyurea as a first-line agent was greater among physicians in academic practice (26.8% vs 17% in private practice, P = .01). There was a trend for physicians with more years of posttraining clinical experience to use phlebotomy as first-line therapy for erythrocytosis (87%, > 10 years experience; vs 81%, 6-10 years; and 79%, 1-5 years; P = .02 for > 10 years group and 1-5 years group comparison). Busulfan (76.4%), 32P (68.9%), and interferon (40.5%) were the agents most often avoided in the treatment of erythrocytosis. These opinions were invariant among respondents by practice type, specialty, and the number of PV patients in their practice. However, some regional variation in the reluctance to employ interferon for erythrocytosis was noted (Southwest, 48%; West, 49%; vs 35%, 38%, and 38% for Northeast, Southeast, and Midwest, respectively, 2 P = .03). Clinicians with
more than 5 years of clinical experience appeared to be less likely to
use busulfan than physicians who had more recently completed
subspecialty training (6-10 years, 81%; vs 1-5 years, 67%;
P = .005; and > 10 years, 78%; vs 67%, 1-5 years;
P = .006).
Previous studies have shown that a hematocrit above 0.44 (44%)
is associated with a steep increase in the number of thromboembolic complications suffered by patients with PV.7 Accordingly,
most respondents used a target hematocrit of 0.44 (44%) or less for phlebotomy therapy. Nevertheless, a significant minority used a higher
target hematocrit (Figure 4). Although
most respondents regardless of their subgroup classification used a
hematocrit below 0.44 (44%) as a phlebotomy target, there was a trend
for physicians in private practice (17% vs 12% in academic practice, P = .03) and those with more than 5 years of posttraining
clinical experience (> 10 years group, 17%; and 6-10 years group,
15.6%; vs 1-5 years group, 8.7%; P = .01 for > 10
years and 1-5 years group comparison) to use a hematocrit higher than
0.44 (44%) as a target for phlebotomy therapy.
Therapy for thrombocytosis in polycythemia vera Considerably less uniformity was noted among physicians regarding treatment of thrombocytosis. Although a majority instituted treatment for platelet counts in excess of 1000 × 109/L (1 000 000/µL), substantial numbers of respondents selected a lower threshold or instituted treatment only for symptomatic thrombocytosis (Figure 5). Subgroup analysis revealed a relatively uniform approach among physicians to the treatment of thrombocytosis except for a trend among hematologists compared with hematologist/oncologists to treat only symptomatic thrombocytosis (hematologists, 15%; vs hematologist/oncologists, 6.7%; P = .004).
Hydroxyurea was the agent of choice for treatment of thrombocytosis.
Anagrelide, aspirin, and interferon were used less often (Figure
6). Aspirin (67.3%) and interferon
(70.2%) were not ranked as a therapeutic alternative by a majority of
respondents. While no regional differences in therapy for
thrombocytosis were identified, differences were noted by practice
type, specialty, experience, and number of PV patients. Hydroxyurea was
favored by physicians in academic practice (71.5% vs 64.3% in private
practice, P = .02) and those with PV patients (1-5 patients, 71%; vs no patients, 45.5%; P = .003; > 5 patients, 66.3%; vs no patients, 45.5%; P = .02). In
contrast, anagrelide was preferred by physicians in private practice
(44.6% vs 36.3% in academic practice, P = .02), with a
trend toward greater use among physicians who had more recently
completed their training (1-5 years, 51%; vs 6-10 years, 44%; and
> 10 years, 39%; P = .01 for comparison between 1-5 years and > 10 years groups) and those with fewer PV patients (no
patients, 70%; vs 1-5 patients, 44%; P = .007; and no
patients, 70%; vs > 5 patients, 39%; P = .001).
Fifty-five percent of physicians preferred to avoid using interferon for thrombocytosis. Fifteen percent preferred not to use aspirin, while 9.5% and 4.5% avoided use of anagrelide and hydroxyurea, respectively, for thrombocytosis. The practice type and clinical experience of respondents influenced negative attitudes toward agents for thrombocytosis. Physicians in academic practice were more likely to have a negative opinion of anagrelide (13.4% vs 7.2% in private practice, P = .001). A trend for physicians with a longer duration of clinical experience to be more reluctant to use anagrelide also existed (> 10 years, 11%; vs 6-10 years, 6%; and 1-5 years, 5.3%; P = 0.03 for comparison of > 10 years and 1-5 years group).
This report presents the results of the first nationwide survey of practice patterns among US ASH members on the diagnosis and treatment of PV. At the time of the survey, there were 6269 ASH members in the US (unpublished data, courtesy of Michelle Moody, ASH, 1999). Our survey was sent to 3000 randomly selected members (approximately 50% of the total US membership) who were practicing adult hematologists, oncologists, or hematologist/oncologists. Thirty-three percent of surveys were returned, representing data on the practice patterns of 16% of the ASH membership, making this the largest survey of practice patterns ever conducted among the ASH membership. Because the regional distribution of our sample of survey respondents was similar to the United States ASH membership as a whole, we believe these results do represent a reasonably accurate assessment of the approach of US ASH members to the diagnosis and treatment of PV. The survey focused on 3 aspects of PV care: diagnosis, treatment of
erythrocytosis, and treatment of thrombocytosis. Given the level of
experience among respondents, it is not surprising that utilization of
the most informative tests (RCV, EPO level, ABG) in the diagnosis of PV
was common. Somewhat surprising was the frequent use of less essential
diagnostic studies, such as the LAP score, serum vitamin
B12 level, bone marrow aspiration/biopsy, cytogenetics,
abdominal CT scan, and chest x-ray. While the LAP score and serum
vitamin B12 level were used in the PVSG studies as
diagnostic criteria, their contemporary importance has lessened considerably (Table 7). Bone marrow
aspiration/biopsy, cytogenetics, an abdominal CT scan, and a chest
x-ray all can provide useful information in selected cases but probably
are not necessary in the routine evaluation of a patient with suspected
PV. Appropriately, only a small number of respondents used the CBC
alone. Erythroid progenitor cell assays were used least frequently,
perhaps due to their limited availability (M.B.S. and J.L.S.,
unpublished data, 2001).
Considerable regional variation in diagnostic test utilization was identified in the survey. Except for erythroid progenitor cell assays, physicians from the West appeared to utilize common tests in the diagnosis of PV at a lower frequency than physicians in other regions. Unfortunately, given the inherent limitations of our survey, we can only speculate as to whether these findings reflect the influence of regional market forces on physician practice or represent differences in diagnostic approach acquired during specialty training. Practice category also influenced diagnostic test utilization. Physicians at academic medical centers were more likely to use the RCV and erythroid progenitor cell assay, tests to which all physicians may not have equal access. Private practitioners relied more upon vitamin B12 levels and LAP scores, CT scans, and chest x-rays. Because the vitamin B12 level and LAP score were part of the original diagnostic criteria for PV used by the PVSG, employment of these tests attests to the continued influence of the PVSG on the clinical diagnosis of PV (Table 7).8 The greater utilization of radiology studies by private hematologist/oncologists may represent the more ready availability of these procedures than RCV measurements and perhaps a greater need to efficiently document the presence or absence of abnormalities such as splenomegaly or pulmonary arteriovenous malformations in a busy private practice setting. Diagnostic approach was also influenced by self-reported specialty and years of clinical experience. Because hematologists practiced predominantly in an academic setting and oncologists and hematologist/oncologists predominantly in a private practice setting, the diagnostic approach of these specialties resembled their practice setting. Oncologists used vitamin B12 levels, LAP scores, and chest x-rays more frequently, while hematologist/oncologists used CT scans more frequently in the diagnosis of PV. Hematologists employed erythroid progenitor cell assays more often. Physicians who completed subspecialty training more than 10 years ago tended to use bone marrow cytogenetics less frequently but ordered chest x-rays more often than their colleagues who had completed their training more recently, perhaps reflecting a diagnostic emphasis on identification of correctable causes of erythrocytosis. Little disagreement was evident among respondents regarding first-line therapy for erythrocytosis. Phlebotomy was preferred by more than two thirds of respondents. This result did not differ by region, practice type, or specialty. On the other hand, a trend for increasing use of phlebotomy as first-line therapy for erythrocytosis was evident because the duration of time after completion of training increased among respondents. Among alternative treatments for erythrocytosis, academic physicians and those with PV patients in their practice used hydroxyurea more frequently. Physicians from the Northeast, Midwest, and Southeast appeared to be less reluctant to employ interferon, perhaps reflecting the investigational use of interferon performed at academic institutions in these regions. Clearly, the most striking finding in the treatment of erythrocytosis was that almost 16% of physicians used a hematocrit of 0.50 (50%) or higher as target for phlebotomy therapy. Although a hematocrit of 0.52 (52%) was originally specified by the PVSG,5 subsequent research has clearly demonstrated that the frequency of thrombosis in PV patients increases dramatically at a hematocrit above 0.44 (44%).7 In women, treatment to a hematocrit of 0.44 (44%) may still represent undertreatment.9 Therefore, a substantial percentage of responding US ASH members appear to continue to use an inappropriately high target hematocrit for phlebotomy therapy in patients with PV. Distinctly different approaches to the treatment of thrombocytosis were also evident. Although most respondents felt that platelet counts in excess of 1000 × 109/L (1 000 000/µL) required therapeutic intervention, substantial numbers chose alternative platelet thresholds, including 12% who felt that intervention was only necessary in the setting of symptomatic thrombocytosis. Similar disparities were noted in therapeutic choice. Physicians in academic settings and those with PV patients in their practice preferred hydroxyurea, while those in private practice, hematologist/oncologists, and physicians who had more recently completed their training considered anagrelide the first choice for therapy of thrombocytosis. Few physicians used interferon or aspirin for thrombocytosis. Several limitations of our survey deserve mention. Although it represents the largest clinical practice survey of ASH members ever performed, our response rate was only 33%. Therefore, although the distribution of respondents resembles that of the entire US ASH membership, these results are derived from a select group of members, who may or may not reflect the attitudes of the entire membership or hematologist/oncologists in general. Compared with the recently published ASH member-needs survey, a greater percentage of our respondents were in private practice.10 The reason for the higher response rate among this group of ASH members is unknown, but caution is warranted against generalizing these findings. While use of additional participation incentives might have increased our response rate, the large size and wide distribution of the study population made these strategies infeasible. In addition, our survey only focused on a select number of topics in the management of PV. Although a more comprehensive survey instrument may have been preferable, we felt strongly that a longer questionnaire would adversely affect our response rate, limiting the applicability of our results to the ASH membership as a whole. For a similar reason, our survey only included a finite number of potential responses to each query. It is possible that this structure may not have provided the necessary flexibility required by some physicians to completely characterize their approach to PV and therefore served as a disincentive to respond. In addition, our survey shares the limitation of any survey in that these data represent the practice of responding physicians at the time the survey was completed, and therefore the results may not be entirely representative of current practice. Despite these limitations, our survey, the first nationwide assessment of PV practice patterns, convincingly demonstrates that there exists considerable variation in the diagnosis and treatment of PV among US ASH members. These data demonstrate that despite much progress, the most effective approach to diagnosis and treatment remains to be defined. As previously demonstrated by the PVSG, further refinement of PV care will require randomized assessments of diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. Application of this principle will be an essential element in the continued efforts to optimize management of PV.
The authors acknowledge the assistance of Jeannette L. Fanning and Patricia E. Rusche in mailing the survey, Lauren Dundes for her advice on statistical analysis, and Michelle Moody for US ASH membership data.
Submitted April 19, 2001; accepted October 10, 2001.
Supported by the Myeloproliferative Disorders Research Fund, Division of Hematology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. Therefore, and solely to indicate this fact, this article is hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. section 1734.
Reprints: Michael B. Streiff, Asst Prof of Medicine, 1025 Ross Bldg, 720 Rutland Ave, Baltimore, MD 21205; e-mail: mstreif{at}jhmi.edu.
1. Vaquez H. Sur une Forme Speciale De Cyanose S'Accompagnant D' Hyperglobulie Excessive ET Peristante. C R Soc Biol (Paris). 1892;44:384-388. 2. Osler W. Chronic cyanosis, with polycythemia and enlarged spleen: a new clinical entity. Am J Med Sci. 1903;126:176-201.
3.
Wasserman L.
The treatment of polycythemia: a panel discussion.
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1968;32:483-499 4. Wasserman L. The management of polycythemia vera. Br J Hematol. 1971;21:371-376[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 5. Berk PD, Goldberg JD, Silverstein MN, et al. Increased incidence of acute leukemia in polycythemia vera associated with chlorambucil therapy. N Engl J Med. 1981;304:441-447[Abstract]. 6. Tartaglia AP, Goldberg JD, Berk PD, Wasserman LR. Adverse effects of antiaggregating platelet therapy in the treatment of polycythemia vera. Semin Hematol. 1986;23:172-176[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 7. Pearson TC, Wetherley-Mein G. Vascular occlusive episodes and venous haematocrit in primary proliferative polycythaemia. Lancet. 1978;2:1219-1221[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 8. Berk PD, Goldberg JD, Donovan PB, Fruchtman SM, Berlin NI, Wasserman LR. Therapeutic recommendations in polycythemia vera based on Polycythemia Vera Study Group protocols. Semin Hematol. 1986;23:132-143[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 9. Lamy T, Devillers A, Bernard M, et al. Inapparent polycythemia vera: an unrecognized diagnosis. Am J Med. 1997;102:14-20[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 10. American Society of Hematology. ASH survey results announced. ASH News. Spring 2000;1-14.
© 2002 by The American Society of Hematology.
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G. Finazzi and T. Barbui How I treat patients with polycythemia vera Blood, June 15, 2007; 109(12): 5104 - 5111. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. P. Cokic, B. B. Beleslin-Cokic, M. Tomic, S. S. Stojilkovic, C. T. Noguchi, and A. N. Schechter Hydroxyurea induces the eNOS-cGMP pathway in endothelial cells Blood, July 1, 2006; 108(1): 184 - 191. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. I. Schafer Molecular basis of the diagnosis and treatment of polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia Blood, June 1, 2006; 107(11): 4214 - 4222. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. M. Ferraris, R. Mangerini, N. Pujic, O. Racchi, D. Rapezzi, A. Gallamini, S. Casciaro, and G. F. Gaetani High telomerase activity in granulocytes from clonal polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia Blood, March 1, 2005; 105(5): 2138 - 2140. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Abstract
Introduction
