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This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Rights and Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via CrossRef Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Baxter, M. A. Articles by Fairbairn, L. J. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Baxter, M. A. Articles by Fairbairn, L. J. Related Collections Brief Reports Gene Therapy Social Bookmarking                   What's this?  Previous Article  |  Table of Contents  |  Next Article  Blood, 1 March 2002, Vol. 99, No. 5, pp. 1857-1859 BRIEF REPORT Retrovirally mediated correction of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells from patients with mucopolysaccharidosis type I Melissa A. Baxter, Robert F. Wynn, Jonathan A. Deakin, Ilaria Bellantuono, Kirsten G. Edington, Alan Cooper, Guy T. N. Besley, Heather J. Church, J. Ed Wraith, Trevor F. Carr, and Leslie J. Fairbairn From the Departments of Haematology and Metabolic Medicine, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital; and CRC Gene Therapy Group and Medical Oncology, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Christie Hospital NHS Trust; both of Manchester, United Kingdom.     Abstract Top Abstract Introduction Study design Results and discussion References We have investigated the utility of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as targets for gene therapy of the autosomal recessive disorder mucopolysaccharidosis type IH (MPS-IH, Hurler syndrome). Cultures of MSCs were initially exposed to a green fluorescent protein-expressing retrovirus. Green fluorescent protein-positive cells maintained their proliferative and differentiation capacity. Next we used a vector encoding -L-iduronidase (IDUA), the enzyme that is defective in MPS-IH. Following transduction, MPS-IH MSCs expressed high levels of IDUA and secreted supernormal levels of this enzyme into the extracellular medium. Exogenous IDUA expression led to a normalization of glycosaminoglycan storage in MPS-IH cells, as evidenced by a dramatic decrease in the amount of 35SO4 sequestered within the heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate compartments of these cells. Finally, gene-modified MSCs were able to cross-correct the enzyme defect in untransduced MPS-IH fibroblasts via protein transfer. (Blood. 2002;99:1857-1859) © 2002 by The American Society of Hematology.     Introduction Top Abstract Introduction Study design Results and discussion References Mucopolysaccharidosis type IH (MPS-IH, Hurler syndrome) is an autosomal recessive disorder resulting from defects in the gene encoding the lysosomal enzyme -L-iduronidase (IDUA). This leads to ineffective degradation of the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate. Individuals with very low levels of IDUA present in infancy and early childhood as a consequence of the deleterious accumulation of these GAGs in different organ systems, including the central nervous system, reticuloendothelial system, and the skeleton. Such severely affected patients usually die within the first decade.1,2 Current therapy for MPS-IH focuses on allogeneic bone marrow transplantation from an unaffected, HLA-compatible donor. This provides normal, enzyme-competent leukocytes that secrete IDUA that can be taken up by enzyme-deficient cells via mannose-6-phosphate receptors.3 The utility of this approach is significantly limited by the availability of donors and significant toxicity of the intense immunosuppressive conditioning therapy that the recipient requires for donor hemopoiesis to become established without rejection. Even where donor hemopoiesis is fully established (ie, all hemopoietic cells have normal enzyme levels), symptoms (particularly defects in the skeleton and central nervous system) are incompletely and variably corrected.4,5 Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent progenitors that can be isolated from bone marrow and are capable of contributing to multiple mesenchymal tissues in vivo.6-10 In this paper we demonstrate, for the first time, retroviral gene transfer leading to correction of these MSCs in an inherited disorder. Furthermore, there is maintenance of the proliferative and multilineage differentiation potential of these modified cells, and they are able to cross-correct non-gene-modified cells. Numerous studies have demonstrated the presence of donor mesenchymal cells in multiple tissues following transplantation, and MSCs injected into brain are able to differentiate into nerve cells. Taken with these, our data indicate that MSCs may prove a better target than hematopoietic stem cells in the context of gene therapy of multisystem, lysosomal storage disorders.     Study design Top Abstract Introduction Study design Results and discussion References Isolation and culture of MSCs Bone marrow samples were obtained from MPS-IH patients and unaffected individuals aged from 0 to 18 years, following informed parental consent and approval from the local research ethics committee. MSCs were isolated and cultured as previously described.11 For differentiation assays, cells were plated at 5 × 103 per well in 6-well plates in growth medium with either osteogenic12 or adipogenic13 supplements. For differentiation along the neuronal lineage, cells were preincubated for 24 hours in Dulbecco modified Eagle medium/20% fetal calf serum/1 mM -mercapotethanol and then switched into Dulbecco modified Eagle medium/5 mM -mercapotethanol.14 Mineralized bone was stained by the von Kossa technique,15 and adipocytes were stained using oil-red-O.16 Neurons were stained for the neuron-specific tyrosine kinase trkA using monoclonal sc-118 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA).14 Transduction of MSCs The Lid vector expressing IDUA has been previously described.17 L- enhanced green fluorescent protein (L-EGFP) was derived by replacing the IDUA complementary DNA in Lid with a complementary DNA encoding L-EGFP. Cells (30%-40% confluent) were transduced using cell-free retroviral supernatant supplemented with 2 µg/mL polybrene. After 24 hours, medium was replaced and cells left for 5 to 7 days prior to use in assays for transgene expression, phenotypic correction, and differentiation. Assays of IDUA activity IDUA activity in cell homogenates and media was assayed as previously described18 using 4-methylumbelliferyl--L-iduronidase (Glycosynth, Cheshire, United Kingdom) as substrate. Total protein was measured according to the Lowry method.19 Sulfate sequestration assay Confluent MSCs were exposed to 35S-labeled Na2SO4 (NEN Life Science Products, Boston, MA) at 20 µCi/mL (0.74 MBq/mL) in Dulbecco modified Eagle medium/fetal calf serum for 1 week. Cells were then trypsinized and washed in phosphate-buffered saline to remove external GAGs. Following centrifugation at 800g for 10 minutes, cell pellets were solubilized in 2 mL of 6 M urea/0.15 M sodium phosphate, pH 7.0, containing 1% (vol/vol) Triton X-100 at 4°C for 1 hour. Extracts were filtered through a 0.2-µm syringe filter before application to a fast protein liquid chromatography Mono-Q HR 5/5 anion-exchange column (Pharmacia, St Albans, United Kingdom). Nonincorporated 35SO4 was removed by washing through with 0.15 M NaCl/20 mM phosphate, pH 7.0, containing 1% (vol/vol) Triton X-100. Bound 35S-labeled material was eluted using a 60 mL linear gradient of 0.15 to 1.5 M NaCl in 20 mM phosphate, pH 7.0, containing 1% Triton X-100 at a flow rate of 1 mL/min and collecting 1 mL fractions. The 35S content of fractions was determined by liquid scintillation counting.     Results and discussion Top Abstract Introduction Study design Results and discussion References Following retroviral transduction of MSCs with the L-EGFP vector, transduced MSCs maintained the same growth rate as untransduced cells (not shown) and retained the ability to differentiate into osteoblasts (Figure 1A,B), adipocytes (Figure 1C,D), and neurons (Figure 1E,F). GFP-transduced, MSC-derived osteoblasts exhibited mineral deposits that could be visualized by von Kossa staining (Figure 1A). Transduced MSC-derived adipocytes stained with oil-red-O (Figure 1C), and neurons stained positively for trkA (Figure 1E) and tau (not shown). Thus, the transduction conditions used did not compromise the proliferation and differentiation potential of the MSCs. View larger version (114K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 1. GFP-transduced MSCs maintain their multipotentiality. GFP-transduced MSCs following differentiation down the osteoblast (A,B), adipocyte (C,D), or neuronal lineages (E,F). Lineage-specific staining for bone (von Kossa staining [A]), fat (oil-red-O [C]), or neuronal (trkA [E]) markers is shown along with UV visualization of GFP (B,D,F). Original magnification A-B, × 100; C-F, × 200. Following transduction of MPS-IH MSCs with the IDUA retrovirus, levels of enzyme activity were measured that equaled or exceeded those detected in normal MSCs (Table 1). In contrast, no detectable IDUA was seen in untransduced MPS-IH MSCs. When cell-free medium was assayed (Table 2), no IDUA was detectable from untransduced MPS-IH MSC cultures. IDUA could be detected in medium from normal MSCs and in higher (around 7- to 200-fold) amounts from transduced MPS-IH MSCs. This higher level of secretion of recombinant IDUA is consistent with the inclusion of a rat pre-proinsulin leader at the 5' end of the construct we have used, resulting in more efficient targeting of IDUA into the secretory pathway.20                                View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   Table 1. Enzyme and GAG levels in transduced and cross-corrected cells                                View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   Table 2. IDUA levels in MPS-1H fibroblasts exposed to different conditioned media (µM/g.h) Cell-free medium from MSCs was next applied to cultures of MPS-IH fibroblasts with a view to testing the cross-correction potential of the secreted enzyme (Table 2). As expected, medium from uncorrected MPS-IH MSCs did not correct the defect in MPS-IH fibroblasts. Medium from normal MSCs did correct to a small extent but, most strikingly, medium from gene-modified MPS-IH MSCs conferred high levels of IDUA levels on MPS-IH fibroblasts. This cross-correction was inhibited by mannose-6-phosphate but not by the structural analog glucose-6-phosphate, confirming that uptake was dependent on the mannose-6-phosphate receptor.3 Thus, gene-corrected MPS-IH MSCs secrete IDUA in an appropriate form that may be taken up by non-gene-corrected cells. To test the effect of exogenous IDUA expression on the storage of GAGs in transduced MPS-IH MSCs, cultures were exposed to 35SO4 to radiolabel proteoglycans (Table 3). MSCs from 2 separate individuals with MPS-IH were tested. MPS-IH MSCs showed significant amounts of 35SO4 sequestration due to its accumulation in the GAGs dermatan and heparan sulfate and a lack of subsequent catabolism of these. IDUA-expressing MPS-IH MSC cultures, however, showed levels of 35SO4 sequestration similar to those in MSCs from unaffected individuals, indicating a normalization of GAG levels in Lid-transduced MPS-IH MSC cultures. Thus, not only were IDUA levels corrected, but the levels of the pathological effector (namely, stored GAGs) were also corrected.                                View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   Table 3. 35SO4 incorporation (cpm) into heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate Thus, MSCs may provide a useful platform for the production of lysosomal enzymes and other bioactive molecules in patients. Clinical utility of this approach in the transplantation of gene-modified MSCs will depend upon achievement of sufficient donor chimerism in affected tissue. This has varied in studies to date, although the experience of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in osteogenesis imperfecta has demonstrated that even very low levels of engraftment can result in clinical benefit.21     Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to Mr Steve Bagley for assistance with imaging.     Footnotes Submitted August 14, 2001; accepted October 17, 2001. Supported by the Royal Manchester Children's Hospital R&D fund, the Jeans for Genes appeal (Mucopolysaccharidosis Society, Amersham, United Kingdom), and the Cancer Research Campaign, London, United Kingdom. The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. Therefore, and solely to indicate this fact, this article is hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. section 1734. Reprints: Leslie J. Fairbairn, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom; e-mail: lfairbairn{at}picr.man.ac.uk.     References Top Abstract Introduction Study design Results and discussion References 1. Hopwood JJ, Morris CP. The mucopolysaccharidoses. Diagnosis, molecular genetics and treatment. Mol Biol Med. 1990;7:381-404[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 2. Neufeld EF, Meunzer J. The mucopolysaccharidoses. In Scriver CH, Beandet AL, Sly WS, Valle D, eds. The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease. New York, NY: McGraw Hill; 1995:565-1587. 3. Stewart K, Brown OA, Morelli AE, et al. Uptake of alpha-(L)-iduronidase produced by retrovirally transduced fibroblasts into neuronal and glial cells in vitro. Gene Ther. 1997;4:63-75[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 4. Hopwood JJ, Vellodi A, Scott HS, et al. Long-term clinical progress in bone marrow transplanted mucopolysaccharidosis type I patients with a defined genotype. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1993;16:1024-1033[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 5. Peters C, Balthazor M, Shapiro EG, et al. Outcome of unrelated donor bone marrow transplantation in 40 children with Hurler syndrome. Blood. 1996;87:4894-4902[Abstract/Free Full Text]. 6. Banfi A, Muraglia A, Dozin B, Mastrogiacomo M, Cancedda R, Quarto R. Proliferation kinetics and differentiation potential of ex vivo expanded human bone marrow stromal cells: implications for their use in cell therapy. Exp Hematol. 2000;28:707-715[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 7. Horwitz EM, Prockop DJ, Fitzpatrick LA, et al. Transplantability and therapeutic effects of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells in children with osteogenesis imperfecta. Nat Med. 1999;5:309-313[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 8. Kopen GC, Prockop DJ, Phinney DG. Marrow stromal cells migrate throughout forebrain and cerebellum, and they differentiate into astrocytes after injection into neonatal mouse brains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999;96:10711-10716[Abstract/Free Full Text]. 9. Liechty KW, MacKenzie TC, Shaaban AF, et al. Human mesenchymal stem cells engraft and demonstrate site-specific differentiation after in utero transplantation in sheep. Nat Med. 2000;6:1282-1286[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 10. Pereira RF, O'Hara MD, Laptev AV, et al. Marrow stromal cells as a source of progenitor cells for nonhematopoietic tissues in transgenic mice with a phenotype of osteogenesis imperfecta. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95:1142-1147[Abstract/Free Full Text]. 11. Bruder SP, Jaiswal N, Haynesworth SE. Growth kinetics, self-renewal, and the osteogenic potential of purified human mesenchymal stem cells during extensive subcultivation and following cryopreservation. J Cell Biochem. 1997;64:278-294[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 12. Jaiswal N, Haynesworth SE, Caplan AI, Bruder SP. Osteogenic differentiation of purified, culture-expanded human mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. J Cell Biochem. 1997;64:295-312[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 13. Nuttall ME, Patton AJ, Olivera DL, Nadeau DP, Gowen M. Human trabecular bone cells are able to express both osteoblastic and adipocytic phenotype: implications for osteopenic disorders. J Bone Miner Res. 1998;13:371-382[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 14. Woodbury D, Schwarz EJ, Prockop DJ, Black IB. Adult rat and human bone marrow stromal cells differentiate into neurons. J Neurosci Res. 2000;61:364-370[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 15. Page K, Stevens A, Lowe J, Bancroft JD. Bone. In: Bancroft JD,Stevens A, eds. Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques. New York, NY: Churchill Livingston; 1996:309-340. 16. Bayliss High OB, Lake B. Lipids. In: Bancroft JD,Stevens A, eds. Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques. New York, NY: Churchill Livingston; 1996:213-242. 17. Fairbairn LJ, Lashford LS, Spooncer E, et al. Long-term in vitro correction of alpha-L-iduronidase deficiency (Hurler syndrome) in human bone marrow. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996;93:2025-2030[Abstract/Free Full Text]. 18. Stirling JL, Robinson D, Fensom AH, Benson PF, Baker JE. Fluorimetric assay for prenatal detection of Hurler and Scheie homozygotes or heterozygotes. Lancet. 1978;1:147[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 19. Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farrand AL, Randall RJ. Protein measurement with the Folin-Phenol reagents. J Biol Chem. 1951;193:265-275[Free Full Text]. 20. Anson DS, Bielicki J, Hopwood JJ. Correction of mucopolysaccharidosis type I fibroblasts by retroviral-mediated transfer of the human alpha-L-iduronidase gene. Hum Gene Ther. 1992;3:371-379[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 21. Horwitz EM, Prockop DJ, Gordon PL, et al. Clinical responses to bone marrow transplantation in children with severe osteogenesis imperfecta. Blood. 2001;97:1227-1231[Abstract/Free Full Text]. © 2002 by The American Society of Hematology.   CiteULike    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    What's this? This article has been cited by other articles: A. De Becker, P. Van Hummelen, M. Bakkus, I. Vande Broek, J. De Wever, M. De Waele, and I. Van Riet Migration of culture-expanded human mesenchymal stem cells through bone marrow endothelium is regulated by matrix metalloproteinase-2 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 Haematologica, April 1, 2007; 92(4): 440 - 449. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] R. F. Wynn, C. A. Hart, C. Corradi-Perini, L. O'Neill, C. A. Evans, J. E. Wraith, L. J. Fairbairn, and I. 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	Copyright © 2002 by American Society of Hematology         Online ISSN: 1528-0020