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Related Collections Transplantation Brief Reports Chemokines, Cytokines, and Interleukins Social Bookmarking                   What's this?  Previous Article  |  Table of Contents  |  Next Article  Blood, 1 May 2002, Vol. 99, No. 9, pp. 3454-3457 BRIEF REPORT Ex vivo treatment of proliferating human cord blood stem cells with stroma-derived factor-1 enhances their ability to engraft NOD/SCID mice Hanno Glimm, Patrick Tang, Ian Clark-Lewis, Christof von Kalle, and Connie Eaves From the Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, and the Departments of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics and the Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; and Department I of Internal Medicine and Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Germany.     Abstract Top Abstract Introduction Study design Results and discussion References Ex vivo proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is important for cellular and gene therapy but is limited by the observation that HSCs do not engraft as they transit S/G2/M. Recently identified candidate inhibitors of human HSC cycling are transforming growth factor-1 (TGF-1) and stroma-derived factor-1 (SDF-1). To determine the ability of these factors to alter the transplantability of human HSCs proliferating in vitro, lin cord blood cells were first cultured for 96 hours in serum-free medium containing Flt3 ligand, Steel factor, interleukin-3, interleukin-6, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. These cells were then transferred to medium containing Steel factor and thrombopoietin with or without SDF-1 and/or TGF-1 for 48 hours. Exposure to SDF-1 but not TGF-1 significantly increased (> 2-fold) the recovery of HSCs able to repopulate nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency mice. These results suggest new strategies for improving the engraftment activity of HSCs stimulated to proliferate ex vivo. (Blood. 2002;99:3454-3457) © 2002 by The American Society of Hematology.     Introduction Top Abstract Introduction Study design Results and discussion References Much interest is currently focused on improving in vitro procedures for expanding hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that do not compromise either their original developmental or engrafting potential. Growth factor (GF) combinations have now been identified that promote self-renewal divisions in vitro of transplantable human HSCs identified as competitive repopulating units (CRUs) based on their ability to repopulate the marrow of nonobese diabetic-scid/scid (NOD/SCID) mice with lymphoid and myeloid progeny.1-7 We have exploited the precision and selectivity afforded by this assay to show that cord blood (CB) CRUs proliferating in vitro lose their ability to engraft as they progress through the S/G2/M phases of the cycle,8 as has also been shown for adult human9 and murine HSCs10 detected by similar transplantation assays. Previous approaches to increase the transplantability of proliferating murine and human HSCs have exposed the cells to transforming growth factor-1 (TGF-1) for 24 hours.8,11 Although this arrested many of the cells in G0/G1, no increases in transplantable HSC activity were seen. We subsequently found that a more prolonged exposure to either TGF-1 or the chemokine stroma-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) can block the cycling of long-term culture-initiating cells (LTC-ICs) as well as primitive human colony-forming cell (CFC) progenitors both in vitro and in vivo.12 We therefore reasoned that such treatments might similarly affect proliferating HSCs and thereby increase their ability to be detected as CRUs. The experiments described here were designed to test this hypothesis. Accordingly, CD34+ cell-enriched suspensions of CB were first cultured in the presence of a GF combination that we have previously shown stimulates all of the CRU to proliferate within 4 days.13 The cells were then switched to a different GF cocktail to test the effect of added TGF-1 and/or SDF-1 on HSC detection. The GF cocktail selected for use in these secondary cultures consisted of Steel factor (SF) plus thrombopoietin (TPO) based on previous studies indicating that these GFs are less mitogenic but still able to maintain the viability and stem cell properties of HSCs.14-17     Study design Top Abstract Introduction Study design Results and discussion References Short-term expansion cultures CB was obtained with informed consent, lineage marker-positive (lin+) cells removed using StemSep columns (StemCell Technologies, Vancouver, BC) from previously cryopreserved low-density (< 1.077g/mL) cells pooled from at least 5 donors, and the lin cells then cultured at a density of 1 × 105/mL to 2 × 105/mL for 4 days in serum-free medium (SFM) containing a serum substitute (BIT9500, StemCell), 104 M 2-mercaptoethanol (Sigma Chemicals, St Louis, MO), 40 µg/mL low-density lipoproteins (Sigma), and the following 5 recombinant human GFs: 20 ng/mL interleukin-3 (Novartis, Basel, Switzerland), 20 ng/mL interleukin-6 (Cangene, Mississauga, ON), 20 ng/mL granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (StemCell), 100 ng/mL SF (expressed and purified in the Terry Fox Laboratory), and 100 ng/mL Flt3 ligand (Immunex, Seattle, WA) as previously described.13 The cells were then harvested, washed twice in SFM, aliquots removed for phenotype and functional measurements (see below), and the remainder resuspended in new SFM and cultured further as indicated (either with the same 5 GFs or with 50 ng/mL human SF and 50 ng/mL human TPO (Genentech, Palo Alto, CA) with or without either 5 ng/mL TGF-1 (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) or 100 ng/mL SDF-1 (synthesized and purified as previously reported18) or both. Flow cytometry Expression of CD34 was analyzed after staining aliquots of cells with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated 8G12 (anti-CD34) antibody (kindly provided by P. M. Lansdorp, Terry Fox Laboratory) and of CXCR4 using a phycoerythrin-conjugated anti-CXCR4 antibody (Pharmingen, Baie d'Urfe, Quebec). The cell cycle distribution of CD34+ cells was determined after propidium iodide (PI) (Sigma) staining as previously described.8 In vitro progenitor assays CFC and LTC-IC assays were performed as previously described.19 CRU assays CRU frequencies were determined as described in detail previously.2 Briefly, 8- to 12-week-old NOD/SCID mice were given a sublethal dose of 350 cGy of total body 137Cs -irradiation and were then injected intravenously with test cells plus 106 irradiated (15 Gy) normal human bone marrow cells as carriers. After 6 to 8 weeks, the presence of viable (PI) human B-lineage (CD34CD19/20+) and human myeloid (CD45/71+CD15/66b+) cells in the marrow of the mice was determined by fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis. A detection limit of 5 human lymphoid (CD34CD19/20+) cells and/or 5 human myeloid (CD45/71+CD15/66b+) cells per 2 × 104 PI cells analyzed was used to identify positively engrafted mice. Gates were set to exclude more than 99.99% of nonspecifically stained PI cells incubated with irrelevant isotype-matched control antibodies labeled with the corresponding fluorochromes. CRU frequencies (Table 1) were calculated from the data pooled from all experiments using Poisson statistics and the method of maximum likelihood (with L-calc software, StemCell). Engraftment levels varied from 0.2% to 71% human cells according to the number of CRU transplanted, consistent with previous observations.2                                View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   Table 1. Results of CRU assays of cells from secondary cultures of lin CB cells Data analysis Mean values (± SEM) were calculated from the data pooled from replicate experiments. Differences between groups were assessed using the Student t test.     Results and discussion Top Abstract Introduction Study design Results and discussion References A first series of experiments were undertaken to determine the rate at which proliferating CD34+ CB cells would be arrested by TGF-1 and/or SDF-1. Proliferating CD34+ cells were isolated by FACS from 4-day primary ("proliferation") cultures originally initiated with lin CB cells. These cells were then transferred into new SFM containing SF and TPO with TGF-1 and/or SDF-1. As shown in Figure 1A, exposure to TGF-1 in the secondary cultures caused a rapid increase (within the first 24 hours) in the proportion of CD34+ cells in G0/G1 (from an initial value of 54% ± 2% to > 75%). Maximum levels of G0/G1 cells (82% ± 3%) were reached another 24 hours later. In the same cultures, the proportion of CD34+ cells undergoing apoptosis (identified by a DNA content of < 2n) also increased significantly but somewhat more slowly (from 3.6% ± 0.1% to 47% ± 4%; P < .01, Figure 1B). In contrast, SDF-1 did not affect either of these parameters (P > .05). View larger version (30K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 1. Time course study of the effect of TGF-1 and SDF-1 on the cell cycle progression and frequency of apoptotic cells in cultured CD34+ CB cells. Primary cultures of lin CB cells were set up in SFM containing 5 GFs and then, after 4 days, CD34+ cells were isolated and transferred to secondary cultures containing SF and TPO (both at 50 ng/mL) either without (control) or with TGF-1 (5 ng/mL), or SDF-1 (100 ng/mL), or both. Values shown are the mean ± SEM of measurements made after PI staining of cells from 3 independent experiments. (A) Proportion of CD34+ cells in G0/G1. (B) Proportion of apoptotic cells. Based on these findings, a 48-hour period of exposure to TGF-1 (and/or SDF-1) was chosen to evaluate the effects of these agents on the functional activities of various progenitors identified by quantitative in vitro and in vivo assays. Accordingly, a second series of similar experiments were set up with larger numbers of lin CB cells. In these, all of the cells (not just the CD34+ subset) harvested from the 4-day primary proliferation cultures were transferred into secondary cultures. Forty-eight hours later, aliquots were removed for FACS analyses of their cell cycle parameters and expression of CD34 and CXCR4 and also for assessment of the number of CFCs and LTC-ICs present. The remainder (> 90% of all the cells harvested from the secondary cultures) were injected into irradiated NOD/SCID mice. Cell cycle analyses revealed similar distributions of the total cell population as shown in Figure 1A for the CD34+ compartment (data not shown). Despite the inhibition of proliferation seen in all cultures exposed to TGF-1, the total number of CFCs present increased over the 2 days of incubation in all of the secondary cultures (Figure 2). However, this expansion was generally less in the TGF-1-containing cultures and, as expected,20 the presence of TGF-1 selectively suppressed the output of erythroid CFCs (P < .01). Yields of LTC-ICs from all cultures were more variable, but neither TGF-1 nor SDF-1 had a significant effect on their numbers (P > .1, data not shown). Also as expected,21 exposure to SDF-1 (but not TGF-1) down-regulated expression of the SDF-1 receptor (CXCR4), resulting in a decrease of CXCR4+ CD34+ cells from 72% ± 3% to 45% ± 6% (P = .012). The results of the NOD/SCID repopulation assays are shown in Table 1. Significantly more CRUs (2.3-fold, P < .02) were detectable in the cells harvested from the secondary cultures containing SDF-1 than in those containing SF plus TPO alone or in those maintained in the original 5-GF cocktail used in the primary cultures. In contrast, TGF-1 did not affect the number of CRUs detected and even antagonized the enhancing effect of SDF-1. View larger version (32K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 2. Effect of TGF-1 and SDF-1 on the generation of various types of cells in secondary 48-hour cultures of lin CB cells. Lin CB cells were first cultured for 4 days in SFM with 5 GFs and then transferred to secondary cultures for an additional 48 hours under the same 4 conditions described in Figure 1 (plus one group kept under the same conditions as in the primary cultures). The fold increase (mean ± SEM, n = 3) of each of the indicated cell types is shown relative to the corresponding input value (at the beginning of the secondary culture). S indicates SF; T, TPO. There are 3 ways that SDF-1 could have elicited the increases in CRU numbers seen. One mechanism could be the stimulation of a faster rate of CRU proliferation (faster cell cycle transit time). However, given the evidence that SDF-1, like TGF-1, inhibits the proliferation of primitive hematopoietic cells, including LTC-ICs,12,22,23 such a possibility seems unlikely. A second mechanism would be the induced dedifferentiation of cells that had already progressed to a later progenitor stage prior to their exposure to SDF-1. Although such a possibility cannot be formally ruled out, the increased numbers of CFCs seen do not favor this explanation; nor was there any evidence of an increase in LTC-ICs, which are generally viewed as closely related to CRUs. A third way that increased numbers of CRUs could have been produced is by recruitment from a previously undetectable, but developmentally equivalent, cell population. Such a situation is known to exist because proliferating HSCs transit S/G2/M,8,10 and the recent evidence of a cytostatic effect of SDF-1 on closely related progenitor types12 is consistent with a proliferation blockade of HSCs.12,22,23 Moreover, the 2-fold higher number of CRUs detected when the cells were exposed to SDF-1 is exactly what would be anticipated from an arrest in G1 of those that would otherwise have entered S/G2/M. Alternatively, SDF-1 may exert its effects on the transplantability of HSCs independent of effects on HSC cycling. However, incubation of freshly isolated quiescent CB HSCs with SDF-1 has been found to decrease the ability of these HSCs to engraft NOD/SCID mice.21 An SDF-1-mediated arrest of cycling HSCs thus seems a more plausible explanation for the enhancing effect observed here. The effectiveness of SDF-1 in the absence of stroma also suggests that a direct action on HSCs was obtained. Similar results have been recently reported for preactivated primate HSCs maintained for 4 days in secondary cultures containing SF and retronectin (but no other GFs or chemokines).24 At first glance, our finding that TGF-1 did not have a similar effect on the number of CRUs detected seems contradictory. However, given the high frequency of apoptotic cells seen in the CD34+ compartment when these cells were exposed to TGF-1, such an effect may have offset any increase in CRU numbers. In line with this interpretation was the finding that a net increase in CRUs detected was also not obtained when the cells were cultured in TGF-1 as well as SDF-1. However, regardless of the mechanism(s) ultimately found to explain the findings described here, they suggest an interesting new approach to enhancing HSC yields in a variety of cellular and gene therapy strategies that involve stimulating HSCs to proliferate ex vivo prior to their transplantation in vivo.     Acknowledgments The authors thank Gayle Thornbury, Giovanna Cameron, and Rick Zapf for assistance in cell sorting; the staff of Stem Cell Assay Service for initial hematopoietic cell processing; and Amy Ahamed for manuscript preparation. The authors also thank Amgen, Cangene, Immunex, Novartis, StemCell, and Peter Lansdorp for generous gifts of reagents.     Footnotes Submitted May 29, 2001; accepted December 7, 2001. Supported by grants from the National Cancer Institute of Canada (NCIC) with funds from the Terry Fox Run, the Canadian Institutes of Health (research grant 36346), the NIH (P01 HL-55435, R01 A130389, DKS7199), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB364 C7), and the German Minister for Education and Research (BMBF 01 KV 9907). H.G. was supported by funds from the Mildred Scheel Stiftung fur Krebsforschung, Bonn, Germany, and the Verein zur Foerderung der Leukaemie und Tumorforschung, Freiburg, Germany. C.E. was a Terry Fox Cancer Research Scientist of the NCIC. The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. Therefore, and solely to indicate this fact, this article is hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. section 1734. Reprints: C. J. Eaves, Terry Fox Laboratory, 601 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada; e-mail: ceaves{at}bccancer.bc.ca.     References Top Abstract Introduction Study design Results and discussion References 1. Conneally E, Cashman J, Petzer A, Eaves C. Expansion in vitro of transplantable human cord blood stem cells demonstrated using a quantitative assay of their lympho-myeloid repopulating activity in nonobese diabetic-scid/scid mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94:9836-9841[Abstract/Free Full Text]. 2. Holyoake TL, Nicolini FE, Eaves CJ. Functional differences between transplantable human hematopoietic stem cells from fetal liver, cord blood, and adult marrow. Exp Hematol. 1999;27:1418-1427[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. 3. Bhatia M, Bonnet D, Kapp U, Wang JCY, Murdoch B, Dick JE. Quantitative analysis reveals expansion of human hematopoietic repopulating cells after short-term ex vivo culture. J Exp Med. 1997;186:619-624[Abstract/Free Full Text]. 4. 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Blood. 1999;94:3722-3729[Abstract/Free Full Text]. 23. Fortunel NO, Hatzfeld A, Hatzfeld JA. Transforming growth factor-: pleiotropic role in the regulation of hematopoiesis. Blood. 2000;96:2022-2036[Abstract/Free Full Text]. 24. Takatoku M, Sellers S, Agricola BA, et al. Avoidance of stimulation improves engraftment of cultured and retrovirally transduced hematopoietic cells in primates. J Clin Invest. 2001;108:447-455[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]. © 2002 by The American Society of Hematology.   CiteULike    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    What's this? This article has been cited by other articles: S. L. Chan, M. Choi, S. Wnendt, M. Kraus, E. Teng, H. F. Leong, and S. Merchav Enhanced In Vivo Homing of Uncultured and Selectively Amplified Cord Blood CD34+ Cells by Cotransplantation with Cord Blood-Derived Unrestricted Somatic Stem Cells Stem Cells, February 1, 2007; 25(2): 529 - 536. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] D.-E. Kim, K. Tsuji, Y. 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