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Blood, 15 August 2002, Vol. 100, No. 4, pp. 1160-1167
CHEMOKINES
Matrix metalloproteinase processing of monocyte
chemoattractant proteins generates CC chemokine receptor antagonists
with anti-inflammatory properties in vivo
G. Angus McQuibban,
Jiang-Hong Gong,
Julie P. Wong,
John L. Wallace,
Ian Clark-Lewis, and
Christopher M. Overall
From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology, the Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, and
the Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia,
Vancouver, Canada; and the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics,
University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-3 is
inactivated upon cleavage by the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)
gelatinase A (MMP-2). We investigated the susceptibility to proteolytic
processing of the 4 human MCPs by 8 recombinant MMPs to determine
whether MCP-3 is an isolated example or represents a general
susceptibility of chemokines to proteolytic inactivation by these
important inflammatory proteases. In addition to MMP-2, MCP-3 is
efficiently cleaved by membrane type 1 (MT1)-MMP, the cellular
activator of MMP-2, and by collagenase-1 and collagenase-3 (MMP-1,
MMP-13) and stromelysin-1 (MMP-3). Specificity was shown by absence of
cleavage by matrilysin (MMP-7) and the leukocytic MMPs neutrophil
collagenase (MMP-8) and gelatinase B (MMP-9). The closely related
chemokines MCP-1, MCP-2, and MCP-4 were not cleaved by MMP-2 or
MT1-MMP, but were cleaved by MMP-1 and MMP-3 with varying efficiency.
MCPs were typically cleaved between residues 4 and 5, but MCP-4 was
further processed at Val7-Pro8. Synthetic MCP analogs
corresponding to the MMP-cleaved forms bound CC chemokine receptor
(CCR)-2 and CCR-3, but lacked chemoattractant activity in pre-B cells
transfected with CCR-2 and CCR-3 or in THP-1 monocytic cells, a
transformed leukemic cell line. Moreover, the truncated products of
MCP-2 and MCP-4, like MCP-3, were potent antagonists of their cognate CC chemokine receptors in transwell cell migration assays in vitro. When they were injected 24 hours after the initiation of
carrageenan-induced inflammation in rat paws, their in vivo
antagonist activities were revealed by a greater than 66% reduction in
inflammatory edema progression after 12 hours. We propose that
MMPs have an important role in modulating inflammatory and immune
responses by processing chemokines in wound healing and in disease.

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