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Blood, 1 September 2005, Vol. 106, No. 5, pp. 1525-1531. Prepublished online as a Blood First Edition Paper on May 19, 2005; DOI 10.1182/blood-2005-04-1509. This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) All Versions of this Article: 2005-04-1509v1 106/5/1525    most recent Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Rights and Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via CrossRef Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Ingram, D. A. Articles by Yoder, M. C. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Ingram, D. A. Articles by Yoder, M. C. Related Collections Review Articles Hematopoiesis and Stem Cells Hemostasis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology Social Bookmarking                   What's this?  Previous Article  |  Table of Contents  |  Next Article  REVIEW ARTICLES Unresolved questions, changing definitions, and novel paradigms for defining endothelial progenitor cells David A. Ingram, Noel M. Caplice, and Mervin C. Yoder From the Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; the Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN; and the Department of Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine. The field of vascular biology has been stimulated by the concept that circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) may play a role in neoangiogenesis (postnatal vasculogenesis). One problem for the field has been the difficulty in accurately defining an EPC. Likewise, circulating endothelial cells (CECs) are not well defined. The lack of a detailed understanding of the proliferative potential of EPCs and CECs has contributed to the controversy in identifying these cells and understanding their biology in vitro or in vivo. A novel paradigm using proliferative potential as one defining aspect of EPC biology suggests that a hierarchy of EPCs exists in human blood and blood vessels. The potential implications of this view in relation to current EPC definitions are discussed. CiteULike    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    What's this? This article has been cited by other articles: D. A. Ingram, I. Z. Lien, L. E. Mead, M. Estes, D. N. Prater, E. Derr-Yellin, L. A. DiMeglio, and L. S. Haneline In Vitro Hyperglycemia or a Diabetic Intrauterine Environment Reduces Neonatal Endothelial Colony-Forming Cell Numbers and Function Diabetes, March 1, 2008; 57(3): 724 - 731. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] D. F. Alvarez, L. Huang, J. A. King, M. K. ElZarrad, M. C. Yoder, and T. Stevens Lung microvascular endothelium is enriched with progenitor cells that exhibit vasculogenic capacity Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, March 1, 2008; 294(3): L419 - L430. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] D. C. Rafii, B. Psaila, J. Butler, D. K. Jin, and D. Lyden Regulation of Vasculogenesis by Platelet-Mediated Recruitment of Bone Marrow-Derived Cells Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., February 1, 2008; 28(2): 217 - 222. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] W Wojakowski, M Kucia, M Kazmierski, M Z Ratajczak, and M Tendera Circulating progenitor cells in stable coronary heart disease and acute coronary syndromes: relevant reparatory mechanism? Heart, January 1, 2008; 94(1): 27 - 33. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] M. Bosch-Marce, H. Okuyama, J. B. Wesley, K. Sarkar, H. Kimura, Y. V. Liu, H. Zhang, M. Strazza, S. Rey, L. Savino, et al. Effects of Aging and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 Activity on Angiogenic Cell Mobilization and Recovery of Perfusion After Limb Ischemia Circ. 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Vigili de Kreutzenberg Peripheral Blood CD34+KDR+ Endothelial Progenitor Cells Are Determinants of Subclinical Atherosclerosis in a Middle-Aged General Population Stroke, September 1, 2006; 37(9): 2277 - 2282. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] G. P. Fadini, M. Schiavon, M. Cantini, A. Avogaro, C. Agostini, J. T. Prchal, and U. Popat Circulating CD34+ cells, pulmonary hypertension, and myelofibrosis. Blood, September 1, 2006; 108(5): 1776 - 1777. [Full Text] [PDF] A. C. Zovein and M. L. Iruela-Arispe My O'Myeloid, a tale of two lineages PNAS, August 29, 2006; 103(35): 12959 - 12960. [Full Text] [PDF] A. M. Munchhof, F. Li, H. A. White, L. E. Mead, T. R. Krier, A. Fenoglio, X. Li, J. Yuan, F.-C. Yang, and D. A. Ingram Neurofibroma-associated growth factors activate a distinct signaling network to alter the function of neurofibromin-deficient endothelial cells Hum. Mol. Genet., June 1, 2006; 15(11): 1858 - 1869. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] V. W.M. van Hinsbergh, M. A. Engelse, and P. H.A. 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