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Blood, 15 June 2008, Vol. 111, No. 12, pp. 5515-5523.
Prepublished online as a Blood First Edition Paper on March 11, 2008; DOI 10.1182/blood-2007-10-117150.
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CLINICAL TRIALS AND OBSERVATIONS
Twenty-five–year follow-up among survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study
Rajen Mody1,
Suwen Li2,
Douglas C. Dover2,
Stephen Sallan3,
Wendy Leisenring4,
Kevin C. Oeffinger5,
Yutaka Yasui2,
Leslie L. Robison6, and
Joseph P. Neglia7
1 Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor;
2 School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB;
3 Department of Biostatistics, The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA;
4 Department of Pediatrics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA;
5 Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY;
6 Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; and
7 Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
Survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are at risk for late effects of cancer therapy. Five-year ALL survivors (< 21 years at diagnosis; n = 5760 eligible, 4151 participants), diagnosed from 1970 to 1986 were compared with the general population and a sibling cohort (n = 3899). Cumulative mortality of 5760 5-year survivors was 13% at 25 years from diagnosis. Recurrent ALL (n = 483) and second neoplasms (SNs; n = 89) were the major causes of death. Among 185 survivors, 199 SNs occurred, 53% in the CNS. Survivors reported more multiple chronic medical conditions (CMCs; odds ratio [OR], 2.8; 95% CI, 2.4-3.2) and severe or life-threatening CMCs (OR, 3.6; 95% CI, 3.0-4.5) than siblings. Cumulative incidence of severe CMCs, including death, 25 years from diagnosis was 21.3% (95% CI, 18.2-24.4; 23.3% [95% CI, 19.4-27.2] and 13.4% [95% CI, 8.4-18.4] for irradiated and nonirradiated survivors, respectively). Survivors reported more adverse general and mental health, functional impairment, and activity limitations compared with siblings (P < .001). Rates of marriage, college graduation, employment, and health insurance were all lower compared with sibling controls (P < .001). Long-term survivors of childhood ALL exhibit excess mortality and morbidity. Survivors who received radiation therapy as part of their treatment or had a leukemia relapse are at greatest risk for adverse outcomes.

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